AP2 Mod4 problem set
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School
Portage Learning *
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Course
152
Subject
Medicine
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
7
Uploaded by AmbassadorDangerQuetzal39
Your Answer:
1.
T or F: The cardiovascular system is the study of the organs of the body.
F
2.
T or F: The tough, thick sac that encloses the heart and anchors it to the diagram is the pericardium.
T
3.
T or F: The abdominal cavity contains the heart.
F
4.
Which layer of the heart is continuous with the blood vessels linings?
Endocardium
5.
T or F: The left ventricle faces anteriorly, towards the sternum.
F
6.
Describe the location of the heart to the diaphragm.
The diaphragm is inferior to the heart.
7.
The two upper chambers of the heart are called_____________.
Artia
8.
The two lower chambers of the heart are called _______________.
Ventricles
9.
What is the purpose of the fossa ovalis in a fetus?
It allows fetal blood to move directly from right to left atrium, bypassing the underdeveloped lungs. The Fossa ovallis closes during childbirth so the lungs can receive oxygen once baby is born
10. Label all heart chambers and valves.
11. What is the purpose of the mitral valve?
To control the flow of blood from the left atrium into left ventricle
12. What is the purpose of veins?
Veins carry blood back to the heart
13. True or False: Veins are primarily responsible for the vessel’s ability to control peripheral
resistance.
False
Your Answer:
14.How does the contraction and relaxation of the arterioles help to control blood pressure?
Contracting the arterioles increases the blood pressure through decreasing the available volume. Relaxation of the arterioles decreases blood pressure as the volume increases.
15. What does compliance mean? Stretch with little recoil
16. What are the three layers of a vessel? Tunica externa(superficial), tunica media and tunica intima.
17. True or false: Only arteries contain a tunica media. F
18. Capillaries are interconnected to form _____________.
Capillary beds
19. Label all the blood vessels which supply blood to the heart. It is required for you to recognize the orientation of the heart in the picture. For example, what is the artery highlighted in blue in the figure below?
Left coronary artery
20. The aortic arch becomes the __________as it moves inferiorly.
Descending aorta
21. What are the three branches off the aortic arch? Brachiocephalic trunk (right), left common carotid, left subclavian
22. Label all major branches to/from the heart.
23. What is unique about the Circle of Willis? The circle of Willis has a unique feature of proving alternate circulation in case one of the arteries become blocked.
24. Know general location of Circle of Willis in relation to its position in the brain.
25. Label all vessels of the Circle of Willis circulation. For example, what vessel is highlighted
in blue below?
Internal carotid
26. True or False: Blood is classified as epithelial tissue. F
27. What is the cell portion of blood called? Formed elements
28. How is serum made? Letting blood sit in a tube until it clots and then centrifuging the sample to separate the solid and liquid portions of the blood.
29. True or false: Osmotic pressure pushes fluid into the tissues. F
30. What is the average pH of blood? 7.4
31. What is the shape of red blood cells? Biconcave disks
32. What is the purpose of hemoglobin? To carry oxygen, which loosely combines with iron inside the hemoglobin
33. What is average life span of a red blood cell? 120 days
34. True or False: Once it dies, all portions of the red blood cell is destroyed and excreted. F
35. True or False: White blood cells are smaller than red blood cells. F
36. What are the contents of pus?
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The thick, yellowish fluid called pus contains a large proportion of dead white blood cells that have fought the infection and then undergo cell death.
37. What are the three main types of white blood cells? Granulocytes, agranulocytes and lymphocytes.
38. What are platelets? Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in the process of blood clotting, or coagulation. Platelets are not true "cells", but instead are fragments of a large bone marrow predecessor called a megakaryocyte.
39. What is the coagulation cascade? A series of events to start the blood clotting mechanism
40. What converts prothrombin to thrombin? Prothrombin activator
41. What is the purpose of fibrin? Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the framework for the clot.
42. What is plasmin? As soon as blood vessel repair is initiated, an enzyme called plasmin destroys the fibrin network
and restores the fluidity of plasma.
43. Identify histological pictures of blood cells in the module.
44. What are the pulmonary and system circuits? The right circuit is called the pulmonary circuit, sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated. The left circuit is called the systemic circuit, sending the oxygenated blood to the cells.
45. What are the inferior and superior vena cavae? They return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
46. The __________are the only arteries in the body carrying deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
Pulmonary arteries.
47. The pulmonary veins return blood to the ______.
Left atrium 48. Trace the step by step blood flow through the heart by drawing your own diagram. Make any notes here:
49. Diastole refers to ______. Relaxation
50. Systole refers to ______ . Contraction 51. True or False: each heartbeat typically lasts longer than 2 seconds. F
52. True of False: The atria contraction time is much longer than the ventricles.
F
53. True or False: The heart sounds are of the valves opening. F
54. How does the nervous system and endocrine system interact with the heart? The heart rate is regulated by the nervous system and endocrine system which can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat and blood pressure.
55. Label the parts of a sphygmomanometer. 56. What is the purpose of the blub? The bulb portion is squeezed to inflate the bladder with air.
57. What is the purpose of valves inside the veins? Prevents the backward flow of blood.
58. What portion is the pacemaker of the heart? SA Node
59. Following the bundle of His, where does the electrical impulse travel next? Punkinje Fibers 60. The impulse of the SA node causes contraction of the ______. Atria
61. What is an EKG? A device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart.
62. What is the P-wave? Atrial depolarization and atrial systole
63. What is edema? Fluid accumulation 64. What is pulmonary edema? fluid in the lungs
65. Hypertension is blood pressure significantly higher than: 120/80
66. What is atherosclerosis? Accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials inside the arteries 67. What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus? A stationary blood clot is called a thrombus. If a blood clot dislodges and moves along with blood it is called an embolus.
68. PE is an abbreviation for: Embolism
69. What is the medial term for a heart attack? myocardial infarction
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70. What is angina pectoris? chest pain 71. Name at least one other heart attack symptom: shortness of breath, upset stomach, extreme fatigue \, pain or pressure in the chest.
72. Streptokinase is a drug given to______. Dissolve a blood clot
73. Name two surgical procedures available to clear clogged arteries.
Angioplasty, coronary artery bypass