Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Nigeria: Causes, Effects & Prevention

SURNAME 1 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Name of student Institution Instructor Course Date Epidemiology (endemic) of Covid-19 in Nigeria Abstract This essay purposes to label the Covid-19 epidemiology (endemic ) in Nigeria, tackling the causes, symptoms, effects, social, cultural, and economic transmission methods, and ways of prevention and treatment to produce data to improve planning and reaction tactics. In late 2019, a novel strain of the Coronavirus disease spread throughout Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, causing respiratory distress syndrome with no recognized etiology (Ciotti & Marco, p.365-388). The WHO identified the (SARS-CoV2) or COVID-19 virus, and the illness were classified as an epidemic in March 2020. In Feb 2020, a touring Italian was found to have the first incidence of COVID-19 in Nigeria. Ever since, there have been growing numbers of reported instances of the illness, totaling 2,805 as of May 2020. Introduction " The studying of the prevalence and causes of wellbeing conditions or occurrences in definite populations, as well as the implementation of this information to the management of health issues," according to John Last, is the definition of epidemiology (Bamidele & Daniel,

SURNAME 2 p125-132). According to who, where, & when, or person, place, and time, the dispersion of illnesses is characterized. Below, the dispersion of COVID-19 instances in Nigeria will be discussed in the context of the affected individuals, locations, and times. The Individual Even though COVID-19 statistics always fluctuate, the virus affects persons of all ages and immunocompetent and equally fit individuals. Only a few occurrences affect children and newborns, with most impacted people aged 25 - 89. Most youngsters were said to have modest respiratory issues, and the sickness only occasionally claimed a life. Nevertheless, older adults with underlying health issues such as cancer, metabolic disorders, respiratory infections, and cardiovascular disorders are more likely to experience severe infections. Location The first COVID-19 instance in Nigeria was discovered in Ogun, in the southern part of the country. Several states in the republic were gradually affected as the sickness progressed. Currently, the virus has been proven in at minimum one person in 34 of the 36 federated states and the Federal Capital Territory (Bamidele & Daniel, p125-132). Just member sides, Kogi & Cross River State, haven't yet recorded any COVID-19 cases; this could be because testing is not widely accessible or available in those two states. Times The epidemics curve analyzes the rate at which a virus has spread over time. The number of instances of the illness has been continuously increasing since the discovery of the first instance in the nation. Causes

SURNAME 3 A brand-new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus termed SARS-CoV-2 causes the illness (Elimian, N.P). It was initially identified from 3 pneumonia patients linked to the Wuhan clusters of instances of severe respiratory problems. The associated coronaviruses, in reality, have all of the morphological characteristics of the unique SARS-CoV-2 virions. The following situations seem to be possible causes for COVID-19: close contact (approximately 2 meters or 6 feet) with a COVID-19 carrier. Getting coughed, sneezed, or spat on by a sick person. Symptoms The utmost common signals of covid-19 are ; temperature or anxieties, cough, breath shortness or breathing trouble, exhaustion, muscle or body pains, headache, loss of flavor or smell, as well as sore throat. Stages of covid-19 Stage 1: Flu-like symptoms; the initial viral reaction is stage 1. Cold, chills, coughing, difficulty breathing, exhaustion, headaches, lack of smell or taste, hoarseness, constipation, sneezing, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea are some of the moderate to severe symptoms that may be present. Stage 2: Pneumonia/respiratory symptoms ; in stage 2, the virus invades your lungs and results in pneumonia. This is the crucial phase, during which you should keep a tight eye out for breathing difficulties, chest pain, and bewilderment. To treat COVID-19 victims, paramedics work collaboratively with healthcare practitioners and pulmonologists. Firstly, they'll use a non- invasive device similar to what some individuals use at home for sleep paralysis to boost the oxygen supply into your body. Additionally, your doctor may recommend relaxation techniques, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, and other drugs.

