BIO208 WA2

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Thomas Edison State College *

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208

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Medicine

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Jan 9, 2024

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Written Assignment 2 Digestive Disorders There are multiple digestive disorders and disease that impact nutrient absorption and overall health. Nutritional intervention can be used as a treatment for some of these disorders to help improve heath and minimize the effects or the digestive disease. I will focus on the cause and nutritional intervention of the following three digestive disease: Celiac Disease, Crohn’s Disease and Gastroparesis. Celiac disease is “an autoimmune disorder caused by an abnormal reaction of cells in the small intestine to a type of protein, called gluten” (Zimmerman and Snow 32). When a person who has the disease eats items containing gluten it leads to damage in the small intestine. The damage is specifically to the villi of the small intestine which does not allow the nutrients to be properly absorbed by the body. This in turn can lead to other health issues ( What Is Celiac Disease? ). People who have this disease might not even know they have it, not everyone will have symptoms. “It is estimated to affect 1 in 100 people worldwide. Two and one- half million Americans are undiagnosed and are at risk for long-term health complications” ( What Is Celiac Disease? ). Treatment for the disorder is to have a gluten- free diet for life, allowing the villi to heal, if the diet is not adhered to the damage will continue and increase the chances of developing Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and other serious health conditions. “Crohn’s disease is a chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in your digestive tract” (Crohn’s Disease - NIDDK). This disease is an

inflammatory bowel disease, causes of this disorder are still unknown. What is known is that it can be caused by our genetics and can be triggered by NSAIDS. These medications are not the cause but if you have the disease, taking these types of medications can make it worse (Mayo Clinic Explains Crohn’s Disease). The area of the GI tract that is impacted is different for each person. Most of the time the areas effected by Crohn’s are in the small and large intestines. Some people may have multiple areas that are impacted while others may only have one area impacted. There is no cure for Crohn’s but there are many ways it can be minimized and controlled, such as with different medications or therapies. One of the therapies that can be used is nutritional therapy, this might include keeping a diary to see what foods trigger symptoms. Diet can also be altered to limit dairy products, caffeine, carbonated drinks and eating smaller meals to see what helps symptoms of disorder to subside (Mayo Clinic Explains Crohn’s Disease). Gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a disorder that slows or stops the movement of food from your stomach to your small intestine, even though there is no blockage in the stomach or intestines” (Gastroparesis - NIDDK). Although it is unknown for certain what causes gastroparesis, it is usually a symptom of diabetes. Other possible causes could be damage to the nerve that controls the stomach muscle, damage could have been from a surgery to stomach or small intestine. Medications could also be a cause of this disorder, some medications slow the muscles that move food from stomach (Gastroparesis – Mayo Clinic). Treatment of the disorder can come from changes to diet, medications to stimulate the stomach muscles and if bad enough surgical treatments. Changes to diet

should be the first step, as this can improve nutrition to the body by giving the body foods that it can easily digest such as soups and well-cooked fruits and vegetables. With the easier digested foods, eating smaller meals, drinking enough water and taking a multivitamin could aid in easing the symptoms of this disorder (Gastroparesis – Mayo Clinic). Probiotics with Antibiotics Sometimes when taking antibiotics our digestive system is negatively impacted. The antibiotics are taken to kill the “bad” bacteria but they are also killing the healthy bacteria our body needs to continue its normal processes. Bacteria in our intestines is out of alignment, thus “ the use of antibiotics heavily disrupts the ecology of the human microbiome (i.e., the collection of cells, genes, and metabolites from the bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses that inhabit the human body). A dysbiotic microbiome may not perform vital functions such as nutrient supply, vitamin production, and protection from pathogens” (Langdon). On top of the nutritional impact through the intestines our body will suffer digestive issues. Probiotics are being studied as a way to help with the imbalance of bacteria caused by antibiotics. “They are known to modulate the host immunity and protect from several infectious and non-infectious diseases” (Yadav). There are some studies that have shown taking a probiotic while on an antibiotic reduced the diarrhea caused by taking antibiotics, lactobacilli and saccharomyces were found to be especially effective. It was stated that a few hours should be between taking the antibiotic and the probiotic, results were similar in both children and adults (Robertson).

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Mouth - Mechanical and Chemical Food Breakdown Our body has its process for breaking down food starting from when we first smell it. The smell of the food tells our brain we are about to eat and to prepare for ingestion. Mechanically we use our teeth to mash the food we put into our mouth. Our teeth and tongue are not alone in the food breakdown, the saliva our brain has triggered will further help in the digestion. Chemically our mouths are told to salivate to help breakdown the food that is in our mouth, the saliva that we produce also has enzymes in it that aid in the chemical breakdown of the food. The saliva also helps in swallowing the bolus, the involuntary movement of our esophagus, peristalsis, continues to push the mechanically and chemically mashed food down to the sphincter which will relax and allow food to pass into the stomach. The food is not done getting broken down, now in the stomach, more mechanical and chemical food breakdown will occur. Works Cited

Celiac Disease Foundation , “What Is Celiac Disease?” https://celiac.org/about-celiac- disease/what-is-celiac-disease/ . Faubion, William A., “Mayo Clinic Explains Crohn’s Disease” Mayo Clinic, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/symptoms-causes/syc- 20353304inic Langdon, Amy et al. “The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation.” Genome medicine vol. 8,1 39. 13 Apr. 2016, doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0294-z Mayo Clinic, “Gastroparesis” https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/gastroparesis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355792 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, niddk.nih.gov Robertson, Ruairi, “What you should eat during and after antibiotics.” https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/what-to-eat-antibiotics#TOC_TITLE_HDR_3 Yadav, Manoj Kumar et al. “Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: Safe options for next- generation therapeutics.” Applied microbiology and biotechnology vol. 106,2 (2022): 505-521. doi:1.1007/s00253-021-11646-8 Zimmerman, Maureen and Snow, Beth. “An Introduction to Nutrition”

BIO208 WA2

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