BIO202 Lab 13

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L Student Name: Ani Harutyunyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-BX89CU Lab Report Format Expecta0ons U"lize college level grammar and professional forma4ng when comple"ng this worksheet. Submissions without proper forma4ng, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre-lab Ques,ons 1. Name two func4ons of the nasal cavity mucosa. The mucosa of the nasal cavity serves to moisten incoming air and capture foreign par4cles. 2. Why is the trachea reinforced with car4laginous rings? The presence of car4laginous rings in the trachea prevents its collapse and ensures the maintenance of an open airway. 3. Describe the path a molecule of oxygen takes to get to body 4ssue, star4ng with the nares. Path of oxygen: nostrils (nares) → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli → bloodstream → body 4ssues. 4. What is asthma? Provide a defini4on in your own words below. Asthma is a condi4on characterized by persistent inflamma4on of the airways, leading to breathing difficul4es, and can be triggered by various factors.

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. Label the arrows in the slide images below. A- Goblet cells B- Columnar cells C- Connec7ve 7ssue of lamina propria D- Cilia Lumen E- Bronchioles F- Bronchi G- Alveolar sac H- alveoli

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L Data and Observa,ons Record your observa4ons as required by the experimental procedure in the table below. Table 1: Experimental ObservaBons Results and Discussion 1. What structural features of alveoli make them an ideal place for gas exchange? The structural characteris4cs that render alveoli well-suited for gas exchange encompass their thin walls composed of a single layer of epithelial cells, their expansive surface area, and their close proximity to capillaries, which enables the efficient diffusion of gases, namely oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the alveoli and the bloodstream. 2. What is the specific func4on of the cilia on the walls of the trachea? The primary role of the cilia lining the tracheal walls is to propel and transport mucus and captured par4cles upwards, away from the lungs and towards the pharynx. This mechanism aids in maintaining an open airway and preven4ng the infiltra4on of foreign par4cles into the lower respiratory system. Respiratory Image Descrip,on of Visible Structure(s) Trachea The trachea consists of several 7ssue layers. Beginning from the center, there is the lamina propria, followed by the basement membranes. Next, you encounter the columnar cells and goblet cells, which are involved in mucus produc7on. Finally, lining the interior of the trachea is the lumen, where cilia are present Lung Bronchioles are 7ny branches, whereas alveoli resemble small tubes. Capillaries are distributed throughout various areas.

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 2: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. What happens to the pressure inside the thoracic cavity when the diaphragm contracts? What effect does this have on the lungs? Contrac4on of the diaphragm results in a reduc4on of pressure within the thoracic cavity, facilita4ng the infla4on of the lungs. 2. Does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated in the upper respiratory tract, the lungs, or the diaphragm? Deoxygenated blood undergoes oxygena4on in the lungs through the process of pulmonary gas exchange that occurs within the alveoli. Data and Observa,ons Insert screenshot of the epigloWs:

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L Insert screenshot of the nasal cavity:

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. Is the trachea superior or inferior to the diaphragm? The trachea is posi4oned above the diaphragm. 2. Which component is more medial: the right lung or the tracheal bifurca4on? The right lung is located more centrally than the tracheal bifurca4on. 3. What is the most inferiorly located organ of the respiratory system? The lowest organ within the respiratory system is the diaphragm.

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 4: SPIROMETRY Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. What two measurements does spirometry involve? Spirometry includes the measurement of two essen4al parameters: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). 2. What condi4ons might spirometry help diagnose? Provide examples (more than one) below. Spirometry is a valuable diagnos7c tool for iden7fying a range of respiratory condi7ons, such as asthma, chronic obstruc7ve pulmonary disease (COPD), and restric7ve lung diseases. It can dis7nguish between obstruc7ve condi7ons like asthma, characterized by narrowed airways and reduced airflow, and restric7ve condi7ons like pulmonary fibrosis, marked by s7ffened lung 7ssue that restricts lung expansion. 3. The interpreta4on of spirometry results may help diagnose some of the condi4ons you provided above. This interpreta4on o^en involves analysis of the FEV 1 /FVC ra4o. Define these two terms, FEV 1 and FVC and explain how the ra4o is used to aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary condi4ons. ( Hint : Your response should be 4-5 sentences.) FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) measures the amount of air forcefully exhaled during the first second of a forced exhala4on, while FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) represents the total volume of air exhaled with maximal effort. The FEV1/FVC ra4o is a cri4cal parameter for assessing airway obstruc4on. Typically, in healthy individuals, this ra4o is high, indica4ng their ability to expel a significant volume of air rapidly. In condi4ons like asthma, characterized by airway obstruc4on, the FEV1/FVC ra4o decreases due to difficul4es in expelling air quickly. Conversely, in restric4ve condi4ons, this ra4o remains normal or may even increase as both FEV1 and FVC decrease. 4. What are some poten4al drawbacks to relying on spirometry to diagnose respiratory condi4ons? Conduct your own external research if necessary and provide a discussion below. Spirometry does have its limita4ons. It may not be sensi4ve enough to detect early-stage or mild respiratory condi4ons, and results can show variability between tests and among individuals. Addi4onally, the accuracy of spirometry results can be influenced by factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Furthermore, spirometry is dependent on the pa4ent's level of coopera4on and effort, which can affect the reliability of the test. It's important to note that spirometry alone may not provide a defini4ve diagnosis for all respiratory condi4ons, and supplementary tests may be necessary for confirma4on in some cases.

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L Data and Observa,ons Record your spirometry results for Pa4ents A-E in the tables below. Ensure that the 5 tables below span only one page a^er you input your data. Table 1: PaBent A Spirometry Data Table 2: PaBent B Spirometry Data Table 3: PaBent C Spirometry Data Table 4: PaBent D Spirometry Data Table 5: PaBent E Spirometry Data Predicted Values Res,ng Value Exercise Value FVC 4.88- 5.78 5.32 5 FEV 1 4.89 4.67 4 FEV 1 /FVC 82% 88% 80% Predicted Values Res,ng Value Exercise Value FVC 2.16-2.74 2.69 2.48 FEV 1 2.45 2.49 0.86 FEV 1 /FVC 89.9% 92.3% 34.7% Predicted Values Res,ng Value Exercise Value FVC 2.74-3.65 3.2 3.18 FEV 1 2.73 2.43 2.24 FEV 1 /FVC 76% 75.9% 70.4% Predicted Values Res,ng Value Exercise Value FVC 2.52-3.17 2.02 2.06 FEV 1 2.47 1.06 1.09 FEV 1 /FVC 78.9% 52.5% 52.3% Predicted Values Res,ng Value Exercise Value

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 5: FETAL PIG DISSECTION - THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. Describe the interior lining of the trachea. The interior lining of the trachea is composed of ciliated pseudostra4fied columnar epithelium, featuring goblet cells and cilia. Goblet cells produce mucus to capture par4cles and microorganisms, while cilia work to transport the mucus upward for elimina4on. 2. Describe the func4on of the diaphragm during inhala4on and exhala4on. During inhala4on, the diaphragm contracts, which enlarges the thoracic cavity, lowers pressure, and facilitates air intake. Conversely, during exhala4on, the diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic cavity volume and increasing pressure to expel air from the lungs.

Lab 13 The Respiratory System BIO202L Data and Observa,ons Insert a high resolu4on photo of the fetal pig you observed at the end of the experimental procedure, before you prepare it for storage . Your photo must include: ● Your handwriYen name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. ● The required anatomical features according to the experimental procedure. Photos not mee4ng these requirements, or that are of too low a resolu4on to clearly make out these features, will result in this lab submission being rejected.