Week 5 Heart Cardiovascular System Assignment
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Apr 3, 2024
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1.
Name the four heart valves and give their specific location. What purpose does a valve serve?
Aortic Valve: The aortic valve is between your left ventricle and aorta.
Looking at your heart straight on, your aortic valve is near the middle
of your heart. The aortic valve has three leaflets. They open to let blood flow from your heart’s left ventricle to the aorta. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in your body. It brings oxygenated blood from your heart to the rest of
your body. The aortic valve prevents backward flow from the aorta into the left ventricle. https://www.webmd.com/heart/aortic-valve-what-to-know
Mitral valve: The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left
ventricle. The mitral valve prevents blood from leaking back into the left
atrium during ejection. The Mount Sinai Hospital. (2017, December 19). Mitral valve function
. Mitral
Valve Repair Center.
https://www.mitralvalverepair.org/mitral-valve-
function
Pulmonary Valve: The Pulmonary valve is anterior, superior, and slightly left of the aortic valve. The pulmonary heart valve opens, allowing deoxygenated blood to leave the right ventricle and flow to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Once the right ventricle has emptied, the pulmonary heart
valve closes, thereby keeping the blood from reentering the right ventricle.
What is a Pulmonary Valve - Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care. (n.d.). Montefiore Medical Center
. Montefiore Doing More.
https://www.montefiore.org/pulmonary-valve
Tricuspid valve: The Tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve controls the flow of blood from your heart’s right atrium (top chamber) to the right ventricle (bottom chamber). Blood can leak backward into the atrium from the leaky tricuspid valve, causing your heart to pump harder to move blood through the valve.
Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation. (n.d.). Pennmedicine.org. https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-
information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/tricuspid-
regurgitation#:~:text=The%20tricuspid%20valve%20controls
%20the,move%20blood%20through%20the%20valve
.
Why is there more muscle tissue around the left ventricle than the other three chambers? It helps produce a greater force to move blood through the body. Team, T. H. E. (2018, January 21). Left ventricle function, definition & anatomy | body maps
. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/human-
body-maps/left-ventricle#1
2.
Describe pulmonary circulation versus systemic circulation. Systemic circulation transports oxygenated blood from the heart, through the body. Pulmonary circulation brings the deoxygenated blood back to the
heart. Body, V. (n.d.). Pulmonary & Systemic Circulation: Circulatory Anatomy
. Visible Body Learn Anatomy. https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/circulatory/circulatory-pulmonary-
systemic-circulation
3.
In what vessel does blood gas exchange occur? Capillaries. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Gas Exchange - Health Video: Medlineplus medical encyclopedia
. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000059.htm
4.
What is the purpose of blood gas exchange? Allows the body to make up more oxygen and get rid of the carbon dioxide. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Gas Exchange - Health Video: Medlineplus medical encyclopedia
. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/anatomyvideos/000059.htm#:~:text=Oxy
gen%20molecules%20attach%20to%20red,and%20eliminate%20the
%20carbon%20dioxide
5.
Myocardial infarction: a.
Explain what causes a heart attack. The blood flow to your heart is blocked and it cannot get the oxygen it needs.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2023, October 29). Heart attack
. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106
b.
Which vessel(s) are involved in a heart attack? Coronary arteries.
Understanding heart attacks
. HonorHealth. (n.d.). https://www.honorhealth.com/medical-services/cardiac-care/heart-
conditions/myocardial-infarction#:~:text=Myocardial%20infarction%2C
%20the%20medical%20term,to%20the%20heart
%20%E2%80%94%20become%20blocked
.
c.
What are the signs and symptoms of a heart attack? Chest pain, weakness or lightheadedness, shortness of breath, pain or discomfort in the arm, neck, jaw, back, shoulders, and in one or both arms. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, January 9). Heart attack symptoms, risk, and recovery
. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/heart_attack.htm
6. Stroke: a.
What are the two types? Ischemic strokes and Hemorrhagic strokes. Types of stroke
. Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2022, December 13). https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/stroke/
types-of-stroke
b.
Which vessel(s) are involved in a stroke? The middle cerebral artery (MCA).
Hui, C. (2022, June 2). Ischemic stroke
. StatPearls [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499997/#:~:text=The
%20middle%20cerebral%20artery%20(MCA,%2C%20M3%2C%20and
%20M4
c.
What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? Sudden weakness
or numbness in the face, difficulty speaking or understanding, decreased or blurred vision, sudden severe headache, loss of balance or dizziness. Spine, M. B. &. (n.d.). Stroke is a brain
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attack
. Mayfield Brain & Spine, Cincinnati, Ohio. https://mayfieldclinic.com/pe-stroke.htm
d.
If a patient survives, list or describe some of the permanent physiological damages that a stroke survivor may have.
Impaired speech, weakness, or paralysis of limbs, trouble gripping or holding things, restricted physical abilities, delayed communication. Department of Health & Human Services. (2015, October 12). Effects of stroke
. Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/
effects-of-stroke#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20types%20of
%20disability%20after%20stroke%20are%20impaired,a%20slowed
%20ability%20to%20communicate
.
7.
Explain the surgical procedure of angioplasty? You will be taken into a catheter lab where you will lie on your back on an x-
ray table hooked up to a heart monitor and given local anesthetic to numb your skin. An IV (intravenous line) will be inserted into a vein in case pain medication or a sedative is needed. Then the cardiologist will make a small incision on either your groin, wrist, or arm wherever the artery can be felt. A small tube will be inserted into the artery to keep it open during the procedure, then the catheter is passed through the tube and guided along the opening of the coronary artery. Then a thin, flexible wire is passed through the catheter beyond the area and inflated for about 20 to 30 seconds, it will squash the fatty deposits on the inside walls of the artery to widen it, it may be done several times if needed. When the procedure is finished, the cardiologist will check to make sure the artery is wide enough for blood flow to pass through more easily. When the operation is finished the wire, catheter, and sheath will be removed. NHS. (n.d.). How it’s performed -Coronary angioplasty and stent insertion
. NHS choices. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronary-angioplasty/what-
happens/