Assignment 1_Sept_2023 (1)

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Course Number: MIAE 380Instructor: Ashok Kaushal Type of Submission (Please check responses to both a & b) a. b. Report ☒Assignmen t Lab Report Software Individual submission ☒Group Submission (All members of the team must sign below) Form ENCS-SAS (03/04) This form has been created to ensure that all students in the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science comply with principles of academic integrity prior to submitting coursework to their instructors for evaluation: namely reports, assignments, lab reports and/or software. All students should become familiar with the University’s Code of Conduct (Academic) located at https ://www.concordia.ca/conduct/academic-integrity.htm l Please read the back of this document carefully before completing the section below. This form must be attached to the front of all coursework submitted to instructors in the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science. Having read both sides of this form, I certify that I/we have conformed to the Faculty’s expectations of originality and standards of academic integrity. Name: Aditya Shah ID No: 40193547 (please print clearly) Name: Clint Dsouza ID No: 40205073 (please print clearly) Name: Simon Lall ID No: 40199455 (please print clearly) Name: Abner Mondesir ID No: 40250574 (please print clearly) Name: Omran Almeneim ID No: 40107892 (please print clearly) Name: ID No: (please print clearly Signature: A.S Date:01/10/23 Signature: C.D Date: 01/10/23 Signature: S.L _ Date: 01/10/23 Signature: A.M Date: 01/10/23 Signature: O.M Date: 01/10/23 Signature: Date: 01/10/23 Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science Expectations of Originality

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2/2 EXPECTATIONS OF ORIGINALITY & STANDARDS OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ALL SUBMISSIONS must meet the following requirements: 1. The decision on whether a submission is a group or individual submission is determined by the instructor . Individual submissions are done alone and should not be identical to the submission made by any other student. In the case of group submissions, all individuals in the group must be listed on and must sign this form prior to its submission to the instructor. 2. All individual and group submissions constitute original work by the individual(s) signing this form. 3. Direct quotations make up a very small proportion of the text, i.e., not exceeding 5% of the word count. 4. Material paraphrased from a source (e.g., print sources, multimedia sources, web- based sources, course notes or personal interviews) has been identified by a numerical reference citation. 5. All of the sources consulted and/or included in the report have been listed in the Reference section of the document. 6. All drawings, diagrams, photos, maps or other visual items derived from other sources have been identified by numerical reference citations in the caption. 7. No part of the document has been submitted for any other course. 8. Any exception to these requirements are indicated on an attached page for the instructor’s review. REPORTS and ASSIGNMENTS must also meet the following additional requirements: 1. A report or assignment consists entirely of ideas, observations, information and conclusions composed by the student(s), except for statements contained within quotation marks and attributed to the best of the student’s/students’ knowledge to their proper source in footnotes or references. 2. An assignment may not use solutions to assignments of other past or present students/instructors of this course or of any other course. 3. The document has not been revised or edited by another student who is not an author. 4. For reports, the guidelines found in Form and Style , by Patrick MacDonagh and Jack Borden (Fourth Edition: May 2000, available at http://www.encs.concordia.ca/scs/Forms/Form&Style.pdf ) have been used for this submission. LAB REPORTS must also meet the following requirements: 1. The data in a lab report represents the results of the experimental work by the student(s), derived only from the experiment itself. There are no additions or modifications derived from any outside source. 2. In preparing and completing the attached lab report, the labs of other past or present students of this course or any other course have not been consulted, Page 3 of 12

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used, copied, paraphrased or relied upon in any manner whatsoever. SOFTWARE must also meet the following requirements: 1. The software represents independent work of the student(s). 2. No other past or present student work (in this course or any other course) has been used in writing this software, except as explicitly documented. 3. The software consists entirely of code written by the undersigned, except for the use of functions and libraries in the public domain, all of which have been documented on an attached page. 4. No part of the software has been used in previous submissions except as identified in the documentation. 5. The documentation of the software includes a reference to any component that the student(s) did not write. 6. All of the sources consulted while writing this code are listed in the documentation. Page 4 of 12 Important: Should you require clarification on any of the above items please contact your instructor.

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY GINA CODY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL INDUSTRIAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING MIAE 380- PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Professor(s) : Dr. Ashok Kaushal and Dr. Gabriel Taraboulsi ASSIGNMENT 1 Note: Please provide all references for any data/facts used for the assignment 1. Creating a new or improved product is a partial requirement to pass MIAE 380. You will be required to form a team. You will have to select an organization structure for the team, which structure is the most suitable for this endeavor, and why? [15 Marks]  Draw the organization structure that you selected [5 Marks]  Justify your selection and explain why the other structures are not suitable. [5Marks] A project organization structure is the most appropriate org structure for our team. This is because project structures allow people from distinct groups to work together on a singular project. Individuals work together to achieve a common goal and handle all aspects of product development. Such structures are often led by a project manager who is drawn from any of the functional areas [1]. This structure is quite common with start-ups, where all members are linked together by a single project. This sort of structure fits with our team the most as it aligns with a lot of our groups’ characteristics. How important is cross-functional integration? This is particularly important as members will be working on multiple aspects of product development. Hence project org structures are suitable as they encourage strong cross- functional integration [1]. How important is product development speed? This is imperative as we have only a few months to design a new innovative product. Time is of the essence and any conflicts or problems need to be sorted out with utmost speed. Project organizations tend to allow for conflicts to be resolved quickly and for individuals from divergent functions to coordinate their activities efficiently. Little time is spent transferring information, assigning responsibilities, and coordinating tasks. For Page 5 of 12

