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1 The Function of the Health Belief Model in Promoting Behavior Change Student’s Name Department, University Course Professor Name Date

2 The Function of the Health Belief Model in Promoting Behavior Change Health behavior theories provide helpful frameworks for analyzing the variables people consider when making health-related choices. The Health Belief Model (HBM) represents a popular framework for understanding and directing efforts to improve people’s healthful habits. Preventing illness and protecting their health is paramount (Zewdie et al., 2022). There are numerous determinants of health. Personal traits are also at play here, including innate tendencies and acquired ones like education and outlook (Zewdie et al., 2022). Patient adherence to therapies for various health conditions and behaviors that safeguard and encourage health can be understood and measured with the help of the overall HBM, which explains why people have the mindsets and actions they do. This research aims to evaluate the backing proof for health- based education initiatives that use the HBM as a framework for encouraging healthy lifestyle choices. This task requires you to evaluate the utility of the model within the overall setting of a given intervention designed to improve health-related behavior. Overview of the Health Belief Model Public health experts in America sought to improve the efficacy of health education throughout the 1950s by developing a psychological model. Demographic variables such as age, sexual orientation, socioeconomic level, and ethnicity influence the effectiveness of preventative health behaviors (Jones et al., 2018). However, they found that people of lower socioeconomic positions were less likely to use healthcare services offered at no cost. This result demonstrated that exhibiting health-promoting behavior is affected by other variables. Rosenstock introduced the overall Health Belief Model around 1966 to explain this phenomenon. Becker’s later research was built upon the original paradigm (Jones et al., 2018). When understanding what influences a

3 person’s health conduct, medical-based conduct, and symptom experiences, the framework of health beliefs is the gold standard. According to the Health Belief-based Model, people’s views and opinions about health will influence their actions. The effectiveness of health instruction or therapy can improve if the person’s problematic attitudes and convictions remain first identified. Beliefs regarding sickness, how they can affect a person’s health-related behaviors, and the significance that someone assigns to their health remains essential (Karl et al., 2022). When people are worried that an injury or illness may severely impact their lives, they may feel that taking preventative measures will lessen the severity of the consequences (Boskey, 2023). They think the potential repercussions of doing nothing outweigh the inconvenience (in terms of money and time) of the things that contribute to the appearance of handicaps (which include being checked out, taking part in screenings, and controlling one’s diet) (Karl et al., 2022). Therefore, to give a more practical illustration, someone who remains highly aware of the adverse effects of cancer prefers to undergo health checks despite overcoming difficulties like a shortage of time, the absence of funds, and inaccessibility to a physician or medical facility. Strengths of the Health Belief Model The HBM has several valuable features, such as: Intuitive and Simple The model is uncomplicated and straightforward to comprehend in its entirety. It remains comprised of vital elements that impact the decisions and behaviors associated with wellness, thus rendering it approachable to scientists and practitioners (Boskey, 2023). Individual Perception

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4 The Health Belief Model strongly emphasizes that a person’s perceptions of health are vital in molding behavior. It helps to acknowledge the subjective nature of perception since people’s actions remain frequently determined by their thoughts and emotions, and this understanding is crucial for this reason (Luquis & Kensinger, 2018). Comprehensive Factors The model considers several aspects relevant to forming decisions concerning one’s well- being. These aspects are as follows: perceived vulnerability (one’s belief in their likelihood of developing a health-based condition), perceived danger, viewed advantages associated with taking actions, believed obstacles in taking actions, indications to taking actions, and self-based efficacy (Luquis & Kensinger, 2018). Cues to Actions The HBM acknowledges the significance of environmental stimuli or signals’ function in provoking individuals to perform some form of overall action (Luquis & Kensinger, 2018). Cues like these can come in the shape of instructional campaigns, statements in the mainstream press, recommendations from medical professionals, firsthand knowledge, or even indications that an individual is experiencing themselves. Research Foundation The Health Belief Model was tested and utilized in various health situations, covering everything from ceasing smoking through the promotion of vaccination-based uptake or intake to avoiding the spread of disease (Luquis & Kensinger, 2018). Due to its extensive background in study, a lot of information and perspectives on its application and efficiency are now available.

