Clinic elective- patient care 200 test
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Pitt Community College *
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Course
168
Subject
Medicine
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
9
Uploaded by MegaAnt2198
Chapter 1:
1.First device that produced x-rays? Crookes tube
2.Who discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895? Wilhelm Roengten
3.Who developed the transformer that provided the necessary electricity to produce x-rays? H.C. Snook
4.Who designed the hot cathode ray tube, that is the prototype for modern day x-ray tubes we use today? William Coolidge
5.Who demonstrated the radiographic use of fluorescent screens? Michael pupin
6.Who developed the first fluoroscope? Thomas Edison
7. Who was considered the first fatality from radiographic exposure in 1904? Clarence Dally, Edison’s assistant
8.What was the first anatomic radiograph taken by Roengten? Wife’s hand
9.What was the first medical use of x-ray in the U.S.? x-ray of boys fractured wrist at Dartmouth college
10.Who were the first radiographers? Physicists
11.How is the latent image obtained?photons that exit the patient and strike the IR
12.What are the 4 basic requirements for production of x-rays? Vacuum(x-ray tube), electron source(filament), Target for electrons(Anode), High potential difference(Voltage)
13.What is the smallest unit of EM energy? Photon
14.What is a bundle of photons called? Quantum
15.What are characteristics of radiation? Travel in straight lines at speed of light, affects photographic emulsions, affects biologic tissues, CANNOT BE FOCUSED OR REFRACTED, cannot be detected by human senses
16.What is the primary source of occupational exposure? Scatter
17.When is scatter created?Created when a portion of an x-ray photon’s energy is absorbed
18.What is the cathode portion of the x-ray tube also known as? Filament
19.What is the target of the x-ray tube also known as? Anode
20.What are devise used to reduce the effect of scatter on image quality? Grids and buckys
Chapter 2:
1.What is the primary exposure factor controlling image contrast? kVp
2.What are the four factors of image quality?Optical density,image contrast, image detail
3.What is density controlled by for film/screen? mAs, Greater mAs=darker image
4.What does higher kVp mean? Low contrast, short scale, wide latitude
5.What two factors affect detail? OID, SID
6.What is size distortion also known as? Magnification
7.What two factors affect magnification? SID and OID
8.Increasing _____ and decreasing _____ will reduce magnification? SID, OID
9.What is shape distortion caused by? Unequal magnification of the parts in the subject
10.What will fix shape distortion? Part parallel with IR, Central ray perpendicular to part
11.What is an indication of the number of x-ray photons produced per second? mA
12.What is a measure of the potential difference across the x-ray tube, and determines the speed of electrons? kVp
13.What do shorter wavelengths equal?more energy, greater penetration of tissues
14.What states that the intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance?Inverse square law 15.What purpose do intensifying screens serve? Goal to reduce patient dose
16.Which film is used first? Oldest film is used first
17.What are 3 ways to properly handle film to reduce artifacts? Clean dry hands, clean work surfaces, no bending
18.What are the two basic types of filmless radiography? Computed radiography, digital radiography
Chapter 3:
1.What are the two systems of measurement? Traditional(British), System international
2.What do the laws of Bergonie and Tribondeau state about sensitivity to radiation? Age: younger cells are more sensitive than older, Differentation: nonspecialized cells are more sensitive than highly complex ones, metabolic rate: cells that use energy more rapidly are more sensitive than those with show metabolisms, Mitotic rate: cells that divide more rapidly are more sensitive than those that replicated slowly
3.What type of effects are observed within 3 months of exposure, associated with high radiation
doses(>50cGy)? Short term Somatic effects
4.What effects occur only after a certain amount of exposure, and is dose dependent? Nonstochastic
5.True or false: long term effects are those that can affect the offspring of the irradiated? True
6.What type of effects do not require a certain threshold amount of exposure, and have no correlation with dosage and severity? Stochastic
