lab manual_axial_skeleton_atlas

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Salem State University *

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201

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Medicine

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Dec 6, 2023

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pdf

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59

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2 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal : Condyle : Facet : Fissure : Foramen : Fossa : Margin : Process : Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the axial skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled. The drawings don’t have to be perfect; just make sure the different bone markings are in the correct locations, relative to each other. If you have trouble finding a bone or bone marking, don’t forget you can always type its name into the search bar to get a list of 3D anatomical views where that bone or bone marking is highlighted for you. To access disarticulated bones with color-coded bone markings, select a bone and then, in the content box, choose the landmark icon, which shows a bone with pink, yellow, and blue ends.
3 IN-LAB EXERCISES Open Visible Body Suite. Search for and select each of the Skeletal System Views noted in the exercises below . You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms . A. The Skull The skull is composed of two parts: the cranium and the facial bones . The cranium is responsible for protecting the brain, while the facial bones form the framework of the face and support for the special senses (sight, smell, and taste). Open the Skeletal System View “Skull” and locate the following skull bones and bone markings . Facial bones Cranium Frontal Sphenoid Zygomatic Nasal Vomer Maxilla Mandible
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4 1. Cranial bones Glabella Supraorbital notch Supraorbital margin Zygomatic process a. Select the frontal bone , which is located in the forehead region on the anterior and superior part of the skull. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: i. Supraorbital notch ii. Supraorbital margin iii. Glabella iv. Zygomatic process
5 b. Rotate the skull to see the lateral side and select the right or left parietal bone , located on the lateral and superior part of the skull. Frontal Sphenoid Zygomatic Maxilla Parietal Occipital Temporal Mandible Hyoid
6 c. Select the right or left temporal bone , which is located immediately inferior to the parietal bone. i. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: a. Petrous part b. Zygomatic process (note how the zygomatic process of the temporal bone is different from the zygomatic process of the frontal bone) c. Mandibular fossa d. External auditory (acoustic) meatus e. Internal auditory (acoustic) meatus (turn the model around to the medial side of the bone to find this) f. Styloid process g. Mastoid process h. Carotid canal i. Jugular fossa j. Jugular foramen (temporal surface) k. Foramen lacerum (temporal surface) Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Carotid canal Petrous part Foramen lacerum (temporal surface) External auditory (acoustic) meatus Mastoid process Styloid process
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7 ii. Where does the lower jaw attach to the skull? iii. Where do sound waves enter the ear? d. Continue to rotate the skull and select the occipital bone, located on the posterior side of the skull. Parietal Temporal Mandible Foramen magnum Occipital Hyoid
8 ii. What structure passes through the foramen magnum? iii. What structure is responsible for articulating with the vertebral column? Superior nuchal line Inferior nuchal line Condyloid foramen Occipital condyle External occipital protuberence External occipital crest Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum i. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: a. Foramen magnum b. Hypoglossal canal c. Occipital condyle d. Condyloid foramen e. External occipital protuberance f. Inferior nuchal line g. Superior nuchal line h. Jugular foramen (occipital surface) i. Foramen lacerum (occipital surface)
9 e. Rotate the skull to look at the superior (top) surface. Select and hide the frontal bone and the two parietal bones and choose the sphenoid bone, which is shaped like a butterfly. Sphenoid Ethmoid Occipital Temporal
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10 Lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate Greater wing Optic foramen Superior orbital fissure Lesser wing Sella turcica Sella turcica Optic foramen Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Foramen ovale Lesser wing
11 i. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: a. Greater wing b. Lesser wing c. Sella turcica d. Dorsum sellae e. Optic foramen f. Superior orbital fissure g. Inferior orbital fissure (sphenoid surface) h. Foramen rotundum i. Foramen ovale j. Foramen spinosum k. Foramen lacerum (sphenoidal surface) l. Medial pterygoid plate m. Lateral pterygoid plate ii. The pituitary gland is nicknamed the “master gland” of the body because it secretes many hormones that have widespread effects in the body. Which part of the sphenoid bone houses it?
12 f. Select the ethmoid bone , which is located anterior to the sphenoid bone between the orbits of the eyes. i. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: a. Crista galli b. Cribriform plate c. Middle nasal concha d. Labyrinth e. Perpendicular plate i. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: Labyrinth Perpendicular plate Crista galli Cribriform plate Ethmoid sinus
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13 2. Facial bones a. Rotate the skull, so you’re looking at the anterior (face) side again. Zoom into the nose area and select one of the inferior nasal conchae bones, which stick out toward the inside of the nose. b. Select the vomer , which is located medial to the two inferior nasal conchae in the nose. c. Select one of the maxillae bones, which form the upper jaw. Vomer Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
