Research Notes PT 2 (3&4)

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Research Notes 1 Template for Taking Notes on Research Articles Use the following template to make an electronic record of your notes for later easy access (type your letters into the form). You may remember everything you read, but details will slip away. The time spent filling out the form will help you understand the reading and save you hours of rereading when writing a background, related/research work, or a literature review section. Put quotation marks around any exact wording you write down to avoid accidental plagiarism when citing the article later. Important Reminders! Include page numbers for each fact/quote using a print source or any source that has them; include paragraph numbers if you do not have page numbers. Paraphrase (put into your own words) wherever possible. ___________________________________________________________________________ Complete citation in MLA/APA format (you have it in your bibliography; if you need to fix it, use my comments on your bibliography or check Purdue OWL): Schnurr, Paula P. “Va.gov: Veterans Affairs.” How Common Is PTSD in Adults? 13 Sept. 2018, https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_adults.asp . Biographical Information (brief background of the author(s) or organizations, if no specific author; why are they credible? education? professional experience? publication record?) : Paula P. Schnurr is the executive director of the VA National Center for PTSD; She is also a professor at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. She has written or co-edited over 200 chapters, books, and journal articles. Dr. Schnurr is editor-in-chief of the Clinician’s Trauma Update Online. She also is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science, past president of the ISTSS, and former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Traumatic Stress. Container Information (brief analysis of where the source is published, i.e., a journal, a website, another medium – evaluate its credibility and record): This source is posted on the National Center for PTSD. They have over a thousand articles about

Research Notes 2 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and its effects on the community and certain groups of people. Specific subject (what exactly is the article about?) : This article is about the prevalence of PTSD and how it depends on both sample characteristics and study methods. The article talks about the outcome of PTSD and treatments for those who were diagnosed with PTSD vs. the ones who were diagnosed with it and not treated. Author’s (or authors’) hypothesis or claim (basically the thesis statement; if explicit , copy it with quotation marks and page or paragraph citation; if implicit , state it in your own words) : Study methods include the sampling strategy and the technique of PTSD assessment and diagnosis. In addition, various risk and protective factors modify prevalence estimates, such as military factors (e.g., service era, a branch of service, time since deployment, combat exposure), type and amount of trauma exposure, and demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity). Methodology (in your OWN words, describe what methods the authors use to prove their claim; for example, studies, interviews, experiments, etc.) : The author has put together a study to show the difference between veterans who got treated for PTSD and veterans who did not. She also stresses the importance of medical help once the diagnosis is given and not waiting until symptoms worsen. Evidence (be specific; use your OWN words to describe the evidence (that is, the logos ) – think of courtrooms, and the evidence lawyers need to make their cases to judges and juries) : The US veterans are being compared to other countries, and studying their diagnosis can

Research Notes 3 help others. The plan is to use the diagnosis of veterans treated in a short period to help those who waited before seeking treatment. Result(s) of the research (in your OWN words, usually found at the END of the articles, etc.) : PTSD can affect all aspects of a person's functioning and well-being. For example, in the NESARC-III study, PTSD was associated with a greater likelihood of comorbid substance use disorder, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, and personality disorder. PTSD also was associated with a more significant impairment of functioning. There are specific increased risks of co- occurring depression and SUD. Also, PTSD is associated with poorer perceived physical health, increased morbidity, and greater healthcare utilization for physical problems. Findings on mortality are mixed but generally show that PTSD is associated with improved overall mortality and mortality due to accidental causes. Summary of key points (obviously in your OWN words; should be 3-5 sentences) : Estimates of the prevalence of PTSD depend on both sample characteristics and study methods. Sample characteristics include the population of the study (e.g., general population, Veterans, U.S. versus other countries; treatment-seeking versus not treatment-seeking). Study methods include the sampling strategy and the method of PTSD assessment and diagnosis. In addition, various risk and protective factors modify prevalence estimates, such as military factors (e.g., service era, a branch of service, time since deployment, combat exposure), type and amount of trauma exposure, and demographic factors (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity). Available studies are often limited regarding diversity and inclusivity. For example, studies on gender differences are generally limited to binary gender classifications. As the field evolves, reliable prevalence estimates of more diverse populations will become available.