7.Who is classified as occupational exposed?Radiographers
8.What are the three principle methods of protection (AKA cardinal rules)? Time, distance, shield
9.What is the effective dose limit for occupational exposed? 50 mSV per year
10.What is the cumulative liftetime dose limit for occupational exposed? 1 rem(10mSv) times the worker’s age
11.When is gonad shielding required? Patient is of reproductive age or younger, gonads are in primary radiation field, shield with not interfere with exam
12.At what time is the fetus at the greatest risk for radiation exposure? 1
st
trimester
13.What is the effective dose limit for pregnant workers? 50 mSv limit to the whole body over 9 month course of pregnancy
Chapter 4:
1.What are documents that attest to the qualifications of individuals? License, registration, certifications
2.Who accredits hospitals? The joint commission 3.Who accredits educational programs? JCERT
4.Under what system do insurance companies reimburse patients for the costs of their health care within the limits of the policy, and the patient is responsible for any costs not covered? Fee for service
5.What organizations provide complete and comprehensive care for the cost of a premium and a small fee called a copay for each visit? Health maintenance organizations
6.What systems allowed private hospitals and physicians to provide private services, while also providing care through insurance plans that operate as HMOs or PPOs? Managed care systems
7.What is a system that offers care at reduced rates with an established network of providers? Preferred provide organization
8.What Act became law in 2010 that’s stated purpose was to ensure all Americans were covered
by health insurance? Affordable Care Act
9.What is a federal insurance program that covers a portion of medical care costs for those 65 and older? Medicare
10.What is the program that covers those who fall in certain guidelines such as; age, income, resources, disability? Medicaid
11.What is a 1 to 2 paragraph declaration of an institution’s philosophy and primary goals? Mission statement
12.What are classified as diagnostic services? CT, Radiography, Nuclear medicine, MRI
13.What are therapeutic services? Dietary, occupational therapy,oncology, physical therapy, oncology, surgery
14.What is the oldest and largest national professional association for technologists? ASRT
15.What provides certification in radiologic technology? ARRT
16.The joint commission was formerly known as? JCAHO
17.What is a process that applies to institutions and results in documentation attesting to the attainment of certain minimum standards? Accreditation
Chapter 5:
1.What is a sensitivity to others that allows you to meet their needs constructively rather than sympathizing or reacting to their distress? Empathy
2.What is a response to a chronic strain to the chronic strain of dealing with the constant demands and problems with people under our care? Burnout
3.What is a branch of philosophy that can be defined as a systematic reflection on morality, the difference between right and wrong? Ethics 4.Whar is the 3
rd
principle of the ASRT code of ethics? Put aside all personal prejudice and emotional bias when rendering professional services
5.What is the method of evaluating situation in which the correct action is in question? Ethical analysis
6.What are the 4 steps of ethical analysis? 1.Identify problem, 2.Develop alternate solutions,3.Select best solution, 4.Defend your selection
7.What are the 6 moral principles? 1.Beneficence,2.Nonmaleficence,3.Veracity,4.Fidelity,5.Justice,6.Autonomy
8.Who is the person responsible for implementing the ethical decision? Moral agent
9.What was enacted under the U.S. department of health and human services to protect the rights of patients? The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
10.When does the patient have the right to refuse an exam? AT anytime
11.What is an outline of the specific wishes about medical care to be given in the event that the individual loses the ability to make or communicate decisions? Advance directive
12.What is a serious crime called? Felony
13.What is a less significant crime that is punishable by a fine or imprisonment for less than 1 year? Misdemeanor
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14.What is a civil wrong committed by one individual against the person or property of another?
