Philosophy Exam Reveiw 10

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Lone Star College System, North Harris *

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1301

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Philosophy

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Oct 30, 2023

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 1. Premises The statements presented in an argument as reasons for accepting the conclusion 2. Conclusion The statements that an argument is intended to demon- strate or prove 3. Valid In logic, having a conclusion that follows from the premises by logical necessity. If the premises are true then the conclusion is true. Looking at the relationship between premises and conclusion 4. Argument A group of statements consisting of premises and conclu- sions of such type that the premises are intended to prove or demonstrate the conclusion 5. Sound Valid argument with true premises is sound 9the argument is airtight 6. Deductive Rea- soning Process of drawing specific conclusions from a general statement. The premise is intended to show that the con- clusions must be true 7. Inductive Rea- soning Do not guarantee that the conclusion must be true if the premise is true. Instead, they show that the premise is probably true or it is reasonable to accept the conclusion based on evidence 8. Traditional West- ern View of Hu- man Nature The Judeo-Christian religious view claims that humans are made in the image of God, who has endowed them with rational self-consciousness and an ability to love. 9. Darwinian Chal- lenge to the Tra- ditional Western View He believed that humans evolved from earlier animal species. Darwin's view has been taken to imply that human nature has no purpose and is not unique. "Human power to reason is no more "God-like" than any other animal". 10. Existentialism -There is no such thing as human nature, humans are whatever they make themselves - Humans are defined by their actions 1 / 7

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 11. Feminist Chal- lenge to Tra- ditional Western View Feminists use antirealism to explain why the world that women ordinarily are forced to accept is sexist, based on male language and concepts 12. Dualist View of Human Nature Human nature says that humans are material minds with material bodies. The material body is observable and has color,size,shape, and weight. The mind has no observable color,size,or shape, but it has consciousness 13. Plato - Humans can control their appetite and aggressive im- pulses with reason. - Appetite>Desires - Aggression’ Spirit - Reason’ you have the ability to think, reason 14. Aristotle - Human nature can be discovered in our own world - All humans have a purpose - Reason is the most important feature of human nature 15. Idealism Kant's new viewpoint, transcendental idealism, holds that the world we perceive and know through science is a construct of the mind, but one that depends on the senses 16. Pragmatism Belief that materialism and idealism do not have practical consequences 17. Determinism Human actions are not free. Every event is caused or "determined" by precious conditioned and events and the physical, biological, and psychological laws that govern realty 18. Libertarianism Focus on individual responsibility for who he or she is. 19. The Cosmologi- cal Argument For if there were nothing that first started things moving, then they would never have begun to move. 20. The Ontological Argument Anselm's ontological proof says (1) God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived (2) Than that which 2 / 7

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 nothing greater can be conceived must exist In reality and not merely in the mind (3) So God must exist in reality 21. The Design Argu- ment The design argument, or the argument from design, states that the order and purpose manifest in the works of nature indicate that they were designed by an intelligent being. 22. Rationalism Rationalism is the viewpoint that insists knowledge can arise from reason, without aid from the senses 23. Empiricism Empiricism contrast with rationalism on holding that knowledge arises only from the senses 24. Hume and Skep- ticism David Hume pushes Locke's and Berkleys empiricism to the conclusion of absolute skepticism. He denies the possibility that we can have certain knowledge about how much of what we all take for granted, including the existence of the external world, and the real causes of phenomena 25. Kant's Transcen- dental Idealism If the mind is to be aware of its many sensations, it must connect these sensations together into a single unified world of connected objects. 26. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon claimed that science is based on inductive reasoning, which moves from many particular observa- tions to claims about general laws that govern what we observe 27. Karl Popper Popper agreed that scientific theories are not mere gener- alizations from experience, and makes use of hypothesis that can explain many different phenomena and that guide later research 28. Thomas Kuhn Argues that we should think of scientific knowledge as the product of communities of scientists who accept and work with that knowledge 29. Correspondence Theory of Truth The correspondence theory says that a belief is true when it corresponds with what is "out there" in the real world. As- 3 / 7

