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1 Understanding Health Through Rhetoric Lens FirstName Middle Initial(s) LastName Institutional Affiliation (Department Institution) Course Number and Name Instructor Name and Title Assignment Due Date

2 Rhetoric is everywhere - in media and conversation- making it hard to evade. Ever since, rhetoric has been considered the superpower of words in various contexts and reflections. Rhetoric demonstrates the application of language to attain a goal in any circumstance, which can be either through persuading, informing, or entertaining. Language defines peoples’ interactions and attaches names to objects and conducts so that individuals can perceive them from various interpretations. Thus, rhetoric illustrates how language shapes behavior and beliefs. Furthermore, through metaphors, framing, and stasis, one can understand how ideas in everyday situations are effectively expressed. Rhetoric is an ancient art of using language to create a message that resonates in people’s perceptions, and through metaphors, framing, and stasis, individuals’ thoughts on what is healthy or unhealthy find meaning. Metaphor Metaphors are a quintessential rhetoric tool that employs figurative language to comprehend a concept in terms of another. In healthcare, metaphors facilitate clarity by effectively and economically transferring meaning ( Rodehau-Noack , 2021 ). It also assists in fostering diagnostic warning through ambiguity, enabling healthcare practitioners to circumnavigate and develop explicit diagnoses before the identification of the severity of a case. An example of a metaphor in a health context is the declaration of war against HIV/AIDS. P olicymakers and relevant agencies initiated a ‘war’ against the spread of the virus, similar to previously declared wars on chicken pox and substance abuse. Military dialects figure disease in a particular manner, signifying danger, victims, mitigation, discipline, and monitoring ( Barceló & Shadravan, 2021 ). In the war on HIV/AIDs, the emphasis is on the virus as the nemesis that needs to be demolished, or at least suppressed, disregarding how ailments emerge and the potential of its mitigation. Additionally, ecological metaphors demonstrate the linkage between

3 individuals and between individuals and nature ( Frost et al., 2021 ). In such instances, metaphors aid in making sense of the occurrences and impose meaning on people’s experiences. Although the application of metaphors in the healthcare field proves effective, some aspects of metaphors, specifically those related to war, have generated discussion about how they communicate meaning. Part of the appeal of considering AIDs as a war is the distinctive binary between the health (how patients or physicians think) and the unhealth (AIDs) ( Morelock, 2021) . By thinking through metaphoric lenses, people may abstain from or try to retire since they might regard illness as the healthiest way of being ill. Consequently, since metaphors impact individuals’ thoughts, attitudes, and actions, a patient might, faced with a diagnosis condition, choose hospice or aggressive treatment informed by the portrayal of a battle or a fight ( Rodehau- Noack , 2021) . Therefore, metaphors are effective as the emblem and conclusions they galvanize through human perceptions. Individuals’ orientation in space thoughts also encourages orientation metaphors. According to Lalley and Laouris (2021), systematic coordination exists between human emotions, such as happiness, and sensory-motor encounters, such as erect posture, thus resulting in orientational metaphoric notions like happiness and sadness. For instance, the origin of cognitive disorder, depression, is “depress,” which depicts pressing an object down or sinking to a beneath position. Thus, it assists individuals in ascertaining the repercussions associated with the mental disorder. Additionally, the potential physical health aspects, such as consciousness and social status, are inspired by orientational metaphors ( Frost et al., 2021 ). By considering the notion that “health and life are up”, people develop a positive emotional state concerning a specific disease such as HIV/AIDs. Therefore, metaphors as a rhetoric concept work congruently

