BaileyReaganESED2100Chapter4Exercises

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Bailey Reagan Exercises 2r-y; 5a-f; 6g-m; 9f-i; 12; 14a-d; 16; 21a-f; 25; 30 2. The following sentences are either tautologies (analytic), contradictions, or situationally true or false. Write T by the tautologies, C by the contradictions, and S by the other sentences. r. My sister is an only child (C) s. The evening star isn’t the evening star (C) t. The evening star isn’t Venus (S) u. Babies are adults (C) v. Babies can lift one ton (F) w. Puppies are Human (F) x. My bachelor friends are all married(C) y. My bachelor friends are all so lonely (S) 5. The following sentences may be lexically, structurally ambiguous, or both. Provide paraphrases showing that you comprehend all the meanings. a. We laughed at the colorful ball. Meaning 1: We laughed at the colorful ball because of our friends dancing. Meaning 2: We laughed at the colorful ball because it hit somebody Meaning 3: We laughed at the ball of rubber bands that was thrown across the room b. He was knocked over by the punch. Meaning 1: He was knocked over by the punch of my best friend Meaning 2: He was knocked over by the punch because it was made that he was drinking it c. The police were urged to stop drinking by the fifth Meaning 1: The police were urged to stop drinking by the Fifth Street station. Meaning 2: The police were urged to stop drinking by the fifth of January Meaning 3: The police were urged to stop drinking by the fifth policy. d. I said I would file it on Thursday. Meaning 1: I said I would file it on Thursday when I get home. Meaning 2: I said I would file it on Thursday, so I woke up on Thursday and filed them e. I cannot recommend visiting professors too highly Meaning 1: I cannot recommend visiting professors too highly, they might kick you out for being wiser than them Meaning 2: I cannot recommend visiting professors too highly, it might be more efficient to ask a classmate f. The license fee for pets owned by senior citizens who have not been altered is $1.50. Meaning 1: The license fee for pets owned by senior citizens is $1.50 if the pets have not been altered by any accidents. Meaning 2: The license fee for pets is $1.50, and the pets must be owned by a senior citizen who has not been altered by any disabilities. 6. Explain the semantic ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two or more sentences for each that paraphrase the multiple meanings. Example : “She can’t bear children” can mean either “She can’t give birth to children” or “She can’t tolerate children.” g. He saw that gasoline can explode

Bailey Reagan - He saw a can of gasoline explode or he saw that gasoline when set on fire can explode . h. You should see her shop - You should see her shop at a grocery store for food or You should see the shop that she owns and works at. i. Every man loves a woman - Every man loves a female that is an adult, or Every man loves the same, one, woman. j. You get half off the cost of your hotel room if you make your own bed. - You pay half the original price of your hotel room if you put on fresh bed sheets or pay half the original price if you make your own bed from scratch k. “It’s his job to lose” (said the coach about his new player) - The player can lose his position on the team, or the player can lose his paid job. l. “We will change your oil in 10 minutes” (sign in front of a garage) - They will change your oil and it will take them 10 minutes or It will take them 10 minutes to get to your car to change your oil. m. Bill wants to marry a Norwegian woman. - Bill wants to get married to a woman from Norway or Bill, the priest, wants to be the one to marry a woman from Norway to her partner 9. For each group of words given as follows, state what semantic features or features distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words. If asked, also indicate a semantic property that the (a) words and the (b) words share. f. A: Walk, run, skip, jump, hop, swim B: Fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang glide - The (a) words are natural actions that do not require any equipment - The (b) words are actions that require objects in order to perform - The (a) and (b) words all action words g. A: Ask, tell, say, talk, converse B: Shout, whisper, mutter, drawl, holler - The (a) words are words that describe someone speaking - The (b) words are words that describe how someone is speaking - The (a) and (b) words are ways of saying something h. A: absent/present, alive/dead, asleep/awake, married/single B: big/small, cold/hot, sad/happy, slow/fast - The (a) words are words that complement each other - The (b) words are gradable pairs that show quality differences - The (a) and (b) words are opposites of each other i. A: alleged, counterfeit, false, putative, accused B: Red, large, cheerful, pretty, stupid - The (a) words are words that assume something about something or someone - The (b) words are adjectives

