exam-2-study-guide-neuro

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university EXAM 2 Study Guide Neuro introduction to medical surgical nursing (Concorde Career Colleges) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university EXAM 2 Study Guide Neuro introduction to medical surgical nursing (Concorde Career Colleges) Downloaded by Mar Can (bonifacioangelicamarie@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|31242218

Exam 2 Study Guide Neuro Know: there are two divisions of the nervous system the central and peripheral . The peripheral nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic. In the event of a frightening event, the sympathetic nervous system dominates and increases the blood pressure, heart rate, and adrenaline output in the “fight or flight” mechanism. The body is calmed by the parasympathetic nervous system dominating and reducing the heart rate, blood pressure, and adrenaline output. Know: (This is a fill in the blank question) Neurotransmitters are responsible for the transmission of impulses between the nerve synapses. Neurotransmitters include (acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin). Serotonin induces sleep, affects sensory perception, controls temperature and has a role in the control of mood. Know : the vagus nerve supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities and carries motor fibers to glands that produce digestive juices and other secretions. The vagus nerve extends from the throat, larynx, and organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is responsible for sensations and will accelerate peristalsis when stimulated. Know : the brain has 4 ventricles where cerebrospinal fluid circulates. Know : there are 12 pair of cranial nerves. Know : there are 3 layers of meninges Know : the brain has a right and left hemisphere. Know : The reticular activating system (RAS) is essential too the concentration, wakefulness, attention, and introspection. The RAS is located on the brainstem. Know : the FOUR score coma scale assesses four categories: eye response, brainstem reflexes, motor response and respiration. Know: The Glasgow Coma Scale consists of three parts of the neurologic assessment: eye opening, best motor response, and best verbal response. An example is a patient gets a 4 for eye opening, a 2 for incomprehensible speech, and a 6 for moving on demand. This score is 12. Be able to give a patient a score. Know : Normal aging of the nervous system includes the loss of neurons, reduction of blood flow to the brain, the appearance of lipofuscin, and a decrease in oxygen use. Downloaded by Mar Can (bonifacioangelicamarie@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|31242218

Know: Expressive aphasia the patient with expressive aphasia has difficulty articulating words but can understand the written and spoken word. Know: the drug t-PA (Activase), a tissue plasminogen activator, must be given in 3 hours of the onset of symptoms to have maximum benefit. Know : approach patients from the nonaffected side after stroke to ensure the patient a good visual field. A perceptual problem called hemianopia, is characterized by defective vision or blindness in half of the visual field. If the patient has hemianopia, which is common, the patient should be approached from the nonparalyzed side for care. Know: (This is for a fill in the blank question) Myelogram is a test that involves a radiopaque dye into the spinal canal . Obtain an allergy history prior to the test to ensure no allergy to shell fish, iodine or other radiopaque dye. Post myelogram care includes the assessment to ensure there is no leakage of CSF, sensation and strength of the lower extremities, or headache. To avoid a headache, the patient should be flat for a few hours. Loss of sensation in the lower extremities is a possible complication. Kno w: patient with suspected Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) must be hospitalized immediately due to the possibility of rapid progression to respiratory failure. Know : head trauma patients must have their ear and nose are checked carefully for signs of blood and serous drainage, which indicate that the meninges are torn and spinal fluid is escaping. No attempt should be made to clean out the orifice or to blow the nose. The drainage can be gently wiped away. The drainage can be tested for the presence of glucose, which would confirm that the fluid is spinal fluid and not mucus. Know: Proprioception as the result of a stroke, a patient has difficulty discerning the position of his body without looking at it. This may include apraxia and agnosia (a total or partial loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects or people). Know : Surgical navigational systems are computerized devices that guide the surgeon and make possible the resection of tumors that were once thought to be inoperable. Know: A gnosia is a total or partial loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects or people through sensory stimuli as a result of organic brain damage. Know : Migraine headaches are preceded by an aura . People with migraines need to avoid yogurt, caffeine, marinated foods and fermented foods. Know: that a reversible and preventable sign of dementia is hypotension. Some forms of dementia are reversible. Dementia caused by hypotension, anemia, drug toxicity, metabolic disturbance, and malnutrition can all be corrected to abolish the dementia. Downloaded by Mar Can (bonifacioangelicamarie@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|31242218

Know : Cushing response includes a widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and increased systolic blood pressure. This is a diagnostic late sign of late stage brain herniation. Know : Patients with hemiplegia require safe methods of feeding that include checking the affected side of the mouth for food accumulation, offering small bites of food, and adding a thickening agent to liquids. Know: the postictal period occurs after a tonic clonic seizure . The Postictal Phase of a Seizure (verywellhealth.com) Know: a cardinal sign of increase intracranial pressure in a brain injured patient is a decrease in the level of consciousness. Know : During a level of consciousness assessment of the “ fund of knowledge ” the examiner will ask “who is the president of the United States?” Know: patients with suspected neck injuries must have their neck put in a “ neutral ” position to promote venous drainage. Know : Early signs of Alzheimer’s include memory loss that disrupts daily life. Sundowning ” is seen in the Alzheimer’s disease patient in the second stage of the disease. The term sundowning refers to a state of confusion occurring in the late afternoon and spanning into the night. Sundowning can cause a variety of behaviors, such as confusion, anxiety, aggression or ignoring directions. Late stage Alzheimers in the late or severe stage has difficulty swallowing. Know : For Myasthenia Gravis patients Prostigmine and Mestinon improve the nerve impulses and alleviate the symptoms. Know: bacterial meningitis requires respiratory isolation. Know : Neostigmine and pyridostigmine promote nerve impulse transmission for a person with Myasthenia Gravis. Know: The Chin Tuck technique helps stroke patients swallow safely. The patient should sit at a 90-degree angle with the head up and chin slightly tucked. Chin tuck for prevention of aspiration: effectiveness and appropriate posture - PubMed (nih.gov) https://youtu.be/onj0VzjIWiE Chin Tuck Swallowing Strategy On Thin Liquid - Modified Barium Swallow Study (MBSS) Lateral View HD - YouTube Know : To obtain the most valid response from a patient during an interview use open ended questions. For example: describe … explain… Downloaded by Mar Can (bonifacioangelicamarie@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|31242218