Ethical Dilemmas

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Feb 20, 2024

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Ethical Dilemmas: Taking Things That Don’t Belong to You Saying Things You Know Are Not True Giving or Allowing False Impressions Buying Influence or Engaging in Conflict of Interest Hiding or Divulging Information Taking Unfair Advantage Committing Acts of Personal Decadence Perpetrating Interpersonal Abuse Permitting Organizational Abuse Violating Rules Condoning Unethical Actions Balancing Ethical Dilemmas Rationalizing dillemmas: Everybody Else Does It If We Don’t Do It Someone Else Will That’s The Way It Has Always Been Done We’ll Wait Until The Lawyers Tell Us Its Wrong It Doesn’t Really Hurt Anyone The System Is Unfair It’s a Gray Area I Was Just Following Orders We All Don’t Share The Same Ethics Tests For Resolving Ethical Dillemmas Above All Do No Harm ‘priminum non nocere’ Have you defined the problem accurately? How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of the fence? How did this situation occur in the first place? To whom and what do you give your loyalties as a person and as a member of the corporation? What is your intention in making this decision? How does this intention compare with the likely results? Whom could your decision or action injure? Can you engage the affected parties in a discussion of the problem before you make your decision? Are you confident that your position will be as valid over a long period of time as it seems now? Could you disclose without qualms your decision or action to your boss, your CEO, the board of directors, your family, or society as a whole? What is the symbolic potential of your action if understood? If misunderstood? Under what conditions would you allow exceptions to your stand? Blanchard-Peale Model Is it legal? Is it balanced? How does it make me feel? TheWall Street Journal model for resolution of ethical dilemmas consists of three com-ponents: (1) Am I in compliance with the law? (2) What contribution does this choice ofaction make to the company, the shareholders, the community, and others? And(3) what are the short- and long-term consequences of this decision? Steps for Analyzing Ethical Dilemmas and Case Studies in Business 1. Make sure you have a grasp of all of the facts available. Be sure you are familiar with all the facts. 2. List any information you would like to have, but don’t, and what assumptions you would have to make, if any, in resolving the dilemma. 3. Take each person involved in the dilemma and list the concerns they face or might have. Be sure to consider the impact on those not specifically mentioned in the case. For example, product safety issues don’t involve just

engineers’ careers and company profits; shareholders, customers, customers’ families, and even communities supported by the business are affected by a business decision on what to do about a product and its safety issue. 4. Develop a list of resolutions for the problem. Apply the various models for reaching this resolution. You may also find that as you apply the various models to the dilemma, you find additional insights for questions 1, 2,and 3. If the breach has already occurred, consider the possible remedies, and develop systemic changes so that such breaches do not occur in the future. 5. Evaluate the resolutions for costs, legalities, and impact. Try to determine how each of the parties will react to and be affected by each of the resolutions you have proposed. 6. Make a recommendation on the actions that should be taken. Question 1 Which is one of the categories of ethical dilemmas according to your textbook? "Violating the Law" "Not Completing Your Homework" "Taking Things That Don't Belong to You" "Committing a Sin" Taking something that does not belong to you is similar to stealing. Question 2 Which of the categories of ethical dilemmas might an arbitrator face when there is an arbitration clause in your employment contract that specifies that the employer is paying the arbitration fees? Creating false impressions. Engaging in a conflict of interest. Hiding information. Perpetrating interpersonal abuse. The arbitrator will have a financial incentive to rule in favor of the employer . Question 3 Under which ethical theory do we create a rule from our behavior that everyone must follow? The Categorical Imperative. Utilitarianism. Virtue ethics. Divine Command. The analysis involves creating a rule from our behavior that everyone else must follow. Question 4 When you make a list of “pros and cons” when you are making an ethical decision that reflect the pressures of the moment, which ethical theory are you practicing? Utilitarianism. Moral relativism. Ethical egoism. Virtue ethics. Use your values as a guide, rather than the pressures of the moment. Question 5 Using religious beliefs to determine the resolution to ethical problems is which of the following?

