Position Paper_ Terminally Ill Assignment_ (2)

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1 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination Nikolas Sullivan (L34020706) School of Health Sciences: Liberty University AMOA 256: Medical Office Ethics and Law Mrs. Rebecca Farmer February 26, 2024

2 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination In today’s society, euthanasia, also known as assisted dying, has become a contentious ethical issue. Euthanasia, which is defined as the intentional taking of a terminally ill patient’s life to end their suffering, raises significant concerns regarding the worth of human life, individual autonomy, and the involvement of medical professionals in end-of-life care. While opponents of euthanasia raise concerns about the sanctity of life and the possibility of abuse or coercion, proponents contend that euthanasia allows terminally ill patients to die with dignity and control over their destiny. The ethical issues surrounding euthanasia will be discussed in this essay, along with the pros and cons of each side of the debate, philosophical stances, and compatibility with the biblical worldview. Euthanasia proponents emphasize patient autonomy and relief from suffering, while opponents emphasize life preservation and the moral obligation to protect vulnerable people. The debate centers on these opposing ideas and values. As we examine the ethics and complexities surrounding euthanasia, it is clear that this is a complex issue that calls for careful consideration of many viewpoints and ethical frameworks. The relationship between euthanasia and religion, especially in a Christian setting, adds even more complexity to the debate since biblical teachings on compassion, life, and death guide ethical decisions regarding end-of-life care. Ultimately, this essay aims to present a thorough analysis of euthanasia, providing perspectives on this divisive topic's moral, philosophical, and theological aspects.

3 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination Examination on Both Sides: Euthanasia proponents contend that terminally ill people should have the autonomy to make decisions about their bodies and end their lives if they so choose, arguing that they should have the right to die with dignity (Callahan, 1995). This viewpoint strongly emphasizes preserving individual autonomy and reducing suffering, even if doing so means aiding in death. Furthermore, proponents frequently cite utilitarianism and autonomy-based theories as ethical frameworks to bolster their position, claiming that euthanasia can reduce overall suffering and preserve people’s right to self-determination (Brock, 1993). On the other hand, proponents of euthanasia argue that the intentional taking of human life is immoral and a betrayal of the moral obligation to protect life whenever feasible (Keown, 2002). Their argument is based on the sanctity of life principle, which is rooted in religious and ethical traditions and holds that all life has intrinsic value and ought to be preserved, regardless of its condition or prognosis (Griffiths et al., 2006). Critics warn of a slippery slope where legalizing euthanasia could result in involuntary euthanasia or pressure on people to end their lives early. They also express concerns about the possibility of abuse and coercion, especially in vulnerable populations (Marker & Keown, 2018). These divergent opinions reveal ingrained moral, philosophical, and moral beliefs regarding the worth of life and the role that medical personnel should play in providing end-of-life care. everyone in life can be seen in the way they were made in the image of God and are therefore valuable.

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4 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination Philosophical Perspectives on Euthanasia My personal opinion is that helping those who wish to end their lives but whose quality of life has been compromised isn't morally appropriate. Although I acknowledge that everyone Suicide is a harsh action that shouldn’t be sanctioned, especially when there are other ways to enhance quality of life for the individual. Although we all have the right to live our lives the way we see fit, I think suicide is a harsh action that shouldn’t be sanctioned. As a result of reflection on one's values and beliefs (Dworkin, 1993), people develop their own philosophy around end- of-life decisions. Comparably, virtue ethics may emphasize developing moral qualities like empathy and compassion to influence choices regarding end-of-life care (Foot, 1978). Many factors need to be carefully considered to determine when euthanasia may be justified. These factors include the patient’s expressed wishes, the severity of their condition, and whether or not they are experiencing unbearable suffering (Battin et al., 1998). Although euthanasia is still a controversial topic, supporters contend that in situations where a patient has a terminal illness and has chosen to end their life voluntarily and with irreversible suffering, it may be morally acceptable (Brock, 2002). However, making moral decisions about euthanasia requires a thorough assessment of the autonomy of the patient, the prognosis, and the possible influence on broader societal values (Singer, 1993). In the end, negotiating the complexities of euthanasia necessitates a sophisticated comprehension of unique situations and moral issues within a more expansive philosophical framework.