14 Zygomatic process Frontal process Maxillary sinus Hard palate Alveolar process Alveolar canals i. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: a. Alveolar canal b. Alveolar process c. Zygomatic process (note how this is different from the zygomatic processes of the frontal and temporal bones, but all point toward the zygomatic bone) d. Frontal process e. Hard palate f. Inferior orbital fissure (maxillary surface) g. Infraorbital canal and foramen h. Maxillary sinus ii. What structures insert into the alveolar canal? iii. What structure forms the roof of the mouth?
15 d. Select the mandible , which forms the lower jaw Coronoid process Ramus Angle Dental alveoli Body Mental foramen Condyle Sublingual fossa Mandibular foramen Mental protuberance Submandibular fossa Sublingual fossa Body
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16 i. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: a. Body b. Ramus c. Angle d. Sublingual fossa e. Coronoid process f. Condyle g. Dental alveoli h. Mandibular foramen i. Mental foramen ii. Which part of the mandible attaches to the cranium? Where does it articulate?
17 e. Select one of the zygomatic bones , which form part of the cheekbones of the face. The zygomatic bones are shaped roughly like triangles, with each vertex pointing toward a different bone: the temporal bone, maxilla, or frontal bone. Use the landmark icon in the content box to locate the following bone markings: Frontal Maxilla Zygomatic Temporal Frontal process Maxillary border Temporal process
18 i. Temporal process ii. Maxillary border iii. Frontal process f. Locate the small nasal bones on the bridge of the nose. g. Locate the lacrimal bones next to the frontal processes of the maxillae. h. Locate the palatine bones , which are posterior to the hard palate of the maxillae. 3. Rotate the skull, so you are looking at the inferior side and find the hyoid bone, which is attached by only ligaments. For a better view of the hyoid in relation to its function, open the Respiratory System View “Pharynx and Larynx." Although the hyoid does not articulate with any other bones, notice how many muscles and ligaments attach to the hyoid. Hyoid Stylohyoid ligament
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19 Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Thyroid cartilage Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
20 B. Cavities of the Skull 1. Which bones compose the orbit ? 2. Which bones and cartilages compose the nasal septum ? 3. Which bones compose the oral cavity ? 4. Which bones compose the nasal cavity ? Lacrimal Ethmoid Frontal Sphenoid Palatine Zygomatic Maxilla
21 C. The Auditory Ossicles Open the Nervous System View “Inner Ear.” 1. As the auditory ossicles vibrate, they conduct sound to your hearing receptors. Which bones comprise the auditory ossicles? Malleus Stapes Incus
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22 D. Vertebral Column (Spine) The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae of different sizes and shapes. The primary function of the vertebrae is to protect the spinal cord. They are classified in groups based on their location. As you look at the different vertebrae, compare and contrast vertebrae from different regions in the body. Take note of the bone markings that are found in each type of vertebrae. Students often confuse processes and facets that have the same name. Remember the definitions for these terms: processes are bony projections, while facets are flat surfaces. Open the Skeletal System View “Spine, Lateral.” Identify the following bone markings and answer the questions. Thoracic Cervical Lumbar
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23 1. Cervical vertebrae are in the neck area, thoracic vertebrae are in the chest area on the back of the ribs, and lumbar vertebrae are in the small of the back. Identify the bone markings found in these different types of vertebrae. While all vertebrae share common characteristics, there are also markings that distinguish them from each other. Pay attention to these distinguishing characteristics so you can tell the difference between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae just by looking at them. Inferior articular process and facet Lamina Vertebral arch Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Bifid spinous process Body Pedicle Transverse foramen Transverse process a. Identify the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) , as well as the following bone markings of the cervical vertebrae: i. Body ii. Vertebral arch iii. Pedicle iv. Lamina v. Inferior notch vi. Superior articular process and facet vii. Inferior articular process and facet viii. Bifid spinous process ix. Transverse process and foramen x. Vertebral foramen
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24 b. Identify the following bone markings of the thoracic vertebrae: Transverse costal facet Inferior notch Inferior articular process and facet Lamina Vertebral arch Spinous process Transverse process Superior articular process and facet Vertebral foramen Body Superior costal facet Inferior costal facet i. Body ii. Vertebral arch iii. Pedicle iv. Lamina v. Vertebral foramen vi. Inferior notch vii. Spinous process viii. Transverse process ix. Transverse costal facet x. Superior costal facet xi. Inferior costal facet xii. Vertebral foramen xiii. Superior articular process and facet xiv. Inferior articular process and facet
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25 c. Identify the following bone markings of the lumbar vertebrae: Superior articular process and facet Lamina Spinous process Inferior articular process and facet Transverse process Pedicle Body Inferior notch Vertebral foramen i. Body ii. Vertebral arch iii. Pedicle iv. Lamina v. Vertebral foramen vi. Spinous process vii. Transverse process viii. Superior articular process and facet ix. Inferior articular process and facet x. Inferior notch d. How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are there? e. Which bone markings enclose the spinal cord?
