Practice Final Exam: Arguments and Logic Skills Test

Name:; Score: / Practice Final Exam * Welcome to the practice final exam! Instructions and information This practice exam is optional and does not factor into your course grade. You may complete it on your own or together with others. You may complete it as many times as you like. The final exam will be similar to this practice exam in format, sections, number of questions per section, and overall level of difficulty. Like the final exam, this exam is linear, which means that once you've submitted an answer to a question, you cannot return to that question. Please double check your answers before moving on. You have two hours to complete the exam. (If you have accommodations for the final exam, you should have the same accommodations on this practice exam. If your accommodations appear to be incorrect, please let us know.) After you submit the exam, you can view your results. Part 1: Arguments and their properties Consider the following text: Yesterday, | went to the animal shelter to get myself a pet cat. I've always wanted a cat, but I've never had one, though I've had dogs before. Cats are better than dogs, though. After all, cats are more independent. And they don't lick your face. Does this text contain an argument? C A. Yes C B. NoO

Consider the following argument: Dogs make better pets than cats. Dogs are more intelligent, and more intelligent animals are more likely to be good pets. And dogs love to sleep on your bed while cats don't. Also, dogs don't usually get parasites, while cats do. Parasites are bad! Which of the below is an implicit premise in this argument? “ A. More intelligent animals are better pets than less intelligent animals. © B. Better pets are better than worse pets. Ccif dogs make better pets than dogs, then cats make worse pets than dogs. “D. Liking to sleep on your bed makes something a better pet. © E. Parasites are bad. “ F. Cats get parasites. Consider this text, which contains an argument: | have to either rent or buy. If | rent, | will spend a lot of money on rent. If | buy, | will spend a lot of money on interest. | guess | will spend a lot of money no matter what! What is the form of this argument? “ A. modus ponens “ B. disjunctive syllogism “c hypothetical syllogism © D. dilemma Consider the following text, which contains an argument: If it's winter, then there's snow outside. But there is no snow outside. So, it's not really winter.

What is the form of this argument? “ A. modus ponens © B. modus tollens e affirming the antecedent “D. denying the consequent Consider this text, which contains an argument: It's relatively rare, but some smokers get degenerative disc disease. Lee is a smoker, so Lee will get degenerative disc disease. Fill in the blank: This argument is : © A valid “B. inductively strong © C. neither valid nor inductively strong Consider this text, which contains an argument: Most chips are high in fat and high in salt. Chippy Chips are a kind of chip, so they are high in fat and high in salt. Fill in the blank: This argument is : “ A.valid “ B, inductively strong © C. neither valid nor inductively strong Consider the following text, which contains an argument:

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Fernando will take the MCAT in at least one year from now, giving him plenty of time to study. Therefore, Fernando is likely to do well on the MCAT. The argument has an implicit premise. What is it? © A. Fernando's partner will ensure that Fernando has time to study for the MCAT. © B. The MCAT will be easier in one year from now than it is now. © C. The MCAT has a range of questions, some of which are easy, and some of which are hard. © D. Fernando will not perform well on the MCAT unless he studies hard. © E. Fernando didn't get a chance to study much for the MCAT in previous years. © F. If Fernando has plenty of time to study for the MCAT, then he is likely to do well on it. Consider this argument: (P1) Jack tripped. (P2) Jack did not fall down. (Q) Jack is not hurt. Suppose we were to add a premise to this argument. Which of the below premises would most decrease the inductive strength of the argument? “ A. (P3a) When Jack tripped, he lost his balance but quickly regained it. © B. (P3b) When Jack tripped, what he tripped over was a bee hive full of angry bees. “c (P3c) Jack is trained in martial arts and knows how to fall safely. Is the following claim true or false? It is logically impossible for an argument to be both valid and inductively strong at the same time.