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 sumes that there is a real world of facts whose existence does not depend on our beliefs, thoughts, or perceptions, and to which our statements can correspond. 30. Coherence Theo- ry of Truth The coherence theory says that a belief is true when it fits with our other beliefs and meanings. Not correspondence between a belief and a fact in the real world, but coherence between a belief and other beliefs in one's mind. 31. Pragmatic Theo- ry of Truth The pragmatic theory says that our beliefs are true when they work (i.e. when they get us what we want). A state- ment is true if people can use that statement to achieve results that satisfy their interests. This implies that there are no unchanging absolute truths. 32. Ethical Rela- tivism This is the view that moral right and wrong depends on a person's society or culture. Not just your beliefs about morality but what is actually morally right and wrong. 33. Ethical Egoism Ethical egoism limits our attention to the consequences that affect us individually. 34. Hedonism A view that only pleasure or happiness is intrinsically good and that only pain of unhappiness is intrinsically evil - Only pleasure is desired for itself and not for what it can get us, and only pain is disliked for itself and not for others losses it may inflict on us - All other things are good to an extent that they bring us pleasure or happiness to the extent they diminish pain or unhappiness - We must weight our pleasures carefully to ensure that they do not later cause us greater pain 35. Utilitarianism In contrast to ethical egoism, utilitarianism asserts that the standard of morality is the promotion of good for everyone. - Bentham's Utilitarianism claims that pain and pleasure govern us in all we do. He articulates a "principle of util- ity" which says that morally right actions are those that increase the happiness or pleasure of the community. (greatest qualities of pleasure and the least quantities of 4 / 7

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 pain) - Mill's Utilitarianism argues that the quality of pleasures and pains is as important as their quantity when determin- ing what one ought to do. (higher quality pleasures that should be maximized-not lower quality) 36. Natural Law Ethics Natural laws say that human nature has certain natural tendencies and that morally right actions are those that fol- low these natural tendencies. Because God created these tendencies, following them is doing what God intended us to do. 37. Divine Command Theory The divine command theory is a non-consequentialist normative theory that says we should always do the will of God. Whatever the situation be, if we do what God commands, then we do the right thing; if we disobey God's commands, then no matter what the consequences, we do wrong. (in other words, actions are morally right or wrong solely because they are commanded or prohibited by a higher authority) Two main types of divine command God's commands are found in sacred scriptures God's commands are found in human nature 38. Kant's Categori- cal Imperative Kant's categorical imperative is a principle that tells us to act in a way that we would want everyone else to act in the same situation. It emphasizes moral consistency and treating others with respect, regardless of personal desires or outcomes. 39. Buddhist Ethics Buddisht ethics is about being kind and considerate to others, avoiding harm, and practicing mindfulness in our actions. It emphasizing compassion, the understanding of cause and effect, and letting go of attachments to lead to a moral and fulfilling life 40. Virtue Ethics Aristotle's theory of virtue is about developing good char- acter traits and finding a balance between extremes. It focuses on cultivating virtues, like courage and generosity, 5 / 7

Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 through practice and practical wisdom, to live a fulfilling and ethical life 41. The Social Con- tract Theory Individuals agree to form government to protect their lives, liberty, and property. This agreement or "contract" creates a government. This gives us the origin of government and the purpose and defense of the state's authority. 42. Communitarian- ism The community in which we live should be at the center of society and government. 43. Hobbes Without government human life is constant struggle and war. Therefore we agree to give a ruler power to force us to live in place. The desire for personal gain For security For respect from others 44. Locke John Loke believed in "Natural law" people would obey moral law in the state of nature. We would be free and equal and use reason to guide our decisions. - Clear interpretation of moral law - Unbiased judges to resolve disputes - Power capable of enforcing laws, justice, when moral laws are broken 45. Rawls A just government is equally fair to everyone and shows no favoritism to anyone. 46. Hume Social contract is a made up fantasy. Governments were established by either conquest or our past down through right of succession 47. Regarding Women At the heart of contract theory is the idea that authority over adults depends on their consent A social contract is necessary to establish the state be- cause the contract is the means through which citizens consent to be ruled by a government But this fundamental idea raises an important question that many women have asked: What justifies the authority 6 / 7

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Philosophy Exam Reveiw Study online at https://quizlet.com/_degq87 that males have traditionally exercised over females, par- ticularly in the family? 48. Justice as Merit Justice as merit holds that benefits and burdens should be distributed unequally according to peoples ability, effort, achievement, or social status 49. Justice as Equal- ity (equal) We widely believe that everyone is entitled to roughy the same kind of basic education, that the sexes and races should be treated the same, that individuals should be treated the same before the law and so on 50. Justice as Social Utility Another influential material principle of justice is that jus- tice is what promotes the general welfare, that is, the well-being or happiness of citizens 51. Justice based on need and ability Socialism is an influential political philosophy that empha- sizes public ownership of wealth and the public control of business and industry 7 / 7