this reason, project organizations are usually faster than functional organizations in developing innovative products [1]. 1. This is a project organization structure. For our group, we will require only one branch as we are working on only one project. 2. A functional organizational structure would not be a good fit for our team. This is because such a structure requires members to be grouped based on similar functions. This is inefficient as it limits coordination between groups. Also, we only have 5 members in total, which requires us each to work on multiple aspects of product development. A functional organization would work better in a more specialized organization. A matrix organization would require more administrators and managers, for which our group does not have the resources. Hence, we choose to have a project centered organizational chart. Page 6 of 12

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MIAE 380- PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Professor(s): Dr. A. Kaushal and Dr. G. Taraboulsi 2. (a) Estimate what fraction of the price of a pocket calculator is required to cover the cost of developing the product; to do this exercise, start by estimating the information needed to fill out the exhibit for the pocket calculator (Lecture 2 – Slide 21). Assume that an established firm like Sharp or Hewlett Packard is developing the calculator. Use your best estimates for the number of units to be sold over the lifetime of the product requiring development and production equipment. [15 Marks] From the data collected regarding the development of the first advanced pocket calculator HP- 35, we can conclude that the developers estimated selling 50,000 units during the entirety of the marker lifetime of this product. Although the product sales exceeded that number, the original market price of the calculator at 395$ per unit was placed based on the sales assumption. Product HP-35 Pocket calculator Dev. time 2 years Internal dev team 20 engineers # unique parts 5 parts Development cost 1 million $ Price per unite 395$ Estimated unite sold over lifetime 50000 units Dev. cost per estimated unit sold (Dev. Cost) / (units sold) = 20$ The minimum number of calculators sold to cover the development cost of 1 million $ at 100% of the price fraction= 2532 units. This does not include the production cost. But by using the number of estimated units sold we can assume that 20$ of the price of a single unit will go towards covering the development cost. That means the fraction of the price that is required to cover the development cost of the pocket calculator is = 20/395 $= 5.06%. [2] Page 7 of 12

MIAE 380- PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Professor(s): Dr. A. Kaushal and Dr. G. Taraboulsi b) What role does research play in product design? Indicate four sources of research. [10 Marks] The research data:  helps developers to validate their designs and ideas. Allowing them to have deeper understanding of consumers' needs and wants.  allow developers to create new product platforms and derivative products, as well as improve on current products to increase its market life.[3] [4] Some sources that can be used for research are: 1. Interviews 2. Field studies 3. Usability testing 4. Surveys 3.a) Generate 10 opportunities for innovation related to aircraft [10 Marks] Here is a list of ten opportunities for innovation related to aircraft: 1. Fuel Efficiency: Develop more efficient and environmentally friendly biofuels for aviation to reduce carbon emissions. 2. Electric and Hybrid Aircraft: Create electric or hybrid propulsion systems to reduce fuel consumption and emissions in both commercial and private aviation. 3. Advanced Materials: Innovate lightweight, strong, and durable materials to make aircraft more fuel-efficient and reduce maintenance costs. 4. Autonomous Flight: Develop autonomous systems that can assist or even fully control aircraft to improve safety, reduce pilot workload, and enhance efficiency. 5. Aircraft Interior Design: Rethink aircraft interiors for comfort, space utilization, and passenger experience, especially in long-haul flights. 6. Faster Travel: Work on supersonic and hypersonic aircraft to reduce travel time significantly. 7. Noise Reduction: Create quieter aircraft engines and aerodynamic designs to mitigate noise pollution around airports. 8. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Develop innovative applications for UAVs, such as delivery services, surveillance, and agriculture. [5] 9. Aircraft Health Monitoring: Use advanced sensors and data analytics to enable real-time monitoring of aircraft systems, improving safety and reducing downtime. 10.Exterior protection: Develop eco-friendly paints and coatings that reduce weight and maintenance requirements while being environmentally sustainable. Page 8 of 12

