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Lab 4. Vessels and Blood Pressure Activity #1 – Blood Vessel Microanatomy
Review Blood Vessel Structure on pages 473-475 of your lab manual. Use these pages or your textbook as a reference to answer the questions below:
1.
Identify three ways to tell the difference between an artery and a vein under the microscope.
Note: Describe things you can actually see
under the microscope, in a cross-section of the vessels, like in Figure 29.1 or in your sketches below.
Veins lack the elastic laminae that arteries have so the layers are less distinct looking. The lumen
of veins is larger than that of an artery, and will often appear collapsed in tissue sections due to the size. Arteries have thicker layers of tunica (media, adventitia, and intima) than veins do. 2. Identify the tissue that makes up each of the tunics of a blood vessel:
Tunica intima/interna:
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) basement membrane, elastic tissue
Tunica media: Elastic fibers, smooth muscle fibers. Tunica externa:
Elastic and collagen fibers
View the artery and vein
slide on histologyguide.org. Use the List of Views (˅) button on the navigation bar or the menu to the right of the image to help you identify which vessel is the vein and which is the artery. 3.
a. Sketch a cross section of the artery
on this slide. Show the whole artery in your sketch
. Consider your answer in question 1 and try to show these characteristics of an artery in your sketch.
b. Label on your artery
sketch: lumen, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
4.
a. Sketch a cross section of the vein
on this slide. Show the whole vein in your sketch
. Consider your answer in question 1 and try to show these characteristics of a vein in your sketch.
b. Label on your vein
sketch: lumen, tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
5. Complete Figures 29.2, 29.3, and 29.4 on pages 475-476 of your lab manual.
1. Endothelium
2.
Basement membrane 3.
Internal elastic lamina
4.
Tunica intima
5.
Smooth muscle
6.
External elastic lamina
7.
Tunica media
8.
Tunica adventitia
1.
Endothelium
2.
Basement membrane 3.
Tunica intima
4.
Valve
5.
Tunica media (smooth muscle)
6.
Tunica adventitia
1.
Tunica media of vein
2.
Tunica intima of vein
3.
Lumen of vein
4.
Tunics adventitia of vein
5.
Lumen of artery
6.
Tunica intima
of artery
7.
Tunica media of artery
8.
Tunica adventitia of artery
Activity #2 – Superficial Pulse Points
The pulse may be felt at a number of locations where arteries pass close to the surface of the body and over firm tissue. The diagram at left indicates common points where a pulse may be taken. Palpate as many of the superficial pulse points as you can, on yourself or on a willing (human) partner. 6. Count the number of beats in one minute using the radial artery.
(On yourself or your partner.) Use a smartphone app or watch/clock with a second hand to keep time. Count three times and average:
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Reading #1 50
Reading #2 56
OpenStax College, Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance. OpenStax CNX. Wednesday, June 19, 2013 http://cnx.org/contents/03841c4c-9e9a-
4822-95b2-12273c843a4e@3@3
Reading #3 60
Average Pulse Rate 55
:_____________________
7. Jog in place or do jumping jacks for a few minutes and take your radial pulse again.
(Or have your partner do the exercise before you re-take their pulse.)
a. Post-exercise pulse rate (beats/min): 68
b. How does this compare to your pre-exercise readings?
Plus 13 bpm
8. Why is a pulse taken by palpating an artery, and not a vein?
Because the blood is the slowest in the veins, and has the lowest pressure of the body, thus making it pretty inaccurate for pulse readings since the pulse wouldn’t be very strong or reliable from a vein.
9. You’re monitoring a patient who just had bypass surgery to get around a blockage in the femoral artery. Which pulse point would you use to monitor circulation through the bypass? Explain your answer
. Note: Make sure you know where the femoral artery is located before you answer this question.
I would probably use the popliteal artery pulse point to monitor. Not only would I know quickly whether circulation was present, but it’s a very accessible point for a patient who just had a bypass surgery. The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery, so any problems with blood flow would be pretty easy to spot. Activity #3 – Measuring Blood Pressure
Read about Blood Pressure on page 478 of your lab manual. Then, watch the following videos on measuring blood pressure: - How To Measure Blood Pressure
(4min)
- The Theory Behind Measuring Blood Pressure with a Blood Pressure Cuff
(~3min)
- Korotkoff sounds recorded using Microphone Amplifier
(1min)
10. Identify the two
instruments that are used to manually measure blood pressure and explain why you need each one.
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Sphygmometer- instrument used to physically enact and to measure the artery restriction Stethoscope – used to hear the pulse sounds necessary to identify blood pressure.
11. Why is it important to not leave an inflated blood pressure cuff on the arm for too long?
Because it is pinching off the circulation of all the blood vessels below the pinch point, so if it were to be left on took the tissue below that pinch point might begin to die.
12. Describe how you know when to record each blood pressure reading:
Systolic BP: the first thump on the sphygmometer, somewhere around120 usually. Korotkoff sounds
Diastolic BP:the beginning of the absence of thumps on the sphygmometer, somewhere around 80 usually. 13. What causes the sounds of Korotkoff?
The turbulence in the artery from the restarting of bloodfliw
14. What’s considered normal blood pressure?
120/80, 115/70, 125/85 Go to the Blood Pressure Skill Practice playlist
on Youtube. Work through the indicated videos from the playlist. (There’s no #2. Skip #10.) Use what you’ve learned to determine systolic and diastolic blood pressure for each case. You may find it easier to hear if you use headphones. If you’re having trouble hearing the sounds of Korotkoff, you can also look for the “jumps” or “twitches” of the needle.
15. Complete the table below with blood pressures for the indicated patient/video from the playlist. You can check your blood pressure readings in the video descriptions.
Patient/Video
Systolic BP
Diastolic BP
1
98
68
3
94
62
4
92
68
5
108
68
6
96
68
7
132
90
8
114
60
9
112
76
11
136
90
12
106
78
Activity #4: Mean Arterial Pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
is a way of averaging the systolic and diastolic pressure together to get an estimate of the amount of stress on a patient’s arterial walls and overall sufficiency of blood flow. A minimum MAP of 60 mmHg is needed to ensure adequate blood flow to vital organs.
MAP is described at the bottom of page 479 in your lab manual. MAP is not a strict average of the two blood pressure measurements because the heart spends more time in ventricular diastole than it does in systole. Pulse pressure
is the difference
between systolic and diastolic pressures and is needed to calculate the mean arterial pressure.
Pulse pressure = systolic BP – diastolic BP
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic BP + (pulse pressure ÷ 3)
16. Select four patients from question 15. Calculate the pulse pressure and MAP for each one
you select. Show your work for each calculation.
a. Patient: 1______ Pulse pressure: 98-68= 30 MAP: 68+ (30/3) =78
b. Patient: ______5Pulse pressure: 108-68= 40 MAP: 68+(40/3) =81.3
c. Patient: ______3 Pulse pressure: 94-62 =32 MAP: 62+(32/3) =72.7
d. Patient: ______4 Pulse pressure: 92-68=24 MAP: 68+(24/3)76