5 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination Alignment with a Biblical Worldview Examining pertinent Bible verses that deal with issues of life, death, and moral behavior is crucial to integrating euthanasia with a biblical worldview (Exodus 20:13; Deuteronomy 32:39). These verses, which form the cornerstone of Christian denominations, and theologians different interpretations of biblical concepts related to life and death may exist, emphasizing the significance of contextual knowledge and theological reflection (Psalm 139:13-16; Job 1:21). A thorough examination of Christian perspectives on suffering, compassion, and mercy is necessary to reconcile biblical teachings with current ethical discussions surrounding euthanasia (2 Corinthians 1:3-4; James 5:11). The Bible recognizes human suffering and the need for compassion in addressing the plight of those who are terminally ill or in pain, even as it emphasizes the importance of protecting life and providing for the weak (Matthew 25:35-36; Roman 12:15). In light of the fact that life is a gift from God, death is also a part of the life process which he created thus we should respect all life processes. Therefore, no human being on earth has the right to take an innocent person's life, even if that person wishes to die. The value of life is precious because it’s been made by God. In addition to maintaining moral standards that preserve human sanctity and acknowledge God’s authority over life and death, Christian ethics promote deeds of compassion and kindness toward the suffering (Romans 14:7-9; 1 Corinthians 6:19-20). Through ethical discourse

6 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination grounded in biblical teachings, Christians can skillfully and compassionately navigate the complex issues surrounding euthanasia and reverence for the Divine. Empirical Evidence and Scholarly References Research has evaluated healthcare professionals’ attitudes toward euthanasia in light of the empirical evidence, providing insight into the moral issues and practical ramifications of this practice (Materstvedt et al., 2003). These studies shed light on the varied viewpoints held by members of the medical community as well as the cultural norms, professional ethics, and religious convictions that shape healthcare providers’ views on euthanasia (Varelius, 2006). Furthermore, ethical analyses of euthanasia practices in various cultural contexts provide insightful information about the moral problems and societal ramifications of decisions about of end-of-life care (Bilsen et al., 2009). Scholars contribute to a nuanced understanding of the ethical complexities surrounding euthanasia and inform ethical decision-making in healthcare settings by looking at various cultural perspectives and moral frameworks. Scholars and theologians engage with pertinent scriptural passages that address themes of life, death, and human suffering to explore the biblical perspective on euthanasia. Exodus 20:13 and Deuteronomy 32:39 are two biblical verses that highlight the sanctity of life and the prohibitions against murder, and they are cited in support of different euthanasia positions (Van Niekerk, 2005). Furthermore, theological interpretations of biblical teachings on life and death lighten Christian views of suffering, mercy, and compassion, which directs moral considerations regarding choices about end-of-life care (Van de Heever, 2010). Scholars offer a deeper

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7 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination understanding of the intersection between religious beliefs and the current ethical debates surrounding euthanasia firmly rooted in biblical principles and theological reflections. Although I believe people should be empowered to make their own decisions, taking one's own life shouldn't be the only viable option when faced with a challenging circumstance. As much as I understand that some people may find it difficult to face their pain and suffering, I believe there are alternative methods that could be used in order to enhance their quality of life as soon as possible in order to empower them with the tools they need to overcome their circumstances. The possibility of rippling effects for those close to the individual shouldn't prevent people from encouraging people to commit suicide, because it can have a devastating effect on them. When a person takes their own life, it can have a terrible effect on their family and friends, and it can cause them to feel guilty and regretful that they were unable to aid the peron when there were in need of assistance. This is especially likely to be the case if the person was suffering from a mental illness but did not have access to the assitance and care they required for their illness. In addition, discussions in society about euthanasia highlight the necessity of delivering kind treatment to those who are near death, strong safety nets for vulnerable groups, and a dedication to respecting patients' autonomy and dignity in all facets of healthcare delivery. Even amid extreme suffering and uncertainty, we can work to advance the well-being and dignity of every person by addressing these issues with discernment, compassion, and moral integrity.