Tort
15.Who is the party being sued? Defendant 16.Who is the suing party? Plaintiff
17.What is the unjustifiable detention of a person against his or her will? False imprisonment
18.What is the threat of touching in an injurious way? Assault
19.What is unlawful touching of a person without their consent? Battery
20.What is the neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution? Negligence
21.What is professional negligence? Malpractice
22.What must be ordered by the physician? Restraints
23.The inappropriate use of immobilizers or restraints can be considered ____ ________? False imprisonment
24.What is the malicious spreading of information that causes defamation of character? Libel or slander
25.Which form of malicious spreading that causes defamation of character is spoken? Slander
26. Libel usually refers to ______ information? Written
27.What refers to any records you are expected to add to a document for a patient’s chart? Charting
28.How do you delete an entry on a chart? Draw a line through it –initial and date corrections never erase
29.What is a system that can learn a patient’s room number, allergies, laboratory values, imaging performed, radiology reports, and diagnostic tests? Radiology Information Management System(RIMS)
30.True or false: x-ray images are part of the legal medical record? True
31.How long are x-ray images usually kept? 5 to 7 years
32.What should be filled out when any fall, accident or occurrence results in injury or potential harm, and must be reported to the departmental supervisor or radiologist immediately? Incident report
33.Who can be included on the incident report? Patient, visitors, or member of hospital staff
34.What can be the best defense against a malpractice claim? Charting – completely, consistently, and obkectively
Chapter 6:
1.What is a valuable strategy in communication that should not be confused with aggression? Assertiveness
2.What is defined as a defect or loss of language function in which comprehension or expression
of words is impaired as a result of injury to language centers in the brain? Aphasia
3.How should you communicate with a patient with impaired mental function? At their mental level
4.What age range should you ask permission from before examining? School age 6-12
5.What age range do chronic conditions usually occur? Middle adult 46-64
6.What are the 5 stages of grieving? 1.Denial, 2.Anger, 3.bargaining, 4.depression, 5. Acceptance
7.What is a prediction of a probable outcome of a condition? Prognosis
8.What is an identification of a condition? Diagnosis
Chapter 7:
1.what nonprofit organization launched a campaign that aimed to save 100,000 lives by reducing fatalities in healthcare institutions? Institute for healthcare improvement
2.Which campaign was a national initiative to protect patients from 5 million potential medical harm incidents?5 million lives campaign
3.What federal agency governs safety in the workplace, provides guidelines to ensure a high level of safety for hospital workers, and these guidelines are a required part of the safety procedures in all hospitals? OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4.What are the causes of hospital fires? Spontaneous combustion, Open flames, Cigarette smokers, electricity
5.Who is responsible for initiating fire safety programs? Head of maintenance department or chief engineer
6.What are the most frequent infractions of fire safety? Blocking fire doors, storing equipment in corridors, improperly storing flammable items, using extension cords not approved for hospital use
7.How many doors should you evacuate people to in case of fire? 2 intervening doors
8.What are the steps in case of fire? Remove anyone in immediate area, 2
nd
call code,3
rd
check to see if you can contain
9.What does race stand for? Rescue, Alarm, Contain, Extinguish/evacuate
10.What would class A fires involve? Paper or wood
11.What do class B fires involve? flammable gas or liquid
12.What do class C fires involve? Electrical equipment or wiring
13.When should the last inspection of a fire extinguisher be? No longer than 1 year ago
14.What does pass stand for? Pull pin, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
15.What should a spill kit include? Kitty litter,heavy plastic bags, broom, dustpan,and nitrile gloves
16.Who requires the use of protective aprons,splash proof goggles, and nitrile gloves when dealing with darkroom chemicals? OSHA
17.What federal agency is concerned with the safe disposal of hazardous waste? EPA
18.What is the study of the human body in relation to the working environment? Ergonomics
19.What are the most frequently reported work related injuries? Musculoskeletal disorders, repetitive motion injuries, and repetitive strains, and cumulative trauma disorders
20.What are the principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance? Body mechanics
