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Feb 20, 2024
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Uploaded by ProfessorCamel3985
Chapter 2: A brief history of health care ethics and clinical ethics consultation in the United States
What year
did the American Medical Association (AMA) adopt its “Code of Medical Ethics” at its inaugural convention?
The year that the AMA adopted its “Code of Medical Ethics” at its inaugural convention is 1847.
Ethics in medicine and health care was not viewed as a distinct field until when
?
Until well into the second half of the twentieth century. What two historical trends
contributed to the growth of health care ethics (bioethics) as a distinct field?
1.
_Greatly increased public spending for biomedical research fueled the development 2.
_Dissemination of a wide variety of new and powerful medical treatments
What major changes coincided with the trends above as well as the growth of the field of health care ethics?
1.
_The civil rights movement
2.
_the anti-Vietnam War movement 3.
_the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s
Broadly speaking, what did these movements do?
These movements urged Americans to question authority, to embrace political activism, and to recognize individual rights. Social critics began to question the _paternalistic______ tradition in American health care in which physicians made treatment decisions and patients
played a mostly passive role
.
The 1960s witnessed the emergence of a new legal responsibility
of physicians to obtain their patients’ ____informed consent___ to treatment.
What three high-profile events in the early and mid-1970s focused substantial public attention on moral problems in health care?
1.
_1972 Associated Press expose of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis
2.
_The announcement of the US Supreme Court decision on abortion in Roe v. Wade
3.
_The publicized case of Karen Ann Quinlan
In
what year
did pediatrician Karen Teel suggest that hospital “ethics committees” could be established for the purpose of assisting physicians in making difficult ethical decisions?
The year of 1976 pediatrician Karen Teel suggested that the hospital “ethics committees” could be established for the purpose of assisting physicians in making difficult ethical decisions. True or False.
Ethics committees have in fact become a standard feature in
US hospitals and the primary provider of ethics consultation today, but in 1975 they were virtually unknown.
True
Which
court case
encouraged the formation of ethics committees?
The Quinlan case. In addition to the above court case, what other high-profile issue
also led
to the development of ethics committees? The hotly debated issue in the 1980s of life-sustaining treatment for severely
ill newborns. By the __mid-1980s_____, hospital ethics committees and the practice of clinical ethics consultation were gaining a clear foothold in US hospitals.
What was the
first major obstacle
ethics committees faced and how was it
resolved?
The new kind of interaction between ethics and medicine, and early attempts
to facilitate that interaction revealed a gap between the cultures of the two disciplines. A major concern was how physicians expressed concern that ethics consultants would intrude into their private relationship with patients. True or false.
The purpose of ethics committees was to criticize or sanction health care professionals for unethical behavior.
False
True or false.
Healthcare professionals at first resisted ethics committees but came to recognize their value and request their assistance.
True
The __small group_____ model remains the most popular
way to provide ethics consultation.
What year
marked a turning point in the evolution of clinical ethics consultation and why (i.e. what happened)?
The year 1991 marked a turning point in the evolution of clinical ethics consultation and that is because JCAHO adopted a new patient rights
standard that required hospitals seeking accreditation to provide institutional
mechanisms to address ethical issues in patient care.
Another turning point came in 1998
with the publication of _Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation__, which did what? This offered a definition of ethics consultation, recommendations about the consultation process and the proper roles of ethics consultants. It provided an initial set of benchmarks for ethics consultation and was a point of departure for most of the subsequent scholarly activity.
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