O True “ False Suppose Argument X has one false premise, one true premise, and a true conclusion. What do we know for sure about this argument? (Select all correct answers.) " A. The argument is unsound. " B. The argument is invalid. I C. The argument is not inductively strong. ' D. The argument is valid. I E.The argument has at least one premise that is consistent with the conclusion. Rank these arguments in order of inductive strength from inductively strongest to inductively weakest: Argument 1: P1. In the past, Alia has won every chess championship she has has taken part in. C. Alia will win the chess championship she is taking part in today. Argument 2: P1. In the past, Alia has won every chess championship she has has taken part in. P2. Alia has eaten a healthy breakfast and is feeling at her best. C. Alia will win the chess championship she is taking part in today. Argument 3: P1. In the past, Alia has won every chess championship she has has taken partin. P2. Alia has a huge migraine headache. C. Alia will win the chess championship she is taking part in today. “A. Argument 3; Argument 1; Argument 2

“ B, Argument 1; Argument 2; Argument 3 “c Argument 2; Argument 1; Argument 3 “p. Argument 1; Argument 3; Argument 2 Which of the following are statements? (Select all correct answers.) I A. Puton your shoes, Ellie! I B. Ellie should be taken to the park today. I C. Go home, Ellie! " D. Ellie? Are you okay? " E. Ellie, do you want to go to the park? T F. Ellie likes going to the park. Is the following statement true or false? All sound arguments are good arguments (on an intuitive notion of a "good" argument). C A. True © B. False Which argument form does this argument exemplify? (P1) If I volunteer at the animal shelter and eat a vegetarian diet, | will be happy. (P2) I didn't both volunteer at the animal shelter and eat a vegetarian diet. (C) Therefore, | will not be happy. “ A. modus ponens © B. modus tollens “c denying the antecedent

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“D. affirming the consequent Consider the following argument: (P1) My dog ate my succulent. (C) Therefore, my dog ate my succulent. Is this argument valid? C A.Yes C B. No Fill in the blank: If an argument has true premises and a false conclusion, then we can know for sure that it is : © A. valid and sound © B. invalid and sound © ¢. valid and unsound “ D. invalid and unsound Consider the following text, which contains an argument: The Chair---have you seen it? What an amazing show! For one, it really helps you see what goes on inside a university department. Also, it's hilarious. Suppose you want to put this argument in standard form. Of the options below, which is the best way to paraphrase its conclusion? © A. The Chair---have you seen it?--what an amazing show. © B. The Chairis an amazing show. © C. The Chair helps you see what goes on inside a department.

© D. You should watch The Chair. Consider the following argument: P1. No pets are warm-blooded. P2. Princess Scruffer-Pupper is a pet. C. Therefore, Princess Scruffer-Pupper is not warm-blooded. Fill in the blank: This argument is : A. valid © B. invalid “c inductively strong Consider the following argument: P1. If Jogey got attacked by a crocodile, Jogey is dead. P2. Jogey is dead. C. Therefore, Jogey got attacked by a crocodile. What argument form does this argument exemplify? “ A. modus ponens © B. modus tollens © c. dilemma “D. disjunctive syllogism “E. denying the antecedent “F affirming the consequent Consider the following argument: P1. Elena was exposed to someone sick with the flu. P2. People exposed to someone sick with the flu are likely to contract the flu. C. Elena will contract the flu.

Suppose we were to add a premise to this argument. Which of the below premises would increase this argument's inductive strength? (Select all correct answers.) " A. P3a. Elena has a weakened immune system, making her more likely to get sick than most other people. I B. P3b. Elena was wearing an N95 mask at the time that she was exposed to the person with the flu. I C. P3c. Elena has had a flu vaccine, which protects her from the flu. " D. P3d. Elena loves her grandmother. " E. P3e. Elena has flu symptoms. Part 2: Necessary and sufficient conditions, possibility and necessity A boot is a type of footwear. Which of the following are true? A Being a type of footwear is necessary for being a boot. " B. Not being a boot is sufficient for not being a type of footwear. " C. Not being a type of footwear is sufficient for not being a boot. ™ p. Being a type of footwear is necessary for being a type of footwear. Is the following claim true or false? Everything that is logically possible is nomologically possible. C A. True © B. False