5 Applicability in Health Communications The approach has seen widespread application in health communication initiatives and initiatives (Sesagiri Raamkumar et al., 2020). Communication professionals can produce more successful tactics to drive behavior change if they customize communications to deal with the particular components of the HBM and address those constructs directly. Adaptable Although the basic HBM structures cannot change, the model could remain modified to apply to various individuals, health problems, and cultural settings (Sesagiri Raamkumar et al., 2020). Because of its versatility, it maintains its significance in various groups and circumstances. Limitations of the Health Belief-based Model HBM remains a theoretical framework that considers people’s opinions of health dangers and the advantages and obstacles of adopting measures to minimize these risks to clarify and foresee health-related behaviors (Ahadzadeh et al., 2018). The goal of HBM seeks to clarify and foretell health-related behaviors. The HBM remains used extensively and has produced helpful understandings of the process of health behavior change; nevertheless, it does have numerous limitations, including the following: Simplistic Views of Behavior The health behavior model assumes that decisions regarding one’s health are logical and can get reduced to simply balancing the perceived benefits and drawbacks (Yang et al., 2022). However, behavior among individuals is frequently more complicated than the model accounts

6 for and could become impacted by various elements, including emotions, interpersonal variables, social norms, and previous experiences (Wagle, 2019). The theoretical framework needs to take all of these factors into account. Limited Considerations The HBM needs to cover the function of cultural-based and social factors as they pertain to health behavior in-depth. People’s choices remain frequently impacted by their social-based connections, including their loved ones, acquaintances, and cultural conventions (Wagle, 2019). These factors can take precedence over a person’s assessments of the positives and negatives of a situation. Static Nature of HBM The HBM assumes that a person’s opinions and behavior are consistent throughout their lifetime (Daniati et al., 2021). One’s perspectives and behaviors might shift in response to newly acquired knowledge, significant life experiences, or shifting conditions. Forgets about Roles of Cues The HBM incorporates a concept called “cues toward action,” which describes the stimuli that lead humans to take action. However, the framework fails to offer an all- encompassing comprehension of the numerous cues and responses that have the potential to influence behavior (Daniati et al., 2021). The model provides an advantageous structure for comprehending some health behavior aspects. Still, it possesses limits when it relates to tackling the intricate nature of human behavior and all the variables that impact it (Alhaimer, 2022). Investigators and professionals must frequently consider these drawbacks when using the framework to drive wellness promotion and behavior change activities.

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7 Applicability of the Health Belief Model in an Intervention One study that provides a good illustration of how the model could get applied in the context of an overall health behavior-based intervention remains the one that remained conducted by Kathleen M. M. Noone et al. (2018) titled “The Effect of a Health Belief Model- Based Intervention on Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Low-Income Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” This research paper got published in a scholarly journal that applies the Health Belief-based Model (HBM) concept to inform health behavior interventions in the settingof overall cervical cancer detection (Babaei Heydarabadi et al., 2022). In the study, which took place in America, 240 low-incomed women who had missed their recommended cervical cancer screenings participated. The ladies remained split into two groups, one receiving an overall intervention and the other serving as a control. The HBM-based intervention got delivered to the intervention-based group over 1 hour (Babaei Heydarabadi et al., 2022). Testing for cervix cancer was highlighted, along with the associated hazards and advantages, as part of the overall intervention. Transportation and child care were two of the obstacles the intervention addressed. The study found that compared to the control-based group, women assigned to this intervention remained more susceptible to undergoing cervical cancer screenings. Women who thought they remained less at risk for having cervical cancer and saw fewer benefits from screening were the ones who experienced a tremendous uptick in overall screenings as a result of the overall intervention (Melkamu et al., 2021). The HBM theory served as a compass, pointing researchers toward the elements that impacted women’s choices about getting screened for cervical cancer. Believed vulnerability, perceived severity, perceived advantages, and apparent hurdles were all considered when developing the intervention (Jiang et al., 2021). Based on the