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26 2. The sacrum and coccyx are found in the pelvis in the inferior part of the vertebral column. f. What is the function of the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae? g. What is the significance of the size of the body in lumbar vertebrae? h. What are the distinguishing characteristics of cervical vertebrae? Coccyx L5 Sacrum
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27 a. Identify the following bone markings of the sacrum: i. Spinous tubercle ii. Ala iii. Promontory iv. Sacral foramina v. Superior articular process vi. Auricular surface b. Identify the coccyx. Superior articular process Spinous tubercle Ala Sacral foramina Auricular surface
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28 E. Thoracic Cage The thoracic cage protects important underlying organs, such as the heart and lungs. The bones also serve as attachment points for respiratory muscles. Open the Skeletal System View “Thoracic Cage.” Identify the following bones and bone markings: 1. Sternum a. Manubrium i. Jugular notch ii. Clavicular notch b. Body of the sternum c. Xiphoid process Xiphoid process Body of Sternum Manubrium Clavicular notch Jugular notch True ribs (1-7) False ribs (8-12)
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29 2. The ribs are classified based on how they attach to the sternum. Be sure to select the book icon for several different ribs to read about how they are classified. Tubercle Costal groove Shaft Head Costal cartilage Neck a. Identify the following bone markings: i. Head ii. Neck iii. Costal groove iv. Tubercle b. Which ribs are true ribs ? Why are they classified as true ribs? c. Which ribs are false ribs ? Why are these classified as false ribs?
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30 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER 1. You identified the hard palate of the maxilla. Why was the soft palate not included in this exercise? 2. Where would be a good place for a lidocaine injection prior to dental work? You would want easy access to a blood vessel in the jaw. 3. If you have high cheekbones, to which bones does this refer? 4. Imagine that you are working as a medical examiner and a new body is brought in. The body appears to be healthy, except for a broken hyoid bone. What do you suspect is the cause of death? 5. Why does the thoracic cage need to be slightly flexible? 6. What are the four different places where ribs attach? TIME TO PRACTICE! SEARCH FOR AND TAKE THE FOLLOWING SKELETAL SYSTEM QUIZZES: SKULL, THORACIC CAGE, STERNUM, AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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31
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32 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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33 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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34 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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35 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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36 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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37 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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38 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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39 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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40 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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41 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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42 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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43 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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44 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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45 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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46 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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47 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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48 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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49 Source: Respiratory System View “Pharynx and Larynx”
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50 Source: Skeletal System View “Skull”
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51 Source: Nervous System View “Inner Ear”
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52 Source: Skeletal System View “Spine, Lateral”
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53 Source: Skeletal System View “Spine, Lateral”
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54 Source: Skeletal System View “Spine, Lateral”
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55 Source: Skeletal System View “Spine, Lateral”
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56 Source: Skeletal System View “Spine, Lateral”
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57 Source: Skeletal System View “Spine, Lateral”
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58 Source: Skeletal System View “Thoracic Cage”
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59 Source: Skeletal System View “Thoracic Cage”
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