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SURNAME 4 Stage 3: Organ failure; in phase 3, your respiratory system start to get hyper-inflamed, which can result in infection and respiratory failure. Besides many I.V.s and catheters, a lengthy tube will be put into your airway if you need ventilation. Lung pressure can increase, necessitating the placement of a thoracic tube through the ribs. Transmission Certain things have been linked to a viral transmission. New research indicates that warmer, humid environments may slow the spread of infection, whereas cold, dry weather seems to boost transmission. High latitudes have been linked in several nations to increased rates of illness and fatalities. To verify the authenticity of these results, additional research is required. Global picture As per the John Hopkins College Coronavirus Information Center, 3 603 217 COVID-19 infections have been reported globally, with a count of 252,102 fatalities. The count was taken on May 2020 (Elimian, N.P) Prevention of COVID-19 Primary prevention : These steps stop the host from becoming infested. There are no particular preventive medications available for COVID-19 at this moment. Primary prevention entails therapeutic interventions, including individual safeguards (hand washing, respiratory cleanliness), ecological, physical separation, and transport safeguards. Implementing physical separation and lockdowns has proven difficult in several African nations where persistent congestion, poverty, and inadequate healthcare facilities are the norm. It has been demonstrated that physical separation slows transmission and lessens the strain on the healthcare system. Secondary Prevention: These are tactics to identify the sickness immediately and start treating it immediately. The quick detection of infected individuals, whether they are

SURNAME 5 asymptomatic or not, and the following quarantine and treatment for all cases depend on the widespread accessibility of testing centers for COVID-19. All traceable and isolated links of verified COVID-19 victims must be recognized. The illness presently has no known acceptable treatments. Supportive therapy, nevertheless, is the cornerstone of treatment. Tertiary Prevention: Impairment restriction and patient therapy are involved in this. Individuals with COVID-19 have been noted to experience frequent side effects, such as hypoventilation, acute hypoxemia, and heart problems. The goal of tertiary prevention is to lessen the impact of the problems when they arise by minimizing the establishment of these consequences by medicinal and non-medical means. Economic impacts of Covid -19 Due to the interruption of the logistical network caused by Covid-19 in Nigeria and the globe generally, domestic and foreign businesses are experiencing financial loss. The market's insufficient cash flow is constraining economic growth. Laborers have lost work as a result of the industry shutdown. Impact of Covid-19 on healthcare in Nigeria The economic effects of the initial epidemic are adapting as businesses across the nation reopen. Similar to the general economy, the health sector saw a considerable decrease in earnings and occupation during the beginning of COVID-19 in the summertime of 2020 (Papoutsi &Eleni, N.P). As doctors postponed scheduled treatment and patients who engaged in social distances shunned healthcare facilities, healthcare expenditure declined substantially. The utilization of the public health system has remained substantially lower depending on the extent of use in the seasons before the outbreak, and employment levels in healthcare are far below pre-pandemic levels.

SURNAME 6 Social Impacts The worry of the fatal disease seems to be having a greater effect on people in Nigeria than social exclusion. People are social creatures that have evolved to live in harmonious societies. For most people, becoming cut off from friends, relatives, and colleagues can be uncomfortable and distressing, resulting in short-term or long-term emotional and intellectual health problems. The emotional effects of isolation may include elevated tension, rage, sadness, forgetfulness, and hallucinations. Despite the social press, people's agitation and anxiety are rising. During the lockdown, over 300 deaths were covered by the media, with factors such as poor nourishment, suicide, and exhaustion, accidents involving trains and vehicles, police brutality, and postponed medical care (Bulut et al., p. 563-570). Lockdown has improved society's daily functions as well. Due to lockdown, those who only seldom get to spend time with their families suddenly have a fantastic opportunity. During the closure, people worked from home and enjoyed more time with their families. Measures to be taken by the government to combat Covid-19 To win the fight against Covid-19, the government of Nigeria and the other countries at large should ensure that the vaccines are available in abundance so that they can carry out mass vaccinations on the citizens. There is also a need to ensure that Covid-19 protocols such as using masks, sanitizers, and social distancing are adhered to. Conclusion With so many unknown factors, the COVID19 outbreak in Nigeria seems to be getting worse. The true impact of the virus should become clear and be more accurately stated as the outbreak spreads and testing facilities become more accessible. This will make it easier for

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SURNAME 7 authorities to decide how to prevent and manage the illness throughout the nation based on the best available data.

SURNAME 8 Work Cited Bamidele, J. O., and O. J. Daniel. "Epidemiology of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Nigeria." Annals of Health Research 6.2 (2020): 125-132. Bulut, Cemal, and Yasuyuki Kato. "Epidemiology of COVID-19." Turkish Journal of medical sciences 50.9 (2020): 563-570. Ciotti, Marco, et al. "The COVID-19 pandemic." Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences 57.6 (2020): 365-388. Eliminate, K. O. et al. "Descriptive epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in Nigeria, 27 February–6 June 2020." Epidemiology & Infection 148 (2020). Papoutsi, Eleni, et al. "Global burden of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers." ERJ Open Research 6.2 (2020).

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