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Rain and snow are two types of precipitation. Fill in the blank: Being snow is a condition for being precipitation. “A. necessary but not sufficient © B. sufficient but not necessary © C. both necessary and sufficient © D. neither necessary nor sufficient Fill in the blank: Being a triangle is necessary but not sufficient for (Select all correct answers.) A having at least three sides ™ B. being a shape e being a triangle with a 90 degree angle ' p. being a triangle T E. being an equilateral triangle (a triangle in which all three sides have the same length) Phil 1230 will be offered again next year. Is the following claim true or false? It is logically possible for Phil 1230 to not be offered again next year. C True “ False Part 3: Argument reconstruction and argument mapping

Which of the following arguments is best depicted by the argument map below? Argument 1 P1. Either the front door is open or the window is open. P2. If the front door is open, then the house will get cold. P3. If the window is open, then the house will get cold. C. Therefore, the house will get cold. Argument 2 P1. The front door is open. P2. The window is open. P3. The garage door is open. C. Therefore, something is open. Argument 3 P1. Nothing is open. P2. So, something is open. P3. So, everything is open. C. Therefore, everything is not closed. Argument 4 P1."A" is a letter. P2. If "A" is a letter, then "B" is a letter. P3. If "B" is a letter, then "C" is a letter. C. Therefore, "C" is a letter. “A. Argument 1 “B. Argument 2

Cc. Argument 3 “D. Argument 4 Consider the following argument map: How many sub-arguments does the argument that it depicts have? CAT “B.2 “c3 “D.4 “E5

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Consider the following argument text: [1] If there are cars in the parking lot, then that's a sign that the mall is open. [2] There are cars in the parking lot. [3] After all, Zsofia told me that there were cars in the parking lot. [4] So, the mall is probably open. Which of the following argument maps best depicts this argument? Argument Map 1: Argument Map 2: Argument Map 3: Argument Map 4:

“A. Argument Map 1 “ B. Argument Map 2 “c Argument Map 3 “D. Argument Map 4 How many intermediate conclusions are depicted in this argument map? CA T “B.2 “c3 “D.4 Consider the following argument text, whose premises and conclusions are marked with numerals in square brackets:

[1] You should major in philosophy. [2] For one, a philosophy major looks great on a job application. [3] Anyways, you get to read lots of interesting books if you major in philosophy. [4] Finally, if you major in philosophy, you'll get to take classes in philosophy of mind, and [5] philosophy of mind is one of the most interesting topics | know! Which of the argument maps below best depicts this argument? Argument Map 1: Argument Map 2: Argument Map 3: Argument Map 4: © “A. Argument Map 1 “B. Argument Map 2 “c Argument Map 3 “D. Argument Map 4

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Which of the following arguments does the argument map below accurately depict? (Choose all correct answers.) Argument 1 (P1) Pet Palace treats their fish poorly. (P2) Pet Palace often forgets to feed their fish. (P3) Pet Palace leaves decomposing plant material in their fish tanks for days. (P4) Leaving decomposing plant material in a fish tank is harmful to the fish. (P5) Pet Palace has been fined for inhumane practices. (C) Pet Palace engages in inhumane practices. Argument 2 (P1) Golf is fun. (P2) You get to play golf with friends. (P3) You get to play golf outside. (P4) Being outside is fun. (P5) All fun sports are riveting. (C) Golf is a riveting sport. Argument 3 (P1) Consumer's Medicine Mart just restocked on rapid tests.