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4 with individuals’ body language to convey an emotion or condition’s healthy or unhealthy experiences. Framing Framing in rhetoric health demonstrates how information is presented to shape consumers’ perceptions of a concept. People’s selection of a frame for dialogue and arguments profoundly informs how the recipients respond ( Maani et al., 2022 ). For example, in communicating HIV/AIDs aspects such as interventions and drugs, a public health frame could be formulated in which stress is explicitly on the health, social and economic pros, and risks posed to the general society. By embracing the framing construction pathway, the more significant benefit of the entire population is encouraged instead of the significance of a single person ( Savona et al., 2021) . In addition, a frame could be pursued to emphasize the choices and values of personal kinship, such as their parents, and the risks and advantages to a particular child. The frame option is not merely one that the communicator makes in confinement. Instead, it is a choice galvanized by cultural aspects, involving those of the existing medical culture and those constituted by the healthcare system and institution where the professionals are trained and now practice ( Maani et al., 2022 ). Therefore, the form in which the audience perceives and responds to the information provided will rely on their specific social and cultural roots and their values and choices (patient narrative). Additionally, framing health issues can highlight certain aspects, making them more salient and influential in refining peoples’ thoughts. For instance, framing a disease as a battle can aid in building a fighting drive and championing the individual as a warrior, which shapes the comprehension of the disease and the effective intervention in society ( Saru, 2022 ). How aspects are rhetorically framed influences individuals’ and society’s conceptualization of health

5 as a significant social matter. The potential outcome of framing healthcare issues will be seen in peoples’ collective response, strengthened by the impression that the community is motivated and profoundly caring for social well-being. From a social perspective, the medicalization discourse communicates the significance of transforming human distinctions into pathologies. In instances of depression and stigma, medicalization ideology results, in part, in their reduction. Framing psychological outcomes like depression as a response to life events such as diseases helps in reducing fear and attitude in individuals suffering from life-threatening illnesses such as AIDs and Cancer ( Wango et al., 2020 ). Also, victim framing is used to illustrate people living with HIV as victims and emphasizes the necessity to help them. Consequently, rhetors employ framing to convince individuals about a health concern, encouraging them to adopt a positive attitude or act based on the illness’s demands ( Savona et al., 2021 ). Thus, understanding framing capabilities can aid humans’ interactions with health discourses and their effect on people and the community. Stasis Stasis is a description aspect of a controversial subject’s central point in a debate. In the discourse of health rhetoric, stasis can be applied to understand and evaluate the structure and motive of communication ( Weech, 2022 ). Rhetors use stasis to narrow and categorize arguments made in health-related discussions for a more effortless understanding and organization of the subject. In discussing a health concern or issue, the stasis concept demands individuals participating in a debate to develop a plan for an agreement on an issue. For instance, people have varying opinions concerning cancer intervention, such as mindfulness-based intervention. Some individuals do not believe in mindfulness-based interventions as an effective therapy for the management of cancer symptoms, while others are adamant about its acknowledgement

6 ( Underwood & Vagnini, 2020) . To attain a consensus, they could use stasis ideology by first analyzing the existing facts regarding the diseases and the intervention (questioning its existence). Second, the debaters must define the aspects constituting the subject (definition). Then, they must consider the health issue’s character, nature, and intervention. Is the concern or intervention hurtful or not? Hence, these questions assist in developing the concerns at hand. For instance, miscommunication may manifest when a discourse does not consider stasis. For example, in negotiating the FDA’s communication approaches, Christa Teston and Scott Graham failed to embrace the stasis rhetorical concept, negatively impacting the outcome (Aaron, 2023). Therefore, identifying a central helps concentrate on vital aspects inherent to effective argument outcome. Although the structure of stasis does not seem to be fully reiterative, it may be applied repetitively in the exact text. A full-blown health policy context often commences with a section defining the issue, followed by a lengthy analysis of solutions ( Charney, 2023). The problem can involve the problem’s existence, type, causes, and impact, finalizing with an action claim elaborating the identification of a solution. Nevertheless, the solution part can focus on each stasis: uncovering existing solutions, anticipating their implication on the issue and any side effects, determining their relative reliability, costs, and advantages, and leaving room for any recommendations ( Hartley & Kuecker, 2022) . Consequently, stasis in health rhetoric is a valuable tool for uncovering valuable insights, which individuals can easily navigate to analyze health communication, ultimately leading to a more informed and active society. Conclusion Using metaphors, framing, and stasis, elements embedded in the rhetoric framework, people develop constructive perceptions of what is healthy or unhealthy in a health context.