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Research Notes 4 Context and relationships (How does this article relate to YOUR work and to OTHER research you have read about?) : Much like some other articles I have used in my annotated bibliography, I want to use this article to outline the statistics on who has PTSD and what group of people it affects the most. Important quotable text, figures, and tables (brief description – in the case of quotable material, abbreviated parts in quotation marks are sufficient; page or paragraph number; at least three items , or reason why you do not have them) : “ According to the NHRVS national survey of Veterans, the prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 23% in VA users and 7% in Veterans who do not use VA. The prevalence of current PTSD was 13% in VA users and 4% in Veterans who do not use VA” (Schnurr, 2018). “Estimates of the prevalence of PTSD depend on both sample characteristics and study methods. Sample characteristics include the population of the study (e.g., general population, Veterans; U.S. versus other countries; treatment-seeking versus not treatment-seeking)” (Schnurr, 2018). “ The Health of Vietnam-Era Women's Study examined the prevalence of PTSD in Vietnam-era women Veterans. The prevalence of current PTSD, according to DSM-5, was 16%, 8%, and 9% for the Vietnam, near-Vietnam, and U.S. cohorts who served stateside, respectively. The prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 20%, 12%, and 14%, respectively” (Schnurr, 2018).

Research Notes 5 References the authors cite you might want to follow up on (cite only those related to your topic AND any papers frequently cited by others because those works may well prove to be vital as you develop your job) : Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Huang, B. & Grant, B. F. (2016). The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51 (8),1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1208-5 . Lehavot, K., Goldberg, S. B., Chen, J. A., Katon, J. G., Glass, J. E., Fortney, J. C., Simpson, T. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2018). Do trauma type, stressful life events, and social support explain women Veterans' high prevalence of PTSD? Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53 (9), 943-953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1550-x Goldberg, S. B., Simpson, T. L., Lehavot, K., Katon, J. G., Chen, J. A., Glass, J. E., Schnurr, P. P, Sayer. N. A., & Fortney, J. C. (2019). Mental health treatment delay: A comparison among civilians and Veterans of different service eras. Psychiatric Services, (70) 5, 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1176/app1.ps.201800444 Wisco, B. E., Nomamiukor, F. O., Marx, B. P., Krystal, J. H., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2022). Posttraumatic stress disorder in US Military Veterans: Results from the 2019-2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 83 (2), 29m14029. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20m14029 Your evaluative comments on the work (summarize what you learned about the topic, assess how reliable and current the source is, and evaluate how valuable this source is for your paper) :

Research Notes 6 I have learned that a lot more veterans have PTSD than I thought. The statistics are overwhelming, so I want to bring attention to PTSD for the sake of people’s lives.

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Research Notes 7 Complete citation in MLA/APA format (you have it in your bibliography; if you need to fix it, use my comments on your bibliography or check Purdue OWL): Sareen, Jitender. “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults: Impact, Comorbidity, Risk Factors, and Treatment.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatry , U.S. National Library of Medicine, Sept. 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4168808/ . Biographical Information (brief background of the author(s) or organizations, if no specific author; why are they credible? education? professional experience? publication record?) : Jitender Sareen is a Professor of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Community Health Sciences, at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Container Information (brief analysis of where the source is published, i.e., a journal, a website, another medium – evaluate its credibility and record): Specific subject (what exactly is the article about?) : This article is about the progression of Posttraumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prevalent mental health problem associated with substantial psychiatric morbidity. Although PTSD has been observed throughout history, PTSD was first introduced in the third edition of the DSM in 1980, and since, there has been a burgeoning amount of literature on this topic. Author’s (or authors’) hypothesis or claim (basically the thesis statement; if explicit , copy it with quotation marks and page or paragraph citation; if implicit , state it in your own words) : “ The paper provides a concise review of the evolution of PTSD diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the impact of PTSD in the community, an overview of the established risk factors for developing PTSD, and assessment and treatment. Throughout the