(P2) Earlier today, | saw an employee at Consumer's Medicine Mart putting rapid tests on the shelf. (P3) Consumer's Medicine Mart always restocks their rapid tests on Mondays. (P4) Today is a Monday. (P5) An employee at Consumer's Medicine Mart told me that rapid tests are in stock at Consumer's Medicine Mart. (C) Rapid tests are in stock at Consumer's Medicine Mart. A Argument 1 ' B. Argument 2 e Argument 3 Part 4. Meaning analysis Consider the following scenario: Nolan and Logan are eating at a fancy restaurant. At the end of the meal, Logan asks Nolan whether he enjoyed his meal. Nolan sighs and responds, "Well, at least there is still pizza left over at home." What is does Nolan conversationally implicate with his utterance? “ A.There is pizza left over at home. © B. The meal was good. © C. The meal was not good. “ D. It would be great if there was pizza at home. © E. Nolan wants to hide his assessment of the meal. “ F. Nolan is too shy to directly answer the question. Consider the following comic:

Fill in the blank. This joke relies on to be funny. “A. vagueness © B. conversational implicature “c incomplete meaning “D. jargon In a philosophy talk, Prof. Obscuro announces: Let us define the term "moral particle"---or "moron" for short---as a realizer of moral properties of the sort that the naturalist moral realist is committed to. Fill in the blank: Prof. Obscuro's definition of "moral particle" is . (Select all correct answers.) ™ A incorrect I B. occasional e reportive 'p. stipulative M E. ancillary ™ F. too broad I G. too narrow What is wrong with the following definition?

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A USB stick is a device that has the primary function of storing software or data. © A. The definition is too broad but not too narrow. © B. The definition is too narrow but not too broad. © C. The definition is too broad and too narrow. © D. The definition is circular. What is wrong with the following definition? A rabbit is a furry four-legged animal that is kept as a pet. © A. The definition is too broad but not too narrow. © B. The definition is too narrow but not too broad. © C. The definition is too broad and too narrow. © D. The definition is obscure. Suppose that, given the meaning of "airplane", in order for something to count as an airplane, it has to be a flying machine. Fill in the blank: Being a flying machine is for being an airplane. “Aa necessary but not a sufficient condition © B. a sufficient but not a necessary condition © C. both a necessary and a sufficient condition © D. neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition Consider the following exchange: Customer: Help! What can | do to fix my computer? | know next to nothing about computers and | need this fixed by tomorrow.

Computer repair shop employee: You need to turn off EFI for GRUB to load. Fill in the blank: The computer repair shop employee's statement is an example of : “A. ambiguity “ B, vagueness “c empty meaning “ D. the inappropriate use of jargon Consider the following scenario: Ali and Lisa disagree on whether whales are fish. They both agree that whales are mammals, but Ali argues that whales are fish because they live in the sea and swim and anything that lives in the sea and swims counts as a fish. Lisa, on the other hand, maintains that whales are not fish because "fish", by definition, means a biological kind that whales simply do not belong to. Fill in the blank: Ali and Lisa are having : © A. averbal dispute © B. a factual dispute © C. a conversational implicature © D. acircular argument “Ea sub-argument Consider the following scenario: Julien goes to his favourite store, Futons, Showers & More, to buy a new Tremontouni frying pan. The store clerk tells him, "We have three Tremontouni frying pans for sale: the Deluxe, the Ceramica, and the Restauranteur." The clerk leans in, strokes his moustache, and whispers to Julien, "l personally like the Deluxe; it's lead-free."

What is the store clerk conversationally implicating with his statement? © A. The Deluxe is lead-free. © B. All Tremontouni pans are lead-free. © C. The Ceramica and the Restauranteur may not be lead-free. © D. The Deluxe is not lead-free. Consider the following definition: A ligeris an offspring of a male lion and a female tiger. Which of the following are true? A Being a liger is sufficient for being the offspring of a male lion. ™ B. Being the offspring of a lion is necessary for being a liger. e Being a liger is sufficient for being a liger. 'p. Being the offspring of a female tiger is sufficient for being a liger. E. Being a male lion is necessary for having an offspring that is a liger. What does the following meme rely on to be funny?

