lab report of Respiratory System

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Victoria University *

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MISC

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Nursing

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Nov 24, 2024

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docx

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Uploaded by JusticeScorpionMaster7832

Title: "Breathing Beyond Basics: Unraveling the Intricacies of the Respiratory System and Cardiorespiratory Interaction" Introduction Everyone thinks that the respiratory system is just simple breathing but it's more than that including the various activities of oxygen supply that help in the process of metabolism and to remove waste to maintain life. Every three to five seconds, nerve signals cause the body to begin breathing or ventilating. The lungs, which are the site of gas exchange between blood and air, do external respiration. Oxygen exchange between blood and tissue cells occurs during internal respiration. Cellular respiration or metabolism is ultimately the process by which cells use oxygen to carry out their unique tasks. To maintain life processes and control blood pH, the respiratory system is essential (National Cancer Institute, 2019). Maintaining general respiratory health requires an understanding of its architecture, functioning, and potential disorders that may affect it. This introduction offers information about the respiratory system's composition, operations, common illnesses, and required maintenance protocols (Cleveland Clinic, 2020). Aim Facilitating gas exchange, primarily between carbon dioxide and oxygen, is the respiratory system's principal job in allowing waste gases to be expelled from the body and oxygen to go to

every cell in the body. The main goal is to replenish the body's air supply so that oxygen may travel through the blood and reach the cells. Within cells, carbon dioxide and oxygen are traded. The lungs are where this vital activity, called gas exchange, occurs. The respiratory system performs additional vital functions related to breathing and general health in addition to gas exchange: 1. Control of Moisture and Temperature:  achieving the ideal body temperature in the air.  Adjust the humidity of the air to be properly moist. 2. Defence Mechanisms:  protecting the body from noxious chemicals via eating, sneezing, coughing, or filtering.  Assistance for the Olfactory Sense: 3. supporting the smelling sense.  Assist in the smell sense. The system's objective is to supply the body's oxygen needs while effectively releasing waste gases to promote ideal conditions for cellular respiration. As we age, maintaining lung function and general respiratory health requires maintaining our respiratory system and forming good habits like frequent exercise, eating a balanced diet, and managing our stress (American Lung Association, 2022).

Hypothesis The authors suggest that RSA represents a cardiorespiratory interaction that has developed as an inherent physiological function, albeit being mediated via respiratory modulation of cardiac vagal output. Important facets of the theory consist of: Intrinsic Resting Function: According to the authors, RSA is an active, intrinsic function of the cardiopulmonary system, especially while the body is at rest, rather than merely a consequence of cardiac vagal activity. The universality of RSA: This phenomenon, which has been seen in all vertebrates at some point during their evolutionary history, is said to have a fundamental physiological function. Enhancement of Gas Exchange Efficiency: According to the hypothesis, RSA enhances the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange by synchronizing capillary perfusion and alveolar ventilation during the respiratory cycle. In turn, it is hypothesized that this coordination conserves energy by inhibiting pointless heartbeats during expiration and ineffective breathing during specific perfusion phases. Separate Regulations: According to the hypothesis, there are some circumstances in which the degree of cardiac vagal tone and RSA may be independently and separately regulated. Even though they might seem to alter simultaneously in reaction to the cardiopulmonary system's resting state, they might separate in response to various stimuli.

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Age and Disease Associations: The authors address research that suggests that RSA may be a measure of the cardiopulmonary system's functional reserve and that it declines with increasing age and the severity of heart disorders. Physiological and Clinical Consistency: The authors contend that their theory, as opposed to the viewpoint that regards RSA as a straightforward measure of cardiac vagal activity, is more compatible with both physiological and clinical data about RSA. Finally, the idea indicates that, rather than merely being a consequence of cardiac vagal activity, RSA is an active, evolutionarily conserved function that improves energy efficiency in the resting state of the cardiopulmonary system (HAYANO & YASUMA, 2003). Methods : As described in the Human physiology laboratory manual on VU collaborate (2023): practical lab (activities such as hyperventilation, exercise, and chemical reaction tests with lime water. Respiratory parameters were measured, including respiratory rate, breath-holding time, and respiratory volumes, page number 4-8). Results: 1. Hyperventilation and Exercise Effects on Breathing: Breath Type Rate (Breaths/Min) Depth of Movement Breath Holding Time (Secs) Normal 23 Normal 28.00 Post Hyperventilation 30 Deep Breath 12.34 Post Exercise 20 Deep Breathing 7.17 Figure 1: Changes in Respiratory Rate over Time

