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BHA 4002

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Oct 30, 2023

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1 Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis Marry A Dillon Capella University BHA4002: History of the United States Health Care System Becky Stocker 10-21-2023

2 Evolution of the Hospital Industry: A Comparative Analysis The hospital industry transformed from a charitable institution to more of specialized facilities offering advanced medical services. This was driven by medical advancements, government involvement, and payment changes. Hospital Care Evolution The hospital industry has evolved in multiple ways from the 1800’s to the 2000’s. With advancements in medical science, and delivery organization. It has transformed from basic care to advanced facilities. Hospital Environment In the 1800’s hospitals had very little medical knowledge, extremely poor hygiene, overcrowding, and inadequate facilities. This led to a high mortality rate due to the spread of infections. Overcrowding and nonsterile medical equipment facilitated the spread of disease. In the 1960’s medical advancements improved with antibiotics and surgical advancements to reduce discomfort which resulted in better outcomes. In the 200’s medical technology revolutionized with advanced diagnostic tools. Hospitals prioritized patient care, infection control measures to reduce hospital-acquired infections and improve patient safety. Staff Education Staff education was limited, and inconsistent with inconsistent training and high patient outcomes. The medical field was male dominate in the 1800’s. Many doctors chose to do apprenticeships rather than to attend medical school. While all this was done through book reading only. Older European universities with grand reputations include the University of Edinburgh and Paris clinical school. Woman hardly practiced medicine except in midwifery. ( Page Gibbons Backus 10/20/2020). By the 1960’s medical education made a significant

3 improvement with standardized schools and structured programs. The Kennedy-Johnson presidential era involved direct aid to medical schools, health planning, and consumer protections. The U.S. government become a major player in health care, with grant awards nearly doubled between 1964 and 1968. (Johnson, J.A, Davey, K.S & Greenhill, R.G (2022) In the 2000’s medical education had evolved to meet healthcare demands, incorporating hands-on training, and problem-based learning. Level of Care Due to the lack of medical knowledge in the 1800’s healthcare practices were constrained. Higher mortality and infection rates were a result of factors including inadequate sanitation, and basic medical equipment. In the 1960’s nursing and sterilization made great strides. Ultimately altering hospital procedures, surgical methods and skilled medical care. The use of antibiotics and vaccines transformed the management of bacterial infections and, advancements in surgical methods reduced patient discomfort and safety. In the 2000’s healthcare in the U.S. developed into a complex medical industry from a simple system of home remedies to incorporating electronic health records, cutting-edge imaging, and minimally invasive surgeries. The medical industrial complex was a part of this complex. (Encyclopedia The Evolution of the U.S. Healthcare System 6-26-2023) Paying for Your Care Hospital care in the 1800’s was largely philanthropic and constrained resources and facilities. The Victoria order of Nurses and other philanthropic organizations were relied upon by patients. Healthcare costs were the responsibility of the patients, with Victoria’s Royal assessing eight cents per day or ten dollars per week. (Vandenburg, &Boschma, G. (2020) In the 1960’s financing underwent considerable change. Kennedy started the senior health insurance program,

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4 and Johnson started the Medicare program. In the 2000’s a combination of private and public funded systems emerged. Employers gave access to private insurances while government funded insurance was paid for by tax dollars. Comparative Analysis Hospitals saw many great developments in the 1800’s including the development of infection control, and the introduction of anesthesia and more. Millions of patients had easier access to healthcare services in the 1960’s because of Medicare and Medicaid. Specializations evolved with special departments and units within the hospital that led to better patient care. By the 2000’s healthcare would have undergone a complete transformation the included value-based care. Conclusion In the 1800s, hospitals were overcrowded, unhygienic, and lacking in suitable facilities. By the 1960s, however, advances in medical technology and cleanliness, the emergence of specialized divisions, and enhanced patient care spaces had made hospitals significantly better. Hospitals underwent a significant transition in the 2000s that put a strong emphasis on patient- centered treatment and integrated cutting-edge technologies. In the 1800s, staff education was informal; by the 1960s, it had become systematic and regulated. With improvements in surgical methods, and specialization, the standard of care in the 2000s reached previously unheard-of heights. The use of personalized medicine and targeted therapeutics increased. In the 1800s, most medical expenses were paid out of pocket, however charity hospitals and free clinics helped people who couldn't afford it. With the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid in the United States in the 1960s, government involvement in healthcare payment systems began.

5 References Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2018). Health care USA: Understanding its Organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. Vandenberg, & Boschma, G. (2020). THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY HOSPITALS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1855-1918. BC Studies., 208. Paige Gibbons Backus • October 28, 2020 • Updated March 25, 2021 Changes in Medicine During the 19th Century https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/changes-medicine-during-19th-century The Evolution of the U.S. Healthcare System ." Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. . Retrieved June 29, 2023 from Encyclopedia.- com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts- andmaps/evolution-us-healthcare-syste

6 Appendix Comparative Analysis Table: Hospital Care Evolution Instructions: Fill in the chart with bullet points that describe the key milestones (events, regulations, laws, etc.) and the supporting details to explain the topics in each cell. Use your textbook and at least two other resources from Week 2’s What You Need to Know in your research, and document where you found the information using accurate APA citations. Subject/Topic 1800s 1960s 2000s Hospital Environment (Describe the overall hospital environment.) 1800 Hospitals had limited medical knowledge, overcrowding, and inadequate facilities 1960 Hospitals had better hygiene, specialization, and nursing requirements 2000 Patient- center care is prioritized. Measures to reduced hospital infections were taken. Medical Staff Education Level (Describe the care providers and their education levels.) Staff education was informal, and inconsistent Medical education improved with standard schooling Medical education evolved to meet medical demands Level of Care (Describe the quality of care for each century and if it improved.) Hospital care was limited Antibiotics and vaccines were advancing Healthcare progressed tremendously with advancements in medical science and technology Paying for Care (Describe how care was paid for.) Paid out of pocket Medicare and Medicaid were introduced Private insurance and government funded programs

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