Guided Lecture Notes_Chapter 9 pdf Joints
pdf
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Hampton University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
224
Subject
Medicine
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
10
Uploaded by nbwilson15
Chapter 9 I.
Classification of Joints A.
Bones connect to each other at articulations or joints B.
How are joints classified?structure and function 1.
Fibrous joints: held together by dense connective tissue 2.
Synovial joints: free-moving and enclosed in a capsule 3.
Cartilaginous joints: held together by cartilage C.
Functional classification includes 1.
Synarthrosis: immovable joint connected by fibrous tissue 2.
Amphiarthrosis: joint that has limited mobility
3.
diarthrosis: a freely movable joint II.
Fibrous joints A.
Suture: type of fibrous joint that is only found in the skull (cranial suture) 1.
Location of joint: the skull 2.
Newborns and infants have wider areas between the bones containing connective tissue called Fontanelles. a)
How do they aid in delivery? b)
Fusion of bones or _______________. B.
Syndesmosis: 2 adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments 1.
Location of joint: forearm and leg better tibia and fibula 2.
Ligament connect bone to bone. 3.
Interosseous membrane: thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones, forming a type of syndesmosis joint C.
Gomphosis: fibrous joint that anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone or mandible bone of the skill 1.
Also known as peg and socket joint 2.
Location of joint:root of the tooth
3.
Synarthrosis because they are immobile. III.
Cartilaginous joints A.
Synchondrosis: bones are joined together by hyaline cartilage or where bone is united to hyaline cartilage 1.
Location of joint: first sternocostal joint (where the 1st rib meets the sternum) 2.
When would a synchondrosis joint be temporary or permanent? a)
Example of a temporary synchondrosis joint: epiphyseal plate b)
Example of a permanent synchondrosis joint: 1st sternocostal joint B. Symphysis: 1.
Location of joint: pubic symphysis and manubriosternal joint 2.
Fibrocartilage connects bones IV.
Synovial joint
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
A.
Where would you find an articular capsule? Surrounds the joint 1.
Function: provides joint stability and self the inner joint space B.
Each bone is covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the articular cartilage. C.
Lining each articular capsule is a synovial membrane which secrete synovial fluid. D.
Compare and contrast ligaments and tendons. 1.
Extrinsic ligament: 2.
Intrinsic ligament: 3.
Intracapsular ligament: E.
Bursa: thing connective tissue sac full of lubricting liquid 1.
Located between the skin and underlying bone, Subcutaneous bursa. a)
Example: pre patellar bursa, olecranon bursa 2.
Found between the muscle and underlying bone, Submuscular bursa. a)
Example: Trochanteric Bursa 3.
Found between a tendon and bone, Subtendinous bursa. a)
Example: subacromial bursa, suprapatellar bursa F.
Inflammation of a bursa near a joint, bursitis . 1.
Symptoms: 2.
Common areas of inflammation: 3.
Treatment: G.
Types of synovial joints: Joint type
Location
Description
Pivot
Atlantoaxial joint and proximal radioulnar joint
Uniaxial joint that gives rotational movement like turning the head from side to side
Hinge
synovial joint that is located at the elbow; knee; ankle, interphalangeal joints (fingers and toes)
Uniaxial joint that allows for flexion/extension movements
Condyloid
metacarpophalange
al (knuckle) joints; radiocarpal (wrist) joint A biaxial joint that allows for flexion/
extension, abduction/
adduction, and circumduction movements.
Saddle
carpometacarpal joint and sternoclavicular joint
A biaxial joint that allows for flexion/
extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction movements
Plane
intercarpal joints (wrist) and the intertarsal joints (foot);
flexion/extension, abduction/
adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements.
H.
How is arthritis different from bursitis? Arthritis is a "chronic disease" that damages bone, cartilage and joints. Bursitis causes temporary swelling of bursae. 1.
What bacterial or viral infections can lead to arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis, Scleroderma, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2.
Which type of arthritis is most common? Osteoarthritis 3.
Treatment for arthritis: -weight loss and exercise -over-the-counter or prescription medications for pain and inflammation
Ball and Socket
hip joint and glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
A multiaxial joint that allows flexion/
extension, abduction/
adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
-joint replacement
V.