8 results of this research, the HBM appears to be a viable tool for creating interventions that foster behavioral shifts that benefit health. Therefore, the HBM could be used to zero in on the most influential causes of resistance to behavioral change. Strengths and Limitations of the HBM in the Intervention Cervical cancer screening is only one example of the many areas where the HBM has remained applied to better explain and encourage positive behavioral changes (Kamal et al., 2018). The HBM predicts an individual’s propensity for participating in a medical habit to increase if they feel competent in carrying out the overall health conduct, see themselves as vulnerable to the illness, think the condition is serious, think the advantages of engaging in healthy habits outweigh the obstacles, and think the advantages surpass the risks. The HBM got utilized in the research conducted by Noone et al. (2018) to construct an intervention to increase the detection of cervical cancer among ladies with lower incomes. The intervention consisted of educational workshops to boost women’s awareness of cervical- based cancer, the illness’s severity, and the testing’s advantages. A peer assistance element was also incorporated into the intervention (Gabriel et al., 2019). As part of this aspect, women received matches with female peers who also underwent screening for cervical carcinoma (Gabriel et al., 2019). According to the study’s findings, the program of action successfully boosted the prevalence of cervical cancer testing or screenings among ladies with lower incomes (Kamal et al., 2018). Compared to the placebo group, the overall group receiving intervention was significantly more inclined to have recently undergone a Pap smear examination. In the larger setting of cervical cancer assessment, the HBM serves as a helpful theory for explaining and fostering behavior changes. The idea does have certain restrictions, however. The

9 HBM has shortcomings, given that it fails to consider the impact of contextual and social variables on health-related behavior (Hu et al., 2022). For instance, despite believing they have a greater danger of contracting cervical cancers generally and believing that the advantages of testing surpass the hurdles, women in remote areas or with poor accessibility to treatment may be far less inclined to get tested. The HBM also has the drawback of being a somewhat straightforward model. It ignores the multifaceted elements contributing to health-based behavior, such as character, feelings, and encounters. Strengths The model represents a tried-and-true model for understanding and foreseeing people’s actions in health, the learning curve to start using it is low, and it has remained applied to creating successful programs encouraging positive lifestyle changes (Agustin et al., 2022). Limitations The model ignores certain essential aspects of what influences people’s health-related actions, the theory remains a fundamental model, and perceived vulnerability alongside perceived advantages are two components within the model that might be challenging to quantify (Agustin et al., 2022). Utility of the HBM in Promoting Behavior Change In initiatives that place a premium on individual beliefs and mental components, the HBM provides a valuable program for analyzing health behavior choices (Alsulaiman & Rentner, 2018). The Models organized method may be helpful in some situations, especially when educating people and giving them tools for positive behavioral changes. However, the framework’s presumptions about human rationality and its corresponding disregard for societal

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10 and environmental factors should remain noted. Future interventions may bridge the Health Belief Model alongside additional theories that fill these empty spaces, increasing the model’s value and resulting in more thorough and efficient behavior change tactics.

