PSYR 8350_MD2_Assignment_SHostetler
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Self-Reported Measures
Sarah J. Hostetler
College of Allied Health, Walden University
Dr. Robert Kennedy
September 23, 2023
Self-Reported Measures
The underdiagnosis of emotional disorders is a significant problem and has exponentially
increased medical costs, work loss, and human suffering (Anthony & Barlow, 2020).
Implementing psychological intervention within medical facilities resulted in medical savings for
patients compared to a control sample where patients did not receive psychological intervention
(Anthony & Barlow, 2020). This assignment will explore the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for DSM-5 (PCL-5), their use in various populations, and
the role of diversity in assessment situations.
Beck Anxiety Inventory
Due to the thought that validity needed to be built into a psychological test, test
constructors have begun using a sequential or multistage approach to test construction (Beck et
al., 1988). Aaron Beck used the sequential or multistage approach to create the Beck Anxiety
Inventory (BAI). The BAI was created to measure clinical anxiety and address the need for
reliability in discriminating anxiety from depression while displaying convergent validity (Beck
et al., 1988). The BAI is a self-report measure comprising 21 items relating to common anxiety
symptoms using a four-point Likert scale (Beck et al., 1988). According to Beck et al. (1988), the
BAI was found to have high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent and
discriminant validity. The BAI was normed for psychiatric populations as it was tested on
psychiatric outpatients drawn from the Center for Cognitive Therapy in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania (Beck et al., 1988).
An example of when I would use the BAI is in private practice, working with a
client seeking help for anxiety symptoms. The BAI is a great self-report measure
that can measure the severity of the client's symptoms. I could then use this
measure to build a treatment plan for my client.
Toledano-Toledano et al. (2020) tested the validity and reliability of the BAI in a
population of Mexican family caregivers of children with cancer in Mexico City,
Mexico. After testing the BAI in this population, Toledano-Toledano et al. (2020)
determined that the data they collected did not support the original correlated-
factor model for the 21 items. The original BAI assessment was a poor fit and
showed severe problems in discriminant validity that suggested a single-factor
model would better fit this population.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist
The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) is widely used and has three original
versions: PCL-M, PCL-C, and PCL-S. Two thousand ten revisions began, and the PCL-5 was
created after the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) draft criteria were available (Blevins et al.,
2015). The significant change that came with the PCL-5 is the addition of the three items that
assess the new PTSD criteria: blame, negative emotions, and reckless or self-destructive
behaviors (Blevins et al., 2015). The PCL-5 consists of 20 problems that individuals may
sometimes experience as a response to a very stressful situation (Weathers et al., 2018). The
PCL-5 was normed in two studies using undergraduate students at one university in the
southeastern United States who stated they had experienced a “very stressful life event” (Blevins
et al., 2015).
The PCL-5 demonstrated strong reliability and validity. Blevins et al. (2015) stated that
the PCL-5 also proved to have strong test-retest reliability for the total score and test-retest and
parallel forms reliability for individual items compared to PCL items. Both studies one and two
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proved that the PCL-5 has internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and
structural validity based on the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (Blevins et al., 2015).
An example of when I would use the PCL-5 is if I was working in private
practice with a client who had experienced a sexual assault trauma. The PCL-
5 can be used to screen for PTSD and assist in making a provisional diagnosis
(Weathers et al., 2018). However, in addition to using it for those purposes, I
would use it with clients to measure their symptoms and determine if they are
responding to the treatment plan (Weathers et al., 2018).
Cheng et al. (2020) conducted a study using the PCL-5 in Chinese healthcare
workers during the coronavirus (COVID) outbreak in 2019. This study tested
the reliability and validity of the PCL-5 in 2019-nCoV epidemic healthcare
workers and found that the PCL-5 has excellent internal consistency and
convergent and discriminant validity (Cheng et al., 2020). Cheng et al. (2020)
stated that the PCL-5 is a feasible, reliable, and structurally valid instrument to
screen for PTSD in frontline healthcare workers. The reliability and validity
were not negatively affected by being used in a different population than
originally normed.
The Role of Diversity
Cimbora and Krishnamurthy (2018) stated that each individual and culture views the
world through personal assumptions, beliefs, and ideologies. This personal set of lenses affects
how we perceive, interpret, and react to the world (Cimbora & Krishnamurthy, 2018). Because of
this, clients can interpret the questions on these self-report measures differently, which may
affect the reliability and validity of these measures. This is why it is essential to understand the
client and their culture so that their responses and presentations to assessments can be
appropriately interpreted (Cimbora & Krishnamurthy, 2018).
Conclusion
In conclusion, self-reported measures can assess the severity of symptoms, measure if a
client is responding to treatment, and assist in making a provisional diagnosis (Weathers et al.,
2018). Self-reports are normed in various populations, and using these measures within different
populations can become complicated if they have not been normed to them (Toledano-Toledano
et al., 2020). Ensuring that these different psychological assessments are normed for different
populations is crucial to reducing the underdiagnosis of emotional problems (Anthony & Barlow,
2020).
References
Anthony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (Eds.). (2020).
Handbook of assessment and treatment
planning for psychological disorders
(3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. (1988).
Beck anxiety inventory
[Database
record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t02025-000
Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The
posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for
DSM-5
(PCL-5): Development and initial
psychometric evaluation.
Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28
(6), 489–498.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
Cheng, P., Xu, Z., Zheng, H., Ng, M. K., Zhang, L., Li, J., & Li, H. (2020). Psychometric
property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in
Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019.
Journal of
Affective Disorders
,
277
, 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.038
Toledano-Toledano, F., Domínguez-Guedea, M. T., Nabors, L. A., Barcelata-Eguiarte, B. E.,
Rocha-Pérez, E., Luna, D., Leyva-López, A., & Rivera-Rivera, L. (2020). Validity and
reliability of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) for family caregivers of children with
cancer.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
,
17
(21).
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217765
Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P.
(2018).
The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
.
National Center for PTSD.
https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/documents/PCL5_Standard_form.PDF
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