Health Promotion in Minority Populations

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1 NURSING Health Promotion in Minority Populations Name Institution Course Professor Date

2 Health Promotion in Minority Populations QUESTION 1: Hispanic/Latino Minority Group Hispanics/Latinos originated in Spain or Latin America. Regardless of origin or familial history, the Hispanic or Latino group includes those who identify as such and speak Spanish fluently. Assessing the health status and inequalities of the Hispanic minority, a large portion of the US population, is essential to selecting the best health promotion strategies. This evaluation is essential for effective treatment and health outcomes. Around 40% of Hispanic fatalities are from cardiovascular disease and cancer. Except for chronic liver disease and diabetes, and renal problems, Hispanics had lower mortality rates than Whites in most of the top 10 causes of death. Puerto Ricans smoke 66% more than Mexicans, varying their health risks. US or foreign birthplace affects health risks. In addition to being 15 years younger than Whites, Hispanics are more uninsured. Hispanics need preventative health care since it may affect their health. My research will concentrate on Hispanics. To understand health status, inequities, promotion, and prevention, reliable websites and government data are vital. Cultural and language challenges to healthcare, restricted preventative treatment, and lack of health insurance may affect Hispanic health. Hispanic sickness and mortality have numerous main causes, according to the CDC. Examples include diabetes, cancer, stroke, heart disease, and unintended accidents. The ideals of a culture shape its members' behaviour and mental processes. Self-perceptions of health affect therapy acceptability, promotion, maintenance, and care seeking. Hispanics may identify as any race, even if they're mostly white or black. Hispanic groups vary in ethnicity's cultural norms and values ( Rios & Chapman-Novakofski, 2018). Hispanics have greater everyday obstacles owing to their social and structural status, cultural values, money, education, employment, and social support

3 networks. Race and ethnicity may affect health owing to genetics, environment, and other factors. Many sick Mexicans seek traditional healers and herbal cures instead of contemporary medical care. Island nation Puerto Rico is tightly tied to American politics. Low-income families have easier access to government subsidies and health insurance. Spanish health is also affected by immigration. QUESTION 2: Health Disparities among the Latino Community Health disparities refer to the unequal distribution of resources among various populations, leading to preventable variations in disease burden, injury, violence, and opportunities for optimal health. These disparities are specifically associated with socioeconomic and environmental disadvantages. A notable portion of Hispanic Latinos lack health insurance, with a substantial number being employed by companies that do not offer such coverage. This contributes to the disproportionately high prevalence of uninsured Hispanic Latinos. Individuals living in poverty face an increased likelihood of experiencing health risks due to limited access to affordable healthcare and preventative measures. Uninsured individuals face increased risks of inadequate medical treatment, limited surgical recommendations, and unmet healthcare needs. The following sources provide additional data: The study found a 35% decrease in heart disease and a 49% decrease in cancer. Overall mortality rates were lower, but mortality rates specifically from diabetes were 50% higher ( Rios & Chapman-Novakofski, 2018). Poorly managed high blood pressure increased by 24%, obesity increased by 23%, and colon rectal screening decreased by 20%. Additionally, Hispanic and Latino populations face notable challenges, including limited access to health insurance, high rates of illiteracy, and barriers related to language and culture that hinder their ability to obtain adequate healthcare services.

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4 Thus, non-English-speaking Hispanics contribute to the healthcare professional deficit. Many people postpone medical treatment because they fear rejection, communication issues, or being labelled stupid. Health literacy, diagnosis, treatment, and health promotion and prevention are difficult for Hispanics due to communication limitations. The Latino population is more obese than the overall population. Lack of knowledge, language obstacles, financial means to buy healthy food ( Oh, et al ., 2020), and a large section of the population without insurance all influence eating patterns. Without a primary care physician, people cannot get preventative treatment to reduce obesity and its comorbidities, which might increase survival rates. Segregation into subgroups limits Latinos' possibilities. Disinterest helps maintain a healthy diet. Many variables contribute to Hispanic obesity in the US. In the US, Hispanic food and beverage ads push high-sugar, high-calorie goods, especially for kids. Previous research has linked economically poor Hispanic moms' liberal and indulgent eating habits to their children's obesity rates. Low-income Hispanics in the US are more prone to have health issues due to their poor diets of cheap processed foods, sugary beverages, and fast food. Certain low-income Hispanics in Mexico are more likely to be obese than others. This is mostly due to their monotonous protein-rich diet of rice, beans, lentils, and other carbs. QUESTION 3: Barriers to Health Low levels of education, insufficient health insurance, problems with citizenship and immigration, linguistic obstacles, and economic hardship are some of the challenges that Latinos face. Furthermore, it is common for families to rely on both parents and elder siblings to work in order to cover expenses like rent, food, and clothes for everyone in the family. In addition to dealing with money issues, new families sometimes don't know the risks of eating cheap processed meals and fast food from the grocery store. While new families may like the