Types of body movement A.
Which joints aid in the body’s ability to achieve range of motion? Synovial joints B.
Compare and contrast flexion and extension. Flexion is the forward (anterior) bending of the neck or trunk. Extension involves straightening from a flexed position or bending backward.
C.
Hyperextension is excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in injury. D.
Alternatively, hyper flexion excessive flexion at a joint. E.
Medial and lateral motions of limbs in the coronal plane is abduction and adduction. 1.
External lateral movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. a)
Give an example. Leg turned out of the hip causing toes to turn away from the body 2.
Medial internal rotation is movement of a limb toward the midline of the body. a)
Give an example. Arching the arms across the waist towards the opposite side of the body F.
Would hula hooping be an example of circumduction? Explain. It involves: flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction of a joint. G.
How is circumduction different from rotation? Rotation can only occur at the multiaxial shoulder and hip joints; circumduction occurs at either biaxial or multiaxial joints. 1.
Which joints are involved in rotation? Pivot joint or ball-and-socket joint. 2.
How is medial rotation different from lateral rotation? Internal rotation (or medial rotation) refers to rotation towards the axis of the body. External rotation (or lateral rotation) refers to rotation away from the center of the body H.
Athletic shoe stores often help people find the best sneakers based on their supination or pronation. Describe the foot and leg alignment of a person that supinates versus pronates. I.
Pointing of the toes is an example of plantar flexion. J.
Dorsiflexion is turning of the foot toward the midline. K.
Plantar Flexion is turning of the foot away from the midline of the body. L.
Slouching in a chair would be an example of which type of body movement? Depression M.
Sitting erect with great posture in a chair would be an example of elevation. VI.
Anatomy of selected synovial joints A.
Adjacent vertebrae articulate with each other at synovial joints. 1.
What types of joints are these? B.
When the cervical vertebrae articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull the joint formed is the occipital Atlanta. C.
While the articulation of C1 and C2 vertebrae to allow nonverbal ________ is a result of the atlantoaxial joint.
D.
Temporomandibular joint joint allows for the opening and closing of the mouth via mandibular depression and mandibular elevation. 1.
This joint is formed by the articulation of which bones and parts of the bones? Mandibular fossa and articular of temporal bone with had of mandible 2.
What causes the dislocation of this joint? Opening the mouth too wide 3.
Which demographic is mostly affected by disease associated with this joint? Females 20-40 4.
How is this treated? Pain meds and therapy and bite guards E.
Another name for the shoulder joint is the glenohumeral. F.
Describe the rotator cuff. What causes injury to the rotator cuff? a progressive wear and tear of the tendon tissue over time can cause injury and the orator cuff is suppose to support nd stabilize the humerus 1.
Another name for a frozen shoulder is adhesive capsulitis a)
What causes this to occur? Shoulder injury
G.
The uniaxial hinge joint that makes up the elbow is the humeroulnar joint. 1.
Which bones and parts articulate to form this joint? Humerus and ulna 2.
How is hyperextension prevented at the elbow joint? 3.
The ____________ ligament is on the medial side of the joint, while the ______________ ligament supports the lateral side of the joint. 4.
The _____________ ligaments encircle the radius head. H.
The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint between the femur and articulate with acetabulum 1.
The socket portion of the hip joint is the acetabulum . 2.
When in the upright standing position which ligaments pull the head of the femur deeply into the acetabulum? 3.
Why is the hip prone to osteoarthritis? Cartilage wears way over time in the hips causing friction in the bones and joints I.
The largest joint in the body is the knee. 1.
Why is this joint so large? Knee 2.
The patella serves to protect the quadriceps from friction against the distal femur. 3.
Describe the dynamic ligament. Its to extend the leg at the knee 4.
When a patient has a torn meniscus, what does this mean? How is it treated? a)
How does this affect their ability to walk? 5.
When would a person need a knee replacement? J.
The ankle is formed by the talocrucal joint. 1.
What occurs during an ankle sprain? Ankle ligaments stretched or torn when your ankle is forced to move out of its normal position 2.
How is it treated? RICE method 3.
How does this affect mobility? More severe, the longer it will take to heal, can cause inability to walk
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help