Virtue ethics. Ethical egoism. Utilitarianism. Divine Command Theory. Religious rules are important to follow, but business issues are not always addressed in religious doctrines. Question 6 How you would analyze an ethical dilemma using ethical egoism? You would do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. You would ask, “How would I feel if I was on the other side of the fence?” You would do what is in your self-interest. You would ask, “How does it make me feel?” Ethical egoists do what is in their own self-interest. Question 7 Which of the following is an example of a rationalization? "Someone else does this a different way." “It really doesn’t hurt anyone.” "We will need to consult with an expert in this area." "We need to find a better price for this item." This is rarely a true statement. Identify the stakeholders and analyze their interests. For example, people often think that buying counterfeit goods is a victimless crime, but these goods are often of poor quality and may use illegal labor. Studies show that often the proceeds of counterfeit goods are used to finance terrorism. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-109shrg21823/html/CHRG-109shrg21823.htm Links to an external site. Question 8 Which statement is a rationalization? "Usually the bid goes to the supplier with the lowest price." "No one wants to do business with someone who has a poor reputation." "You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar." "If we don't do it, someone else will" In this case, it appears that you are anticipating that someone else will do something unethical, so you want to beat others who might take that opportunity. Question 9 Why do people relabel their behavior from something like "stealing" to "permanent borrowing"? They want to follow the company's code of conduct. People do this to make their conduct seem more ethical so they will feel better about their actions. They want to lie. They want to explain what they do to their supervisors. Relabeling occurs when someone gives a nice-sounding label to unethical behavior in an effort to make the behavior appear to be more palatable.

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Question 10 This theory or test assumes that no secret is safe and that everyone will know about your actions, so you should make ethical decisions accordingly. The Front Page of the Newspaper Test. The Wall Street Journal Test. Utilitarianism. Ethical egoism. In the Front Page of the Newspaper Test, proceed as if the world will know what you are doing. Question 11 Which of the following ethical decision-making models asks us to analyze the legality of our actions? Front Page of the Newspaper Model. Laura Nash's Model. The New York Times Test. The Wall Street Journal Test. The Wall Street Journal Test asks, "Am I in compliance with the law?" Question 12 Proctor and Gamble and YouTube may have taken action to prevent teens from doing the “Tide Pod Challenge” to symbolize their concerns for the well-being of teenagers and others. Which ethics test involves an analysis of the symbolic potential of your actions? Virtue ethicists. Laura Nash. Ethical egoists. Utilitarianism. Question 13 Which test asks us to analyze the legality of our actions? Front Page of the Newspaper Test. The New York Times Model. Laura Nash's Model. Blanchard and Peale. The Blanchard and Peale Test asks, "Is it legal?" Question 14 One of the lessons of ___________ is that sometimes we let external pressures and human psychological tendencies interfere with our ability to make good ethical decisions. contract theory virtue ethics Aristotle behavioral ethics Question 15 Using the steps for analyzing ethical dilemmas in your textbook, what is the second step that you should take after you gather then facts when analyzing an ethical problem?

Identify stakeholders. Make recommendations. List missing information and your assumptions. Review the company’s code of conduct. After you gather the facts, take a look at the facts that are missing and what you assume them to be. Question 16 “I misremembered” is sometimes how a person explains lying. When they do this, which type of behavior are they demonstrating? Balancing ethical dilemmas. Hiding or divulging information. Rationalizing Relabeling. Question 17 Compliance, contribution, and consequences are the backbone of which ethical test? Blanchard and Peale. Laura Nash. Wall Street Journal model. Utilitarianism. Question 18 Antonio is a sales manager who routinely belittles employees for not reaching sales targets. This is an example of which category of ethical dilemmas? Hiding or divulging information. Giving or allowing false impressions. Perpetrating interpersonal abuse. Saying things that you know are not true. Question 19 After doing an analysis of the facts of the situation and the consequences to stakeholders, what is the final step in the ethical decision-making process? Take a few minutes to breathe. Make a recommendation. Double check the facts. Identify stakeholders. Question 20 What advantage does creating a personal credo bring a person? It guarantees that they will act ethically. It allows us to look at ethical issues more deeply rather than through the prism of emotions, desires and pressures. We gain respect from stakeholders. It makes us more profitable.