Bailey Reagan - The (a) and (b) words are words that describe something or someone whether is it an assumption or an observation 12. For each definition, write in the first blank the word that has that meaning and in the second (and third if present) a differently spelled homonym that has a different meaning. The first letter of each of the words is provided. a. “naked”: bare, bear b. “base metal”: Lead, led c. “worships”: prays, preys, praise d. “eight bits”: byte, bight, bite e. “one of five senses”: sight, site, cite f. “several couples”: pairs, pears, pares g. “not pretty”: plain, plane h. “purity of golf unit”: karat, carrot i. “a horse’s coiffure”: mane, main, mean j. “sets loose”: frees, freeze, free 14. The following sentences consist of a verb, its noun phrase subject, and various noun phrases and prepositional phrases. Identify the thematic role of each NP by writing the letter a, t, i, s, g, or e above the noun, standing for agent, theme, instrument, source, goal, and experiencer a. Mary found the ball - Mary(A) - “a ball” (T) b. The children ran from the playground to the wading pool - The children(A) - The playground(S) - The wading pool(G) c. One of the men unlocked all the doors with a paper clip - One of the men(A) - All the doors (T) - With a paperclip (I) d. John melted the ice with a blowtorch - John (A) - the ice (T) - with a blowtorch(I) 16. In sports and games, many expressions are “performative.” By shouting You’re out, the first- base umpire performs an act. Think up half a dozen or so similar examples and explain their use. - “Touchdown” the umpires in football hold up both arms to show the crowd that one of the teams has scored - “Take your base” in baseball when you get four balls and get walked the umpire holds his/her arm out and points to first base indicating for the hitter to take their base.

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Bailey Reagan - “Strike” in baseball when the umpire shouts “strike” while making a hand signal, it is a performative act to indicate that the pitch was in the strike zone. - “Net” in volleyball the referee blows their whistle says “net” and points both hands at the net indicating that one of the players on the front row has got into the net. - “Pass” in basketball when someone yells pass to their teammate, they hold their arms out indicating to their teammate that they want them to pass the ball to them. 21. The following sentences have certain presuppositions that ensure their appropriateness. What are they? a. We went to the ballpark again - They have already been to the ballpark prior to this outing. b. Valerie regretted not receiving a new T-bird for Labor Day - Valerie expected to receive a new T-bird for Labor Day c. That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very sad. - Emily had a pet turtle d. The administration forgot that the professors support the students. - There has been an incident before where the professors have supported the students and the admin forgot about it. e. It is an atrocity that the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001. - There was an attack on the World Trade Center on 9/11/2001 f. It isn’t tolerable that the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001 - The speaker finds it intolerable that the World Trade Center was attacked 25. In each of the following dialogues between Jack and Laura, there is a conversational implicature. What is it? a. Jack: Did you make a doctor’s appointment? Laura: Their line was busy. - Implicature: Laura implies that she tried to make an appointment but couldn’t get through because the line was busy. b. Jack: Do you have the play tickets? Laura: Didn’t I give them to you? - Implicature: Laura implies that she does not have them, and she gave them to Jack c. Jack: Does your grandmother have a live-in boyfriend? Laura: She’s very traditional - Implicature: Laura’s response implies that her grandmother would not have a live-in boyfriend because she has a very traditional way of living d. Jack: How did you like the string quartet? Laura: I thought the violist was swell. - Implicature: Laura's response implies that she might not had an overall positive opinion about the string quartet, but she liked the violist. e. Laura: What are Boston’s chances of winning the World Series? Jack: Do bowling balls float? - Implicature: Jack’s response suggests that he either doesn’t know or want to talk about Boston’s chance of winning the World Series

Bailey Reagan f. Laura: Do you own a cat? Jack: I’m allergic to everything. - Implicature: Jack’s response implies that he cannot own a cat because he is allergic to everything, including cats. g. Laura: Did you mow the grass and wash the car like I told you to? Jack: I mowed the grass - Implicature: Jack mowed the grass but did not wash the car as Laura told him to. h. Laura: Do you want dessert? Jack: Is the Pope Catholic? - Implicature: Jack’s response is a funny way of saying he wants dessert without saying “yes”. 30. We observed that ordinarily, the antecedent of a reflexive pronoun may not have an intervening NP. Our example was the ungrammatical *Jane said the boy bit herself. But there appear to be “funny” exceptions and many speakers of English find the following sentences acceptable. Yvette said Marcel really loved that sketch of herself that Renoir drew, or? Clyde realized that Bonnie had seen a photo of himself on the wall in the post office. Investigate what’s going on here. - In normal English grammar, reflexive pronouns are used when the subject of a sentence is also the object of the action. However, there seems to be an intervening clause between the antecedent and the reflexive pronoun. This is typically not allowed in standard grammar. These sentences are often considered “okay” due to the concepts of “logophoricity” or “Logophoric reference”. This is a linguistic term where a reflexive pronoun in a sub-clause can refer to a subject in the main clause, even when there are intervening clauses. Some languages find this more common than English.