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He doesn't like to sitin the back, - p- o 3 . N R Pt 2o g L % g . . % y " g ) ¥ J 0 b ] o 7 3 ! K P e W A ¥ b \ R f.» / v,. . W i) OC S0 \? mes et nim Sit up L ) r » Al , g o] With‘ i ,& ) .U . “ A. referential ambiguity “ B, syntactic ambiguity © C. lexical ambiguity “D. vagueness “Ea category mistake CF. jargon Part 5: Scientific reasoning Freya plants garlic bulbs every fall. These garlic bulbs survive the winter and sprout the following spring. It is now spring. Last fall, Freya planted garlic bulbs as usual, but this time they did not sprout. Freya considers the following hypothesis to explain this: The temperatures were warmer than usual this past winter, which caused the garlic bulbs to soak up water and rot. Freya checks a weather record for the past ten years and finds that the past winter was in fact warmer than usual.

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Fill in the blank: Freya's finding that the past winter was warmer than usual her hypothesis. © A. confirms “ B, conclusively establishes © C. disconfirms “p. replicates “E conclusively refutes Consider the following scenario: Gershram suffers from chronic pain. He wants to test the hypothesis that psilocybin, the active compound in magic mushrooms, alleviates chronic pain. So, he asks his friend for some magic mushrooms. His friend gives him a ziplock bag containing dried up mushroom-like bits. On the basis of his hypothesis, Gershram predicts that if he eats these dried up mushroom-like bits, he will feel less pain. He eats them and notices that his pain is reduced, which confirms his hypothesis. Gershram's hypothesis makes the above prediction with the help of which auxiliary assumption? © A. Gershram's friend does not have chronic pain. B. Gershram does not have chronic pain. “c Psilocybin alleviates chronic pain. “ D.The dried-up mushroome-like bits contain psilocybin. Consider the following scenario: Theory X in economics explains the fact that the unemployment rate has decreased in the last year by claiming that there are more jobs. In contrast, theory Y says that unemployment has decreased because some workers have emigrated, others have decided to stay at home, and others have retired.

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Fill in the blank: Based on this information alone, we can conclude that theory X is likely to be better than theory Y with respect to : “A. consistency with observations © B. internal coherence “c predictive power “D. simplicity Consider the following scenario: Dr. Backwards-Causation tells you that he has shown that studying for a test after one has completed the test can improve one's results. In his experiment, he divided participants into two groups. The first group took a test. The second group took the same test and then studied for it after having taken it. Then the tests were graded and he found that the second group of participants performed better than the first group. Which of the following would increase your confidence that Dr. Backwards-Causation's claims are true? (Select all correct answers.) ™ A. The second group of participants did not in fact study for the test at all. I B. Dr. Backwards-Causation's experiment was successfully replicated by another lab. I C. Dr. Backwards-Causation's write-up of his results were peer reviewed and published in a reputable journal. " D. Dr. Forwards-Causation claims that Dr. Backwards-Causation's experimental design is flawed. Consider the following scenario: Your cat keeps scratching her ear. You consider the hypothesis that she might have fleas around her ears. To test this hypothesis, you visually inspect the area, looking carefully at the cat's skin and fur and inside her ears, but you cannot see any fleas. Your prediction turned out to be false. What auxiliary assumption did you need in order to make your prediction?

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“ A. That your cat has fleas B. That cats sometimes have fleas © C. That you are a veterinarian “ D. That your cat is scratching her ear © E. That fleas are normally visible with the naked eye (i.e. without the help of a magnifying glass, microscope, or other device) “ F.No auxiliary assumptions were needed in order for the hypothesis to generate the prediction. Part 6: Fallacies and biases Tinder is an online dating service. Consider the following argument: After | deleted my Tinder profile, | bumped into a stranger on the bus and she asked me out! It was love at first sight! A few days later, we got married! Who would have thought that deleting my Tinder would bring true love my way? Which fallacy does this argument commit? © A. ad hominem “ B. gambler's fallacy © C. straw man fallacy “p. post hoc, ergo proptor hoc “ E.red herring © F. false dilemma Consider the following argument: Every bit of material composing a human being is not worth very much money. Therefore, a human being is not worth very much money. Which fallacy does this argument make?

