Foundations of Pharmacology concept map

Cumulativer Drug Classifications Drugs in the same class are similar in: - Mechanism of Action - Therapeutic effect - Side Effects/adverse effects - Contraindications/Precautions Cumulative Effect Amount of drug GREATER than the RATE that is excreted Effects of Drugs Definition : the study of medicine Prescription (Rx) or Over The Counter (OTC)  Foundations of Pharmacology  Official name of the drug  Lowercase letters  Cheaper Example: - acetaminophen  Commercial name  Name is capitalized  More expensive Example: - Tylenol Generic vs Trade name Therapeutic Based on what the drug does clinically or treating diseases: - Anticoagulants - Antidepressants - Antineoplastics Pharmacologic Based on how the drug produces its effect (mechanism of action) - Calcium blocker - Diuretic - Adrenergic antagonist Therapeutic vs Pharmacologic class Well studied drug within a class What is a drug prototype? Potentiating effect When one drug INCREASES the effect of ANOTHER drug Synergistic Effect The effect of one drug is GREATER if given with ANOTHER drug Symptoms : - Swelling of the eyes, face, mouth, or throat - Difficulty breathing - Rapid heart rate - Low blood pressure - Cardiac arrest - It is an exaggerated response of the immune system that releases a massive amount of histamine Anaphylactic Shock What is the most severe adverse effect? Adverse effect : undesirable Therapeutic effect : desirable What are the two responses? What is a drug? Chemical capable of producing biologic responses in the body

Steps  Absorption  Distribution  Metabolism  Excretion Load Dose : Higher amount of drug given to produce a therapeutic response Maintenance dose : Keeps plasma drug concentration in a therapeutic range Peak : When Drug reaches highest concentration in blood stream Trough: When drug reaches lowest level in the body Excretion Excretion occurs primarily in the kidneys Other parts: - Respiratory - GI tract - Biliary System - Skin Chemically converting a drug to a form that is more easily removed from the body *Biotransformation is another word for metabolism Occurs in the liver Metabolism - Blood-Brain - Fetal- Placenta Barriers Transport of the drug throughout the entire body Ex: circulatory system Occurs in the bloodstream Distribution Pharmacokinetics Movement from the site of administration, across body membranes, circulating fluids Primary factor determining length of time for effect of drug to occur Occurs in the stomach and small intestine Factors that affect absorption  Route  Drug formulation  Dose  Digestive motility  Digestive enzymes  Blood flow  Drug-Drug Drug- Food interaction  PH of environment Absorption The process of how the drug moves through the body Needs to move across membranes Example: Active Transport Passive transport

 Patient Identification  Assessment  3 Medication Checks  Document STOP and LOOK! Nursing Considerations Planning Nursing Diagnosis Assessment Evaluation Implementation The Nursing Process in Pharmacotherapy Responsibilities - Was the outcome met? - Did the problem resolved or worsen? - Are there new symptoms to address? - Nurse applies Knowledge and skills to meet patient outcomes - Safe and effective Med Administration - Patient teaching - Safe medication administration is a priority - Optimal patient outcomes - Selects appropriate nursing interventions to meet outcomes Should address: - Promoting therapeutic effects - Minimize Adverse effects/Toxicity - Maximize Patients knowledge, skills, and resources Objective Data - Vital Signs - Lab tests - Diagnostic tests Subjective Data - Pain - Allergies - Past Hx - Med Hx - Risks Dose Documen tation Time Route 6 rights of medication administration Med Patient  Know classifications, actions, side effects  Why was the drug prescribed to the patient  How to prepare and administer the drug  How is the medication supplied by the Pharm  Recognize and react to adverse effects Nurse’s Role in Pharmacotherapy