5 ease of ready-made meals ( Albab, et al ., 2023), they may not realize the serious health hazards that come with it. Location and other socioeconomic determinants of health might make it more difficult for some populations to get the medical treatment they need. Because of their geographical isolation and lack of convenient transportation choices, people living in rural areas sometimes struggle to get to the primary care and other medical services they need. Latinos in urban areas have challenges in receiving regular treatment from their CPC (primary care physician) due to high healthcare expenses, restricted appointment availability, and other factors. QUESTION 4: Health Promotion Activities The Hispanic population relies on culturally relevant health promotion. Health views vary among Hispanics. Some think health is a chance or a reward for good conduct. Individuals often attribute diseases to natural or spiritual origins. Even though most Hispanics use western medicine, budgetary constraints and lack of insurance lead them to natural therapies. Healthy diets, minimal smoking and drug use, and strong family structures are common among Hispanic populations. Healthy behaviours and primary, intermediate, and tertiary preventive education are crucial for this community since they frequently ascribe sickness to religion, inheritance, and chance. Hispanics have several health issues, as we outlined before. Healthcare workers need cultural competency and sensitivity to help minority groups. QUESTION 5: Disease Promotion and Prevention To promote health in this group, treatment plans must be culturally sensitive. This issue covers primary, secondary, and tertiary cardiovascular disease and diabetes preventive techniques. These conditions are more common in this group. Information, especially in

6 Spanish for understanding, is the main illness prevention strategy. Creating a smoking-free atmosphere is also important. Reminding people to exercise and eat well may help avoid the condition. In secondary prevention, individuals with preexisting diseases like diabetes or heart disease should get clear information about their illness and its effects. Spanish-language patient education on food, exercise, support, and healthy living groups might be helpful. It seeks to improve patient understanding about their ailment and treatment. Since obesity is connected to diabetes and hypertension, secondary preventive methods are effective. Secondary prevention detects and treats illnesses quickly to avoid long-term harm. We use screenings and early intervention throughout this period of prevention ( Oh, et al ., 2020). Patient education in English and Spanish on screening alternatives, diet, and exercise to avoid illnesses is our major emphasis. Integrating healthy supplements into Hispanic food and culture may improve health without sacrificing uniqueness. Websites like myplate.com and Spanish-language nutritional phone apps may help. Cardiovascular rehabilitation may employ tertiary preventive methods in heart disease patients. Improved physical exercise may benefit patients even after diagnosis. Patient participation in healthy cooking workshops or access to a Spanish-speaking dietitian may also help avoid secondary diabetes. Considering the patient's condition, a personalized strategy is needed to meet their demands and maximize performance. Hispanic and Latino groups have higher incidences of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity; thus, the CDC has created tools for them. These materials feature Latina novelas about type 2 diabetes prevention. "Movimiento de tu vida" ( Tucker, et al ., 2023) (movement of your life) may encourage physical activity and reduce stress.

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7 QUESTION 6: The Campinha-Bacote’s Model Different Hispanic subgroups have different cultural beliefs. Patients' beliefs and dietary constraints must be considered while creating treatment programs. Elderly family members are regularly involved in life-changing choices, especially those affecting health and family. Physicians must be attentive to this group's beliefs since they think supernatural forces cause sickness. Gaining trust with patients and learning about their holistic and natural medicines is essential for effective treatment and reducing medication interactions. They recommend supplementing these cures with conventional medicine. Since the US Hispanic population is large, healthcare providers must include cultural variables in patient-specific treatment plans. This includes religious views, food, employment, health insurance, comprehension, and many other aspects. To make sure patients' treatments are right, evaluate their religious and philosophical habits. To ensure compliance, doctors must examine the patient's nutrition, job environment, and health care access. Given this population's language barrier, assessing the patient's grasp of the problem and therapy is crucial. Give the patient a translation or interpreter to guarantee proper information. Cultural understanding and compassion help this group stay healthy. A complete treatment plan must accommodate patients' culturally particular requirements. Since patients may not know their needs, they should be educated to improve their health. Campinha- Bacote's PCCSS (Cultural Competence in Healthcare Service Delivery Model) helps nurses offer high-quality care. To provide culturally appropriate treatment, nurses acquire patient information. With this information, people may create a personalized care plan. These aspects are based on awareness, knowledge, competence, and encounter. Understanding other cultures helps nurses engage with patients and clients from different backgrounds. Physicians should understand how culture affects patients' health and wellbeing. Professionals practice

8 working with varied ethnic clientele to help people, families, and communities. It may help Latino nurses reflect on their cultural practices, understand, and respect their clients' cultural norms and beliefs, and tailor their evaluation, planning, and treatment to each patient's requirements. Because they make patients feel valued, culturally competent nurses motivate them to meet healthcare goals. Thus, patients must make changes and concessions to improve their health. In conclusion, resolving health inequalities requires resources, wellness promotion, and awareness of cultural beliefs, superstitions, language difficulties, and illiteracy. More effective care strategies are culturally and ethnically appropriate. Health promotion using government agency resources and understanding minority group differences may improve minority well-being.

9 References Albab, K., Salgado, B. C., Wilson, M., & Moreno, A. (2023). A Brief Report: Effectiveness of a One Time Health Promotion Intervention in Sustaining Knowledge About Cardiovascular Diseases Among Latino/Hispanic Women. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health , 25 (2), 489-495. Oh, H., Trinh, M. P., Vang, C., & Becerra, D. (2020). Addressing barriers to primary care access for Latinos in the US: an agent-based model. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research , 11 (2), 165-184. Rios, L. K. D., & Chapman-Novakofski, K. (2018). Latino/Hispanic participation in community nutrition research: an interplay of decisional balance, cultural competency, and formative work. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics , 118 (9), 1687-1699. Tucker, K., Ingram, M., Doubleday, K., Piper, R., Sander, A., Flores, R., ... & Carvajal, S. (2023). Results From La Vida Buena (The Good Life): A Quasi-Experimental Intervention of a Community Health Worker–Led Family-Based Childhood Obesity Program for Latino Children 5–8 Years of Age on the US-Mexico Border. Health Promotion Practice , 24 (6), 1196-1205.

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