2. Chemical Reaction Test:  Inhaling through the short tube: No change in the appearance of the lime-water solution.  Exhaling through the long tube: Slight milky appearance observed.  Exhaling post-exercise: Significant milky appearance noted, indicating an increased production of carbon dioxide. Figure 2: Chemical Reaction Test with Lime Water 3. Respiratory Volume Measurements:

Respiratory Volume Trial 1 (ml) Trial 2 (ml) Trial 3 (ml) Average (ml) Normal Range for Sex (m Tidal Volume 2600 2600 2800 2666.67 (Normal Range) Expiratory Reserve Volume 3500 3300 3300 3366.67 (Normal Range) Vital Capacity 2800 2800 2500 2700.00 (Normal Range) Inspiratory Reserve Volume 3300 + 3100 + 3600 3333.33 (Normal Range) Figure 3: Respiratory Volume Measurements 4. Discussion : Hyperventilation and Exercise Effects on Breathing: The results from the respiratory rate measurements indicate distinct alterations in breathing patterns following hyperventilation and exercise. During normal breathing, participants exhibited an average respiratory rate of 23 breaths per minute, with a normal depth of movement and a breath-holding time of 28 seconds. Post-hyperventilation induced a significant increase in respiratory rate (30 breaths per minute) accompanied by a deep breath pattern and a notable reduction in breath-holding time to 12.34 seconds. Conversely, post-exercise breathing showed a decrease in respiratory rate (20 breaths per minute) along with deep breathing and a further reduction in breath-holding time to 7.17 seconds. Chemical Reaction Test: The chemical reaction test with lime water provided insights into the production of carbon dioxide during different respiratory activities. Inhaling through the short tube

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resulted in no observable change in the lime-water solution, indicating a lack of carbon dioxide production during normal inhalation. Exhaling through the long tube led to a slight milky appearance, suggesting a moderate increase in carbon dioxide levels. Notably, exhaling post-exercise induced a significant milky appearance, signifying a heightened production of carbon dioxide. Respiratory Volume Measurements: The respiratory volume measurements provided a comprehensive assessment of tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and inspiratory reserve volume. Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, and vital capacity demonstrated consistent values across trials, indicating stable respiratory function. However, inspiratory reserve volume exhibited some variability. (American Lung Association, 2022). Conclusion In conclusion, breathing, gas exchange, and general health depend on the complex network that is the respiratory system. It performs several functions, including defense, temperature and humidity regulation, and support for the sense of smell. The system's complex architecture, which includes lungs and airways among other parts, allows for ideal gas exchange and respiratory health. The major goal is to maintain the ideal conditions for cellular respiration, which necessitates thoughtful lifestyle selection to retain long-term health. According to respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) theory, energy efficiency during rest is enhanced by an active, evolutionarily conserved function rather than being only a result of heart activity. This viewpoint, which highlights the significance of comprehensive respiratory care throughout life, is consistent with both physiological and clinical data. References

American Lung Association. (2022). How Lungs Work | American Lung Association | American Lung Association . Www.lung.org. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/how-lungs- work Cleveland Clinic. (2020, January 24). Respiratory System: Functions, Facts, Organs & Anatomy . Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21205-respiratory-system HAYANO, J., & YASUMA, F. (2003). Hypothesis: respiratory sinus arrhythmia is an intrinsic resting function of cardiopulmonary system. Cardiovascular Research , 58 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(02)00851-9 National Cancer Institute. (2019). Introduction to the Respiratory System | SEER Training . Cancer.gov. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory

lab report of Respiratory System

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