MIAE 380- PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Professor(s): Dr. A. Kaushal and Dr. G. Taraboulsi b) Examine the case study of Breakfast Mates from Kellogg (attached). Identify the reasons for the product to be withdrawn from the market. (Note: the internet has many solutions for this article; provide all references consulted; plagiarism in any form will not be accepted [10 Marks] PERSONAL BUSINESS_ TEST MAR Breakfast Mates by Kellogg's faced a multitude of challenges that led to its market withdrawal. Firstly, it offered a limited choice by combining cereal and milk in a pre-mixed form, causing dissatisfaction among consumers who preferred different cereal milk temperatures [6]. Placing the product in the refrigerated dairy section confused shoppers, while a marketing campaign targeting kids clashed with non-child- friendly packaging. Additionally, the unappealing taste of warm milk and a high price point further deterred potential buyers [6]. As consumer lifestyles became busier with increased commute times and busy schedules, Breakfast Mates failed to provide the needed convenience, compounded by the impracticality of pouring milk while commuting and the product's complex concept [6]. c) List five thing’s people may say to sabotage brainstorming. [5 Marks] Here are five things' people may say to sabotage brainstorming and ways to address them: 1. "That won't work." - This statement can shut down creativity and discourage idea generation. Instead, encourage participants to refrain from judgment and focus on generating a wide range of ideas without evaluating them initially. Later, you can evaluate and refine ideas. 2. "We've tried that before, and it didn't work." - Bringing up past failures can hinder the willingness to explore new possibilities. Acknowledge the past but emphasize that circumstances, technology, or the team may have changed, making it worth revisiting the idea with a fresh perspective. 3. "It's too expensive." - Cost considerations are essential, but mentioning this too early can stifle creativity. During brainstorming, prioritize generating ideas without worrying about budget constraints. Once you have a list of potential solutions, you can analyze their feasibility and costs. 4. "We've always done it this way." - Resistance to change or clinging to tradition can hinder innovation. Encourage participants to challenge existing norms and consider alternative approaches without being bound by tradition. 5. "It's not my area of expertise." - Sometimes, individuals may feel their lack of knowledge in a particular area disqualifies them from contributing. Remind participants that diverse perspectives often lead to innovative solutions, and everyone's input is valuable. Page 9 of 12

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MIAE 380- PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Professor(s): Dr. A. Kaushal and Dr. G. Taraboulsi 4.What is TRIZ and how is it being used? [5 Marks] TRIZ which stands for “Theory of inventive problem solving” is a technique that uses data and patterns as means to help with the creative aspect in problem solving. It is mostly used in product development to produce ideas that will fit the customer’s criteria. TRIZ analyses previous problems and helps adapt certain aspects of it to the customer criteria. Explain how the contradiction matrix is used [10 Marks] The contradiction matrix is a list of 40 parameters organized in a matrix. The parameters are the general criteria needed to solve a product design problem. This list is used to identify and isolate the improvement and the worsening in the parameters. The contradiction matrix helps to better understand how the improvement of worsening of one parameter will affect another. The example of contradiction matrix.[7] This example illustrates how parameters are paired and they are dependent on each other. Page 10 of 12

MIAE 380- PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Professor(s): Dr. A. Kaushal and Dr. G. Taraboulsi Discuss the benefits and drawback of TRIZ, be detailed [10 Marks] TRIZ benefits product design as it is a useful tool for better creativity, to analyze the effects of one parameter to another and to get an optimal solution based on the customer’s criteria. It is advantageous because unlike many other methods of problem solving, TRIZ has a structure and steps to follow which makes it easier to use. One of the disadvantages of TRIZ is its lack of formalization which entails a lot of difficulties to implement it and even to understand it. [8] This is a strong issue in TRIZ as the data used in TRIZ is poor. This makes tools like the contradiction matrix harder to use because the data which relates the dependant relation between two parameters is deficient. Page 11 of 12

MIAE 380- PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Professor(s): Dr. A. Kaushal and Dr. G. Taraboulsi References [1] “Product Design And Development, Seventh Edition” by Karl Ulrich, Steven Eppinger and Maria Yang [2] Science History Institute. Hewlett-Packard Model 35 Calculator with Case. Photograph, 2019. Science History Institute. Philadelphia. https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/jd472x57t. [3] Lecture 3-4, Product Planning Identifying Customer Needs Product Specifications. MIAE 380, Dr. Ashok Kaushal, page 7. [4] “10 user research methods to help you design better product,” PlaybookUX, https://www.playbookux.com/10-user-research-methods-to-help-you-design- better-product/ (accessed Sep. 30, 2023). [5] “Corridor Design and Analysis for UAM Operations” by Savita Verma, August 20, 2022. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220012923 [6] "Market Failure: Kelloggs Cereal-Mates," Free Essays - PhDessay.com, 14- Dec-2016. [Online]. Available: https://phdessay.com/market-failure-kelloggs- cereal-mates/. (Accessed: 7-Sep-2023) [7] “Exemple of a contradiction matrix” https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The- example-of-contradiction-matrix-28_tbl1_296699558 [8] “A Formal Model for the Representation of Problems Based on TRIZ” by Sebastien Debois, Philippe Lutz, Fracois Rousselot and Emmanuel Caillaud, August 20, 2022. https://hal.science/hal-00340989/document#:~:text=One%20of %20the%20disadvantages%20of,resulted%20partial%20model%20is %20presented . Page 12 of 12

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