phil1005-unit-4-practice-milestone
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University Of Arizona *
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Course
208
Subject
Philosophy
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
Pages
9
Uploaded by PresidentNewt3776
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Page 1
a.)
It is reasoning about past events.
b.)
It is reasoning about what things make other things happen.
c.)
It is reasoning about future events.
d.)
It is reasoning against causes and effects.
a.)
To look for other factors that cause pain
b.)
To look for genetic factors that might be necessary or sufficient conditions for the stomachaches
c.)
To track potential necessary and sufficient conditions for the stomachaches
d.)
To look for illusory correlations between environmental factors and stomachaches
Practice Milestone
Critical Thinking — Practice Milestone 4
Taking this practice test is a stress-free way to find out if you are ready for the Milestone 4 assessment. You can
print it out and test yourself to discover your strengths and weaknesses. The answer key is at the end of this
Practice Milestone.
1.
Which is true of causal reasoning?
2.
What is the purpose of keeping a log of dietary factors when determining the cause of, say, frequent
stomachaches?
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Page 2
a.)
Negative correlation
b.)
Positive correlation
c.)
None of the above
d.)
Accidental correlation
a.)
Depth
b.)
Modesty
c.)
Explanatory power
d.)
Falsifiability
3.
Consider the statement below:
The more often you clean your drink cups, the better your drinks taste.
Which relation best describes this statement?
4.
Consider the following statement:
An explanation should apply in a range of similar contexts, not just the present one.
Which condition of a good explanation does this describe?
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Page 3
a.)
Yes, because both cases involve unjust persecution without any evidential basis.
b.)
Yes, because both events involve politics and the investigation of corruption.
c.)
No, because McCarthyism involved unjust persecution of suspected communists, while here, the
investigation is justified by evidence.
d.)
No, because McCarthyism was an event in the past, so it has no similarities with the current case.
a.)
A generalization made on analogy
b.)
A generalization about the likelihood of something based on observed data
c.)
A generalization about causal relations
d.)
A generalization about the best explanation
5.
Recently, evidence of corruption in the office of a politician has been discovered. Investigators are now going
through all the office's documents to gather as much evidence as possible. The politician compares the
investigation to McCarthyism, the practice of falsely accusing certain groups of political subversion.
Is this a strong argument from analogy? Why?
6.
What is a statistical generalization?
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Page 4
a.)
4/52
b.)
52/4
c.)
48/4
d.)
4/48
7.
What are the odds of drawing one of 4 Aces from a standard deck of 52 cards?
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Page 5
a.)
0.3461538462
b.)
0.0003698224852
c.)
0.6923076923
d.)
0.3076923077
a.)
They help determine whether a deductive argument is valid.
b.)
They determine the probability space.
c.)
They determine which probability rules can apply.
d.)
They can all affect the interpretation of a statistical generalization.
a.)
Small number fallacy
b.)
Gambler's fallacy
c.)
Regression to the mean
d.)
Conjunction fallacy
8.
What is the probability that you wouldn't draw a Queen or a heart?
9.
Why are reference classes, weighting, and base rates important to consider when analyzing a statistical
generalization?
10.
A sports team has been playing well but suddenly starts performing poorly. Afterwards, they start playing at
their normal level. Fans speculate that there is an underlying rift in the players which is causing the poor
performance.
What fallacy is demonstrated here?
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Page 6
a.)
It conveys a feeling about a situation.
b.)
It conveys a state of affairs.
c.)
It communicates a moral or normative judgement.
d.)
It passes judgement on what it describes.
a.)
By appealing to deduction
b.)
By appealing to our emotions
c.)
By appealing to reason
d.)
By appealing to logic
a.)
Relativistic theories judge moral actions based on moral rules; absolutist theories do not.
b.)
Absolutist theories judge moral actions correct or not depending on context; relativistic theories judge
them right or wrong regardless of context.
c.)
Absolutist theories judge moral actions based on moral rules; relativistic theories do not.
d.)
Relativistic theories judge moral actions correct or not depending on context; absolutist theories judge
them right or wrong regardless of context.
11.
What is true of descriptive language?
12.
How can evaluative language be used to persuade?
13.
What is the difference between a relativistic and an absolutist moral theory?
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Page 7
a.)
Sun should make whichever choice maximizes the good for the most people.
b.)
Virtue ethics has nothing to say about this scenario.
c.)
Sun should do the experiment because it will help them fulfill their function and express the virtue of being
committed to their work.
d.)
Sun should follow their desires in order to maximize their pleasure.
14.
Imagine Sun, a physicist grad student, has the choice to spend the weekend working on their experiment or
participating in a dance festival.
According to Aristotle's virtue ethics, which choice should Sun make?
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Page 8
Answer Key
Question
Answer
1
b
Concept: Inductive Reasoning
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. Causal reasoning is about the causes and effects of things.
2
c
Concept: Causal Reasoning
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. By keeping a log of all the factors and the occurrences of the
stomachaches, we might hope to identify the causes of the stomachaches.
3
b
Concept: Assessing the Strength of Causal Theories
Rationale:
This is a positive correlation because both values increase together.
4
c
Concept: Inference to the Best Explanation
Rationale:
This is the correct answer and describes explanatory power.
5
c
Concept: Analogical Reasoning
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. The scenario states that evidence of corruption has been
discovered, so an investigation is warranted. However, during the McCarthy era, many
people were investigated without reason. It's likely that the politician is trying to use fear-
based tactics to win support and cover up his corruption.
6
b
Concept: Statistical Generalizations
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. It's a generalization about the likelihood of an event based on
past events.
7
d
Concept: Probability (Part 1)
Rationale:
The odds of an event occurring are the ratio of the number events that meet the outcome
to the number of events that do not meet the outcome; in this case 4/48. 4/52 gives the
probability, not the odds.
8
c
Concept: Probability (Part 2)
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. This is an inclusive or event because one card is both a Queen
and a heart (the Queen of Hearts). So, you add the probability of a Queen (4/52) with the
probability of hearts (13/52) and then you subtract the conjunction (1/52).
9
d
Concept: Probability and Statistics
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. These are some of the more important factors that can affect
the strength of a statistical generalization.
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Page 9
10
c
Concept: Errors in Reasoning about Probability
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. It's natural for an outlier to regress to the mean; the fallacy is in
thinking there is an underlying causal explanation, other than probability.
11
b
Concept: Evaluative Language
Rationale:
This is correct. Descriptive language, like the name suggests, describes a situation or a
state of affairs. Thus, descriptive statements can be evaluated for truth/falsity.
12
b
Concept: Moral Truth (Cognitivism and Noncognitivism)
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. Evaluative language often evokes strong emotions, which are
meant to convey the feeling generated by a moral position.
13
d
Concept: Moral Frameworks
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. As the names suggest, relativistic theories treat morals as
holding relative to certain situations, while absolutist theories treat them as holding
absolutely, or universally.
14
c
Concept: Moral Dilemmas and Thought Experiments
Rationale:
This is the correct answer. For Aristotle, virtue lies in fulfilling your function, or telos
. For a
physics grad student, then, activities related to that will help them fulfill that function
virtuously.
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