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© A. division “ B, composition © C. ad hominem © D. ad misericordiam © E. false dilemma “ F.red herring Consider the following passage: It is clear that the vaccine causes reproductive disorders. No one has conclusively proven otherwise! Which fallacy does it exemplify? “A. slippery slope © B. false dilemma © C. ad hominem © D. straw man fallacy © E. division “ F.ad ignorantiam Consider this argument: Water quenches thirst. Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore, hydrogen quenches thirst and oxygen quenches thirst. Which fallacy is exemplified by this argument? “ A. division “ B, composition © €. ad hominem

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“ D. ad ignorantiam “E slippery slope “ F. dilemma Which fallacy is illustrated in the following comic? I know the last five scratch of f tickets didn't win, which means this next one must be a winner! “ A. the slippery slope fallacy © B. the sunk cost fallacy © C. the gambler's fallacy “p. begging the question © E. ad misericordiam “ F. red herring Consider the following scenario: Melissa drinks 10 cups of coffee a day on average. Her friend Manish suggests that she may want to reduce the amount of coffee she drinks. Melissa, slightly worried, does a web search for articles about the health impact of coffee. She sees some headlines suggesting that large amounts of coffee improves one's overall health and others suggesting that large amounts of coffee is harmful to one's overall health. She clicks only on the links to the articles that seem to

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suggest that coffee is healthy. She forwards several of those articles to Manish and writes, "See?" Which fallacy is Melissa committing? © A. ad hominem “ B, begging the question “c suppressed evidence “D. slippery slope © E. ad misericordiam “ F.red herring Consider the following scenario: Upon entering Canada from overseas during a pandemic, Kayla is told by a border officer that she must quarantine for two weeks. She does not want to quarantine. She argues, "Surely, | qualify for an exemption! I'd be so miserable if | couldn't see my friends!" Which fallacy is Kayla committing? © A. ad hominem © B. ad ignorantiam “c special accommodation “D. begging the question “E. begging ad hominem © F. ad misericordiam Consider the following scenario: Caleb has been seeing ads for Agg boots on his Facebook feed for several weeks. He had never heard of them before and thought they looked to be of poor quality. He also didn't really like their name. One day, the sole of his favourite winter boots came off, so he decided to buy new boots. He did a

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web search for "winter boots online buy" and Agg's website was one of the first hits, along with many brands unknown to him. He suddenly felt that Agg's website was worth checking out, so he clicked the link. Which cognitive bias is most likely to be part of the explanation of why Caleb clicked the link to Agg's website? © A. confirmation bias © B.the recency effect © C.the anchoring effect “ D. the exposure effect © E. the availability bias © F. the influence of imagination Consider the following scenario: Lee and James took all the same classes together this semester. The exams for all four classes were crammed into a five-day period. After finishing their last exam, Lee and James meet up to discuss how they thought their exams went. They found that their memories for the first and last exams was best, but their memories of the middle exams were a bit hazy. Fill in the blank: This is an example of : “ A. the anchoring effect © B. the exposure effect © C.the ordering effect “p. framing effects “E. ego biases “ F.the primacy and recency effects Consider the following scenario:

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Vrinda often shops for clothes at The Crevice. Their ticket prices are high, but their clothes are always on sale for 40% off or more. Even though the sale prices are often more than Vrinda wants to spend, she feels that compared to the original price the deals are too good to resist and often buys more than she needs. Which cognitive bias is The Crevice likely exploiting to get its customers to buy more clothes? © A. confirmation bias “ B, anchoring effects © C.the exposure effect © D. the primacy and recency effects © E. the pricing effect Consider the following argument: If you have COVID, then you must have been exposed to someone with COVID. You were exposed to someone with COVID. Therefore, you have COVID. What form of argument does it exemplify? “ A. modus ponens © B. modus tollens e denying the antecedent “D. affirming the consequent “ E. the exposure effect CF. post hoc, ergo propter hoc Part 7: The internet Is the following claim true or false?

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Fake news is always spread by people aiming to deceive. C A. True © B. False Is the following claim true or false? Fake news doesn't have a big influence because real news stories always spread faster and are more prominent. C A. True © B. False

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Practice_Final_Exam_2022-3

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