Lab #7 (Joint Worksheet)

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Ivy Tech Community College, Indianapolis *

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101

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Mechanical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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docx

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Joint Worksheet (Use for Lab #7) Name : Abigail Johnson 1. Match each of the following terms with its opposite: Extension Depression Abduction Eversion Dorsiflexion Flexion Elevation Retraction Supination Plantar flexion Protraction Pronation Inversion Adduction 2. Define the following terms: Abduction: Movement of a part of the body away from the body’s midline. Adduction: Movement of a part of the body toward the midline of the body. Depression: Lowering of a part of the body. Dorsiflexion: Bending of the foot upward at the ankle (extending the foot), so that toes point upward. Elevation: Raising of a part of the body. Eversion: Twisting of the foot, sole is pointed outward. Extension: Straightening of parts at a joint; angle between parts increases and parts move apart. Flexion: Bending of parts at a joint; angle between parts decreases and parts move closer. Inversion: Twisting of the foot, so that sole is pointed inward. Plantar flexion: Bending of the foot downward, so that toes point downward. Pronation: Turning of the hand, so that the palm faces backward or downward. Also, lying down face down. Protraction: Movement of a part of the body forward. Retraction: Movement of a part backward.
Supination: Turning of the hand, so that the palm faces forward or upward. Also, lying down face up. 3. Classify each of the following as either a synarthrosis (S), an amphiarthrosis (A), or a diarthrosis (D): __A__ Suture a. Synarthrosis __A__ Synostosis b. Amphiarthrosis __B__ Symphysis c. Diarthrosis __A__ Gomphosis __B__ Syndesmosis __C__ Synovial joint 4. Give an example (or 2) of each of the following synovial joints: a. Ball & Socket: Hip Joint. Shoulder Joint. b. Gliding: Between Carpals, Tarsals, and facets of adjacent vertebrae. Sacroiliac joint. c. Pivot: Between Atlas (C1) & the Dens of Axis (C2). Between head of Radius & the Radial Notch of Ulna. d. Hinge: Elbow Joint. Joints between Phalanges. e. Saddle: Between Carpal and 1 st Metacarpal (of thumb). f. Condyloid: Between Metacarpals and Phalanges. Between Radius and Carpals. 5. Describe the following spinal disorders: a. Slipped Disc: A distortion of the tough fibrocartilage covering of the Intervertebral Disk, which forces the pad partway into the vertebral canal. b. Ruptured Disc: A protrusion of the soft, gelatinous core of the Intervertebral spinal nerve roots, severe back pain, poor posture, tingling, pain in areas affected by the compressed nerves. c. Kyphosis: Exaggerated thoracic curvature of the spine; Rounded back appearance. d. Scoliosis: Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Usually occurs due to a problem during Development.
e. Spina bifida: An open vertebral (and sometimes cranial) canal, instead of a tube enclosing the spinal cord. 6. Describe/list the function of each part of a joint: a. Bursa: sac filled with Synovial fluid; maybe continuous with Synovial Cavity of the joint. Found between skin and a bony prominence. Cushion bones and helps in movement of tendons over bones. b. Meniscus: Fibrocartilage disk between articular surfaces of bones in some joints; divides joint into compartments. c. Fat pad: Fat deposits in or around some joints. Cushions bones against injury. d. Articular cartilage: A thin layer of Hyaline Cartilage covering ends of bones in a joint. e. Synovial fluid: Clear, viscous fluid in the Synovial Cavity, secreted by cells of the Synovial Membrane. Nourishes and lubricates the cartilage surfaces in a joint, provides cushion, and absorbs shock. f. Joint (articular) capsule: A double-layered capsule that encloses a joint and holds bones together. g. Ligament: Bundles of though collagenous fibers, which strengthen joint capsule and bind articular ends of bones together. Can be found within or outside of joint capsule. Somewhat inelastic, prevent excessive bending of joint. h. Labrum: A Fibrocartilage ring around the edges of joint socket; holds the head of the bone on the socket. 7. What structures do the following ligaments connect? a. Sternoclavicular: Connects Sternum to Clavicle. b. Interclavicular: Connects 2 Clavicles. c. Coracoclavicular: Connects Coracoid Process of Scapula to Clavicle. d. Acromioclavicular: Connects Acromion Process of Scapula to Clavicle. e. Coracoacromial: Connects Coracoid Process of Scapula to Acromion Process. f. Coracohumeral: Conneccts Coracoid Process of Scapula to Greater Tubercle of Humerus.
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g. Glenohumeral: Connect edge of Glenoid Cavity to the Lesser Tubercle and Anatomical Neck of the Humerus. 7. What is a shoulder separation? What ligaments are probably damaged? A shoulder separation is the partial or complete separation of two parts of the shoulder: the collarbone (clavicle) and the end (acromion) of the shoulder blade (scapula). The Acromioclavicular and Coracoclavicular Ligaments would be damaged. What is a shoulder dislocation? What ligaments are probably damaged? A shoulder dislocation occurs when the connection between the humerus and the glenoid – the ball and socket joint in the shoulder become unstable. The Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament would be damaged. 8. In the knee joint, where are the following ligaments located? a. Patellar ligament: Continuation of Patellar Tendon below knee; between Patella and Tibial Tuberosity. b. Tibial (medial) collateral ligament: Connects Medial Epicondyle of Femur to Medial Condyle of Tibia. c. Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament: Connects Lateral Condyle of Femur to Head of Fibula. d. Anterior cruciate ligament: Extends from anterior intercondylar area of Tibia to Lateral Condyle of Femur. e. Posterior cruciate ligaments: Extends from posterior intercondylar area of Tibia to Medial Condyle of Femur.