8 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination In conclusion, the analysis of euthanasia demonstrates the intricate interactions between theological, philosophical, and ethical issues. We have looked at both sides of the debate, presenting the viewpoints of those who support the right to pass away with dignity and those who oppose it, emphasizing the sanctity of life and moral concerns about taking a person’s life to soon. We have also explored philosophical viewpoints on euthanasia, considering individual convictions, ethical frameworks, and situations in which moral judgments should be made. Understanding euthanasia in light of one’s philosophy and the teachings of the Bible emphasizes the significance of considering fundamental issues regarding the worth of life, the suffering of others, and one’s moral obligations to oneself and others. As Christians, we have to incorporate the sanctity of life, mercy, and compassion found in the Bible into our moral discussions of euthanasia. The Bible advises us to approach difficult ethical decisions with humility, compassion, and reverence for the divine, even as it guides how to handle these situations. Euthanasia has significant ethical decision-making ramifications for the healthcare industry as well as for society at large, with far-reaching effects on people as individuals, families, and communities. It is crucial to have thoughtful conversations guided by empirical data, academic research, and ethical principles as legislators and healthcare professionals wrestle with the moral challenges of providing end-of-life care. People suffering from such a condition may seek medical assistance to ease the pain in their bodies or seek counseling or therapy for help coping

9 with the emotional anguish they are experiencing. No one wants to suffer or see a loved one suffer. Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination There have been remarkable advances in healthcare today, and the majority of doctors and other medical professionals are able to provide palliative care to patients suffering from terminal illnesses. By providing palliative care, patients can significantly reduce the suffering that they experience as a result of their terminal illness. Additionally, they are able to understand well what their patients want from them. Unfortunately, we do not always realize that we are capable of receiving compassionate care and maintaining reasonable control over our circumstances in the final days of our lives without being able to commit medical murder. There is no doubt that fearmongers may be telling us about all the horrors that lie ahead of us in our final days.

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10 Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination References Battin, M. P., Rhodes, R., & Silvers, A. (Eds.). Physician-assisted suicide: Expanding the debate: Routledge. Bilsen, J., Vander Stichele, R., Mortier, F., & Deliens, L. (2009). The incidence and characteristics of end-of-life decisions by GPs in Belgium. Brock, D. W. (1993). Life and death: Philosophical essays in biomedical ethics. Cambridge University Press. Brock, D. W. (2002). Voluntary active euthanasia. Bioethics, 16(3), 248-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00285 Dworking, R. (1993). Life’s dominion: An argument about abortion, euthanasia, and individual freedom. Vintage. Family Practice, 26(3), 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmp018 Foot, P. (1978). Virtues and vices. Oxford University Press. Griffiths, J., et al. (2006). The Suffering of the Impenitent. In D. D. W. Stump & A. G. Padgett (Eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity (pp.357-374). Wiley- Blackwell. James, W. (1902). The varieties of religious experience: A study in human nature. Longmans, Green, & Co. Position Paper: Terminally Ill Assignment: Ethics of Euthanasia: A Comprehensive Examination

11 Keown, J. (2002). Euthanasia, ethics, and public policy: An argument against legalization. Cambridge University Press. Marker, R., & Keown, J. (2018). Contemporary debates in applied ethics (2nd ed.). Wiley- Blackwell. Matthews, E. (2001). Ethical issues in modern medicine . Mayfield Publishing Company. Rachels, J. (1975). Active and passive euthanasia . New England Journal of Medicine, 292,(2), 78-80. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197501092920206 Singer, P. (1993). Practical ethics (2nd ed.) Cambridge University Press. Van den Heever, J. (2010). Human dignity, autonomy, and the terminally ill patient: The Christian view. In H. ten Have & B. Gordijn (Eds.), Bioethics in European perspective (pp. 111-123). Springer. Van Niekerk, A. A. (2005). Autonomy, human dignity, and euthanasia: A theological perspective. In E. Chia & R. C. P. Tan (Eds.), Medicine, society and faith in the ancient and medieval worlds (pp. 127-144). Singapore University Press. Varelius, J. (2006). Medical ethics in the ancient world . Georgetown University Press. Dugdale, L. S., Lerner, B. H., & Callahan, D. (2019). Pros and Cons of Physician Aid in Dying . The Yale journal of biology and medicine , 92 (4), 747–750 .

Position Paper_ Terminally Ill Assignment_ (2)

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