Incorrect Question 21 Secondary sources of law, such as Restatements and Uniform Laws, make the law clear to all. are binding on states when passed by the federal government. are examples of private law. have no legally binding effect unless adopted by a state. Secondary sources of law are drafted by legal experts as a model for states to adopt, but they have no legally binding effect in a state until and unless adopted. Question 22 1 / 1 pts Bekah owns Sweet Creations, a bakery which is famous for making the most delicious organic baked goods. Bekah learns that a bill, being publicly debated in Congress, is likely to become law which will require any bakeries stating that their products are organic to purchase all of baked goods through one central supplier to ensure accuracy and quality of baked goods deemed organic. Finding out this information, Bekah contacts the central supplier to enter into a long term contract for the lowest possible price of the supplies as she predicts the prices will soar once the general public learns of this new law. Bekah is engaged in unethical insider trading as she is using her knowledge to her own advantage. will not be able to enforce the terms of the contract due to a change in circumstances. is legally aware which allows her to be proactive in business planning. is morally required to ensure that others in her industry know of this bill so that they too can make similar contracts. Legal awareness allows a business to be proactive in business planning and limit liability and gain a competitive edge. All information Bekah learned was part of the public record and everyone has the same access to the information. Question 23 Regulations created and enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are examples of equity law. civil law. administrative law. private law. Laws from regulatory agencies fall under the category of administrative law. Question 24 Tyke's Bikes is a bicycle sales and repair shop in a small city. It sells new and used bikes with a narrow profit margin and does repairs at minimal costs. Frequently, if a child comes into the shop with a broken part or a flat tire, Tyke's makes the repair for free if the child has no money. Tyke's also provides a free one-hour repair class for those who want to learn how to fix their bikes. At large local organized bike rides, Tyke's provides free services, asking only for voluntary donations. Which theory of corporate social responsibility is Tyke's exhibiting? The hybrid view, or citizen's hand theory. The moderate view, or government's hand theory. The narrow view, or invisible hand theory. The broad view, or good corporate citizenship. The broad view, or good corporate citizenship, holds that producing profit is secondary to social responsibility Question 25

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A recognition that we all have the rights to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" in the Preamble of the Declaration of Independence, according to Natural law, is a recognition of what type of rights? Moral rights Judeo-Christian rights Explicit rights Inherent rights Inherent rights are rights that are common to all mankind with which we are given by our Creator, and not the government. Under Tennessee state law, a lawsuit for defamation must be filed within two years or else the plaintiff is barred from ever filing the suit. This statute is an example of a Criminal law Private law Substantive law Procedural law Monmouth Publishing employs very brilliant attorneys to search through the laws to find legal loopholes that benefit their profit margin. They find a legal loophole which allows them to require a certain sect of employees to work far under minimum wage, often times taking advantage of people. Therefore, they decide to fire all of their current employees in favor of the sect of employees that they can pay under minimum wage. Are they acting unethically? a particular act can be deemed unethical yet still be legal Task 1 6/9 points Create a PivotTable on the Speeders worksheet.  [-3] The PivotTable is not configured to show only the top 5 states. Task 2 11.5/11.5 points Create a PivotTable on the Drinkers worksheet to find the outlier states i.e. those that are above or below the majority of the states. Excellent! You earned full credit for this task. Task 3 10/14.5 points Create a PivotTable to show the 10 states that have the highest percent of fatal collisions involving distracted driving.  [-4.5]

The PivotTable is not configured to show only the top 10 highest percentage for fatal collisions involving distracted driving Task 4 11.5/15 points Create a PivotTable to show the 10 states in which the insurance companies are making the best ROI.  [-3.5] The PivotTable is not showing the correct set of states. Wow! Lot's of enthusiasm for Multidimensional Analysis (aka Pivot Tables in MS Excel) … OK, so for this Module 2, let's say you had a data set with 5 complete years of sales orders that includes a unique ID for each order placed, the Sales Person entering the order, the Product Category (only one product category per order), the Date (including Month, Day, and Year ) each order was entered/placed, the Quantity of units sold in each order, the Total Sales Amount for each order. If you wanted to create a Pivot Table that displays the orders with the dimensions by Year , by Salesperson , by Product Category (in that hierarchy order) and with the measures of average Quantity and average Total Sales Amount for orders in a given Year for a given Salesperson within each Product Category, how would you set that up in the Excel Pivot Table pane? In other words, what fields would be your dimensions in the Rows, which fields would be the measures in the Rows, and what Value Field Settings would you set for the Values? Feel free to review other students' responses here for the learning benefit, but please put into your own words for how you would set up the Pivot Table! I am not sure if this requires using rows only, but I see how it can work after I played around with our practice data set for candy sales and I tried some of the ideas posted. My first instinct was to make the years a column and order them left to right from most recent year to earliest, because I feel that would make it easier to see sales trends by salesperson and product category over the five years. In that case I would have salesperson and then product category as the rows dimensions. The measures and their value setting would be average units per order and average dollars per order.

Ethical Dilemmas

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