11 References Agustin, I., Azwaldi, A., Ramadhanti, N., Yunike, Y., & Kusumawaty, I. (2022). Health belief model as students’ perspective framework regarding COVID-19 prevention . International Journal of Social Science, Education, Communication and Economics (SINOMICS JOURNAL). https://sinomicsjournal.com/index.php/SJ/article/view/50 Ahadzadeh, A. S., Pahlevan Sharif, S., Ong, F. S., & Khong, K. W. (2018). Integrating health belief model and technology acceptance model: An investigation of health-related internet use. Journal of Medical Internet Research , 17 (2). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3564 Alhaimer, R. (2022). The health belief model: Evaluating governmental public health messages on social media to prevent a COVID-19 epidemic in Kuwait. Cogent Business & Management , 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2031682 Alsulaiman, S., & Rentner, T. (2018). The health belief model and preventive measures: A study of the Ministry of Health Campaign on coronavirus in Saudi Arabia. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research , 1 (1), 27–56. https://doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.1.1.3 Babaei Heydarabadi, A., Nouhjah, S., & Moradi Mehr, H. (2022). Using the health belief model to explain the experience of diabetic patients about referring to rural health centers. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences , 11 (2). https://doi.org/10.5812/jcrps- 132545

12 Boskey, E. (2023, April 7). How the health belief model influences your behaviors . Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/health-belief-model-3132721 Daniati, N., Widjaja, G., Olalla Gracìa, M., Chaudhary, P., Nader Shalaby, M., Chupradit, S., & Fakri Mustafa, Y. (2021, December 10). The health belief model’s application in the development of Health Behaviors . Health Education and Health Promotion. https://hehp.modares.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=56557&sid=5&slc_lang=en&html=1 Gabriel, E. H., Hoch, M. C., & Cramer, R. J. (2019). Health belief model scale and theory of planned behavior scale to assess attitudes and perceptions of injury prevention program participation: An exploratory factor analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 22 (5), 544–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.004 Hu, Y., Liu, H., Wu, J., & Fang, G. (2022). Factors influencing self-care behaviors of patients with type 2 diabetes in China based on the health belief model: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open , 12 (8). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044369 Jiang, L., Liu, S., Li, H., Xie, L., & Jiang, Y. (2021). The role of health beliefs in affecting patients’ chronic diabetic complication screening: A path analysis based on the health belief model. Journal of Clinical Nursing , 30 (19–20), 2948–2959. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15802 Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K., & Weaver, J. (2018). The health belief model as an explanatory framework in communication research: Exploring Parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health Communication , 30 (6), 566–576. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.873363

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13 Kamal, M., El-Borgy, M., & Wahba, M. (2018). Application of health belief model for hygienic behavior of mothers of hospitalized children in Alexandria. Journal of High Institute of Public Health , 47 (1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.2017.19973 Karl, J. A., Fischer, R., Druică, E., Musso, F., & Stan, A. (2022). Testing the effectiveness of the health belief model in predicting preventive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Romania and Italy. Frontiers in Psychology , 12 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627575 Kathleen M. M. Noone et al. (2018). The Effect of a Health Belief Model-Based Intervention on Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Low-Income Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Annals of Family Medicine. Luquis, R. R., & Kensinger, W. S. (2018). Applying the health belief model to assess prevention services among young adults. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education , 57 (1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1549958 Melkamu, L., Berhe, R., & Handebo, S. (2021). Does patients’ perception affect self-care practices? The perspective of the health belief model. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy , Volume 14 , 2145–2154. https://doi.org/10.2147/dmso.s306752 Sesagiri Raamkumar, A., Tan, S. G., & Wee, H. L. (2020). Use of health belief model–based deep learning classifiers for covid-19 social media content to examine public perceptions of physical distancing: Model Development and Case Study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance , 6 (3). https://doi.org/10.2196/20493

14 Wagle, K. (2019, November 22). Health belief model- an interesting model for behavior change ! Public Health Notes. https://www.publichealthnotes.com/health-belief-model-an- interesting-model-for-behavior-change/ Yang, X., Wei, L., & Liu, Z. (2022). Promoting covid-19 vaccination using the health belief model: Does information acquisition from divergent sources make a difference? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 19 (7), 3887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073887 Zewdie, A., Mose, A., Sahle, T., Bedewi, J., Gashu, M., Kebede, N., & Yimer, A. (2022). The health belief model’s ability to predict COVID-19 preventive behavior: A systematic review. SAGE Open Medicine , 10 , 205031212211136. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121221113668

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