21.What is the portion of the body in contact with the floor or other horizontal surface? Base of support
22.What is the point where your body weight is balanced? Center of gravity
23.What is the imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity? Line of gravity
24.WHAT Is a common cause of back strain? Bending and twisting the back while exercising
25.How should you move heavy objects? Push or roll (don’t pull)
Chapter 8:
1.What are small single celled organisms with a cell wall and an atypical nucleus and lacks a mebrane? Bacteria
2.What are the 3 distinct shapes of bacteria? Cocci(spherical),Bacilli(rod shaped), spirochetes(spiral shape0
3.What is a resistant form of bacterium that is produced within the cellwhen environmental conditions are unfavorable? Endospores
4.What are diseases caused by bacteria? Tuberculosis, Streptococcal pharyngitis, necrotizing fasciitis
5.What are causative agents for Rocky mountain spotted fever and typhus, and are spread through animals? Rickettsiae
6.What are subcellular organisms and are among the smallest known disease causing agents? Viruses
7.What is the smallest and least understood pathogen? Prion
8.What are complex single celled animals that exist as free living organisms and are classified by motility? Protozoa
9.What are microorganisms capable of causing disease? Pathogens
10.What factors distinguish nonpathogenic organisms vs. normal flora? Virulence factors
11.What is the cycle of infection? Reservoir of infection, portal of exit, means of transmission,portal of entry, susceptible host, pathogenic organism
12.What is a hospital acquired infection? Nosocomial infection
13.What are the 6 main routes of transmission? Directs contact, fomites, vectors,vehicles, airborne, droplet
14.What transmission mode requires the host to be touched by the infected person( EX: HIV or syphilis) ? Direct contact
15.What are x-ray tables, sponges, image receptors, or a chest bucky considered? Fomites-
anything that came in contact with bodily fluids 16.What is an arthropod in whose body an infectious organism develops or multiplies before becoming infectious to a new host? Fomites
17.What is any medium that transports microorganisms (EX: Food,water, drugs, blood)? Vehicle
18.What occurs when an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks or sings in the vicinity of a susceptible host? Droplet contamination
19.What occurs from dust that contains spores or droplet nuclei? Airborne transmission
20.What are mechanical barriers that provide the body natural resistance? Intact skin and mucous membrane
21.What is acquired resistance also known as? Active immunity
22.What is the process of engulfing and destroying pathogens? Phagocytosis
23.What is the state of being resistant to a specific infection? Acquired immunity
24.What are protein substances formed in response to specific antigens? Antibodies
25.What occurs following injection of preformed antibodies to a particular infection? Passive immunity
Chapter 9:
1.What is an example of a bloodborne pathogen? HIV and AIDs
2.What system created in 1985 stated that all patients should be treated as potential reservoirs of infection? 1985 Universal precautions
3.When were Body Substance Precautions developed focusing on providing barriers for all moist
and potentially infectious substances ? 1987
4.When were BSP and UP combined to form standard precautions? 1996
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5.What do standard precautions apply to? Blood,all body fluids, secretions and excretions, nonintact skin, mucous membranes
6.What reduces the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to a susceptible individual? Asepsis
7.What is a process of reducing the total number of organisms? Microbial dilution
8.What involves the destruction of pathogens by using chemical materials? Disinfection 9.What involves treating items with heat, gas, or chemicals to make them germ free? Sterilization
10.How many U.S. individuals get an infection in the hospital each year? 722,000
11.What does hand hygiene refer to? Decontamination of hands using soap and water, an antiseptic hand wash, alcohol based hand rub
Chapter 11:
1.What are the levels of consciousness? Alert and conscious, drowsy but responsive, unconscious but reactive to painful stimuli, comatose
2.What is usually the first sign of respiratory distress? Marked increase in the depth and rate of respiration
3.What is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that prevents patients from exhaling effectively? Emphysema 4.What is the common site used to check pulse? Radial pulse
5.If a pulse is slow or irregular what kind of pulse should be taken? Apical –one listening to heart with stethoscope 6.What is a rapid pulse greater than 100bpm? Tachycardia
7.What are average normal pulse rates? 60-100 bpm
8.What are normal respiration values? 12 to 20 breaths per minute?