Research Notes 8 paper, controversies and clinical implications are discussed.” Methodology (in your OWN words, describe what methods the authors use to prove their claim; for example, studies, interviews, experiments, etc.) : The author’s purpose is to prove that PTSD has rapidly progressed, and even though it is not getting the attention it deserves does not make it right. Evidence (be specific; use your OWN words to describe the evidence (that is, the logos ) – think of courtrooms, and the evidence lawyers need to make their cases to judges and juries) : Although the exact definition of PTSD has varied across the different editions, four core features of PTSD have remained stable: experiencing or witnessing a stressful event, re-experiencing symptoms of the event, including nightmares and (or) flashbacks; efforts to avoid situations, places, and people that are reminders of the traumatic event; and hyperarousal symptoms, such as irritability, concentration problems, and sleep disturbances. Result(s) of the research (in your OWN words, usually found at the END of the articles, etc.) : PTSD is a common mental health problem that substantially impacts individuals and society. Increasing evidence shows that PTSD is associated with suicidal behavior and comorbidity with mental and physical health conditions. Finally, a large body of literature has distinguished the pre-trauma, trauma, and post-trauma risk factors for PTSD. Clinicians and policymakers must consider these factors in developing optimal interventions and maximizing clinical outcomes.

Research Notes 9 Summary of key points (obviously in your OWN words; should be 3-5 sentences) : Exposure to traumatic events and PTSD is prevalent in society. PTSD is associated with comorbidity with mental and physical health problems and elevates the risk for suicidal behavior. Risk and protective factors for developing PTSD can be conceptualized based on pre-traumatic, traumatic events, and posttraumatic factors. Psychological interventions are much more effective than pharmacologic interventions for reducing PTSD symptoms. Although the first-line pharmacological treatment of PTSD is antidepressants, many patients require additional medications to help with insomnia and nightmares (for example, prazosin). Context and relationships (How does this article relate to YOUR work and to OTHER research you have read about?) : This article raises awareness for PTSD, which coincides with a few other articles on why it is essential to bring more attention to PTSD. Important quotable text, figures, and tables (brief description – in the case of quotable

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Research Notes 10 material, abbreviated parts in quotation marks are sufficient; page or paragraph number; at least three items , or reason why you do not have them) : “A wide range of prevalence rates exists in PTSD across epidemiologic studies. For example, US and Canadian samples have found lifetime PTSD estimates to range between 6% and 9%, whereas Australian samples have found lower rates (1% to 2%)” (Sareen, 2014). Whether these differences are due to methodological issues in assessment or actual differences across samples remains unknown . “Studies in combat veterans and the general population have shown that PTSD is associated with several physical health conditions. Mild TBI is a significant risk factor for developing PTSD” (Sareen, 2014). Physical health conditions can cause PTSD and are common in most people diagnosed with it. “Psychological treatments for PTSD are considered first-line treatment for PTSD and have been shown to have larger effect sizes in RCTs than pharmacotherapy” (Sareen, 2014). Like other common mental disorders, the treatment of PTSD usually requires a combination of psychological and pharmacological treatment. References the authors cite you might want to follow up on (cite only those related to your topic AND any papers frequently cited by others because those works may well prove to be vital as you develop your job) : American Psychological Association (APA) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Arlington (VA): APA; 1994. American Psychological Association (APA) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): APA; 2013. Stein MB, Walker JR, Hazen AL, et al. Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a community survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1997; 154:1114–1119. Your evaluative comments on the work (summarize what you learned about the topic, assess

Research Notes 11 how reliable and current the source is, and evaluate how valuable this source is for your paper) : In this article, I have learned the different factors contributing to PTSD and how they are treated. I have concluded that many mental illnesses similar to PTSD, like TBI, are treated the same way but do not always yield the same results.

Research Notes PT 2 (3&4)

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