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7 Metaphor entails an implicit comparison of a concept to another. The ambiguity of metaphors influences peoples’ understanding of health, leading to a sense of caution. The choice of frame in health discussion strongly impacts how the audience responds. Thus, this framing can enhance understanding of health by strengthening the necessity to act in a stipulated manner. Furthermore, in the health paradigm, stasis helps identify a central point of discourse, which guides and influences its outcome. The information in the stasis discussion can influence individuals’ preferences, impacting their thoughts, health, and possible interventions.

8 References Aaron, D. (2023). The fall of FDA review. Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 95 (2023), University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 545, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4413047 Barceló, N. E., & Shadravan, S. (2021). Race, metaphor, and myth in academic medicine. Academic Psychiatry , 45 (1), 100- 105. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40596-020-01331-9.pdf Charney, D. H. (2023). Moving People to Action. The Routledge Handbook of Language and Persuasion , pp. 78–95. https://sites.dwrl.utexas.edu/charney/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/2022/10/Charney- Stasis-Moving-People-to-Action-2022.pdf Frost, E. A., Gonzales, L., Moeller, M. E., Patterson, G., & Shelton, C. D. (2021). Reimagining the boundaries of health and medical discourse in technical communication. Technical Communication Quarterly , 30 (3), 223– 229. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10572252.2021.1931457 Hartley, K., & Kuecker, G. D. (2022). Disrupted governance: Towards a new policy science . Cambridge University Press. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kris-Hartley/publication/358645556_Disrupted_Go vernance_Towards_a_New_Policy_Science/links/620f1176eb735c508add70e8/ Disrupted-Governance-Towards-a-New-Policy-Science.pdf Lalley, P. M., & Laouris, Y. (2021). Sensory-Motor Systems. https://www.futureworlds.eu/wiki/1/6/60/Windhorst_SENSOMOTIONBook2021.pdf

9 Maani, N., van Schalkwyk, M. C., Petticrew, M., & Buse, K. (2022). The pollution of health discourse and the need for effective counter-framing. BMJ, 377 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152911id_/https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/ 377/bmj.o1128.full.pdf Morelock, J. (2021). Pandemics, Authoritarian Populism, and Science Fiction: Medicine, Military, and Morality in American Film . Routledge. https://shorturl.at/gnxP9 Rodehau-Noack, J. (2021). War as a disease: Biomedical metaphors in prevention discourse. European Journal of International Relations , 27 (4), 1020-1041. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/13540661211055537 Saru, J. E. (2022). Rethinking Metaphor In The Rhetoric Of Alzheimer’s Disease. https://scholarworks.utep.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4547&context=open_etd Savona, N., Thompson, C., Smith, D., & Cummins, S. (2021). ‘Complexity’as a rhetorical smokescreen for UK public health inaction on diet. Critical Public Health , 31 (5), 510– 520. https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2299/22802/Savona_Complexity_smokescreen_ CPH_FINAL_MS_1_.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Underwood, L. G., & Vagnini, K. M. (2020). Ordinary Spiritual Experiences: Positive Effects on Resilience, Burnout, and Addictions. https://www.dsescale.org/wp-content/uploads/EnglshPreprintDSESandResiliencyinFrenc hTextbook.pdf Wango, G., Wairire, G., & Kimamo, C. (2020). Patterns of development of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries: suggested psychological intervention strategies. IOSR J Humanit Soc Sci , 25 , 52-65. https://shorturl.at/dgHZ7

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10 Weech, S. (2022). Changing climate, changing terrain: The stasis metaphor and the climate crisis. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication , 52 (1), 94–109. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0047281620966988

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