9.What is slow breathing with less than 12 breath per minute known as? Bradypnea
10.What is difficulty breathing known as? Dyspnea
11.What is abnormally high blood pressure? Hypertension
12.What is the top figure of blood pressure that measures the pumping action of the heart muscle? Systolic
13.What is the bottom figure that measures blood forced into the sytem when the left ventricle contracts? Diastolic
14.What is a normal systolic measure? 95-119
15.What is normal diastolic pressure? 80-89
16.What monitors both pulse rate and blood oxygen levels? Pulse oximeter
Chapter 12:
1.Where should you position yourself when transferring a stroke patient? On their weak side
2.What position should the patient sit for spinal injuries? Lateral recumbent then move to supine
3.What are 3 methods of transfer? Draw sheets, slider boards, sliding mats
Chapter 13:
1.What are drugs brand names also known as? Proprietary or trade names 2.What does potency of a drug refer to ? strength
3.What is the study of the way the body processes a drug and includes how drugs are absorbed, reach their site of action, and are metabolized? Pharmacokinetics
4.What is the study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body? Pharmacodynamics
5.What is a drug that produces a desired result? Agonist
6.What prevents an agonist from acting? Antagonist
7.What is a reaction that occurs when a patient overreacts or underreacts to a drug? Idiosyncratic 8.What is a synergistic effect? Responses to combined drugs that differ from their individual effects
9.What are drugs that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness? Analgesics
10.What does narcotic mean? Sleep inducing 11.What are drugs with a high potential for abuse and misuse? Controlled substances
12.What do opioids depress? Central nervous system
13.What is injected to eliminate sensation? Anesthetic
14.What is type 1 diabetes treated with? Insulin
Chapter 14: 1.What are written directions for a specific medication or procedure? Standing order
2.What is a cathartic? Strong laxative 3.What are the 6 rights of medication administration? Right dose, right medication, right patient, right time, right route, right documentation
4.What route is reliable and introduces medication directly into the GI tract via NG tube or oral/rectal routes? Enteral
5.What route introduces medication into the body by means of injection ? Parenteral 6.What are injections in the spinal canal intrathecal
7.What medicine can be given sublingually for angina pectoris? Nitroglycerin
8.What is a collection of blood in tissues? Hematoma
9.Where are intramuscular injections given? Vastus lateralis site of thigh, gluteus maximus, deltoid muscle of upper arm
10.Where should intramuscular injections not be given? Anterior thigh
11.How many times should you read medication labels? 3 times
12.What are glass containers with narrow necks that are opened by breaking glass? Ampules
13. What is leakage into surrounding tissue? Infiltration
14.What refers to fluid outside the vessel? Extravasation
15.How do you chart medication? Contrast agent’s name , volume administered, route of administration, date and time, signature
Chapter 15:
1.What means it must be done at once and indicates that a patient’s well-being may be compromised by delay? STAT
2.What is the process of identifying individuals preforming initial exams and assigning priorities?
Triage
3.What does a code gray mean? Combative person
4.What is a code silver ? gun or hostage situation
5.What is the most common cause of death for individuals under 40? Trauma
6.Patients with COPD should receive oxygen at rates no higher than? 3 liters a minute
Chapter 16:
1.What should always be suspected in children with a sudden onset of coughing or stridor? Foreign body obstruction
2.What is a condition where an insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle results from coronary artery disease? Myocardial ischemia
3.What is the medical term for heart attack? Myocardial infarction
4.What condition means cheat pain that can be treated with nitroglycerin under the tongue? Angina pectoris
5.What maneuver should be done when a patient suddenly loses consciousness? Shake and shout
6.What is a brief loss of consciousness marked by seeing stars? Concussion
7.More than 50% of ventricular fibrillation victims will survive CPR if defibrillation occurs within the first ___ ____ minutes? 3 to 5
8.What is blood in the pleural space? Hemothorax
9.What is air in the pleural space? Pneumothorax
10.What is treatment for pneumothorax ? Thoracotomy
11.What is excessive bleeding ? hemorrhage
12.What is caused by a blunt blow to the chest? Cardiac tamponade
13.What is another word for fainting? Syncope
14.What is another word for hives? Urticaria
15.What is reddening of skin? Erythema
16.What are signs of CVA? FAST, Facial droop, arm weakness, speech issues, time to call 911
17.What is nosebleed also called? Epistaxis
Chapter 17:
1.What 3 groups are radiographic contrast categorized in? Barium sulfate products, water soluble iodine compounds, gases
2.What is the sequencing order of diagnostic studies? All radiographic exams not requiring contrast, urinary tract exams, exams of biliary system, lower GI, Upper GI
3.What is a semisolid nugget inserted into the rectum? Suppository
4.What does viscosity refer to? Thickness 5.What medication can relax the GI tract and also treats hypoglycemia? Glucagon
6.What is a protrusion of a portion of the stomach? Hiatal hernia
Chapter 18:
1.What is the process of creating and maintaining an area completely free of pathogens? Surgical asepsis
2.What is the complete destruction of all organisms? Sterilization
3.What is a true sterile indicator? Inside of sterile packaging
4.What is a device that provides steam sterilization under pressure? Autoclave
5.What are the indicators that a package is sterile? Clean dry have not been opened or punctured, expiration date has not been exceeded, their sterility indicators have changed to a predetermined color
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