UNIT 1 Part 2 NOTES

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TAFE NSW - Sydney Institute *

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4012B

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Mechanical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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PART 2 CPCCBC4012 – Read & Interpret Plans and Specifications Identify structural details Ensuring building strength and stability Structural details apply to foundations, floors, walls, roofs, frames, and any part of a building that affects the overall structural integrity of the building. These are crucial aspects that relate to the building’s strength and stability. Any misinterpretation of the structural details will potentially lead to structural defects that compromise the integrity of the building, leading to structural defects or worse, structural failure. Identify concrete footing and slab sizes and position and type of reinforcing Footings/foundations are an essential and critical part of a structure. Footings are designed to transmit the superstructure load (i.e. loads from the roof, beams, floors, columns, and walls) down towards the foundation and into the ground below. They serve as the ‘feet’ of the building and must be designed and constructed to ensure that the building can withstand all external forces. While concrete slabs can be used for suspended floors (i.e. second floor, third floor), they can also be used as footings, as in a concrete slab floor. Slab footings resist gravity loads, such as the weight of tiles, partitions, and people, as well as lateral loads from earthquakes or typhoons. Concrete footings & slabs

To identify the concrete footing position, you need to refer to the footing plan. The footing plan below shows you the layout of the footings within the property and the exact location of a specific footing. An example for reference: The plan provides details on the depth and width of footings required for a suspended floor installation for a residential property. Exploring waffle pod slabs for residential construction Designing the structural elements An alternative to strip and pad footings in residential projects is the use of waffle pod slabs. See below: The image is an expanded section detail of the waffle pod concrete floor slab from the previous drawing. 2

Looking at the image above, the slab has a minimum thickness of 85mm, with 110mm wide ribs at 310mm deep, spaced at a maximum of 1090m. Also detailed are the end details rebates, and the required steel mesh (SL72). Designing Structural elements This relates to the structural design of an underground car park for a student accommodation building. The section details the dimensions of the elements, the reinforcing type and spacing and the structural steel support beams holding up the suspended slab.  The section plan also details the thickness of concrete elements, (slabs are 200mm thick, the footing is 1.0m thick, etc.) and the reinforcing type and spacing (Reinforced concrete column with 8 x N24 bar reinforcing) 3

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Position and type of reinforcing Concrete lacks tensile strength and may crack or fail under tensile stresses. For example, tensile forces occur when pressure is applied downwards on a concrete slab. The downward pressure compresses the top of the slab and tensile forces pull the bottom of the slab apart. See the diagram for an example of tension in concrete slabs.  Now see the example with unreinforced and reinforced concrete to understand the requirement for reinforcement in concrete structures.  See below concrete slab plan for a residential property. In the image, the following information is provided: - Slab thickness 4

- Footing types - Pier footing information - Reinforcement types - Reinforcement position Residential Slab Plan The significance of slab notes 5

The drawing above provided a lot of imformation related to the structural aspects of the slab. The plan provides a pictorial representation of the slab, and the slab notes provide specific information related to the treatment of the existing ground, slab thickness, and reinforcement types and locations. Identify load bearing points of the building Load-bearing points refer to points in the building where the transmitted structural loads (e.g. loads from the roof, floors, beams) are converted into concentrated loads or point loads and transferred to the foundation soil. 6

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Essentially, the structures responsible for converting the different loads into point loads are the building posts or columns. In identifying the load-bearing points of the building, you need to identify the locations of these columns. Columns are typically located at the intersection of grid points on a drawing, as per the below example: Drawing 3.1 – Slab Plan Columns in action: Supporting floors and transferring loads 7

To illustrate the columns as load-bearing elements, see the below elevation of the building, looking at Grid D / 1-3. The section details the columns as supporting structures for the floors in the building, with their load being transferred through the column down into the footing below. Drawing 3.2 – Structural Sections Aligning plans and specifications Aside from identifying the load-bearing points of the building, another important step is to identify structural load-bearing information from the plans and compare the information from the specifications. This is to ensure that the details in the plans are consistent with the specifications. 8

Apart from details pertaining to columns, you can find other structural load-bearing details in the plans and specifications such as load- bearing brickwork and blockwork, steelworks, retaining walls, and others. Oftentimes, load-bearing information from the plans can be found on either side of the sheet, although they could also be found in detailed drawings. For example, plans may contain a legend with the load-bearing information of the concrete quality for footings and ground slabs. See the image above for a multi-purpose commercial project. You must see to it that the information stated is consistent with the details in the specifications document. To do this, refer to the specifications document of the building project. Refer to the table of contents and locate the section which covers concrete quality. After which, head over to that section and carefully read the specifications stated. You can then check whether the values for strength grade, maximum aggregate size (mm), and slump (mm) have the same values. In cases wherein any mismatch or discrepancy between the plans and specifications exists, you must note these mismatches or discrepancies for consultation with the relevant construction personnel. Wind bracing, along with proper tie-downs ensure structural stability and safety in high-wind conditions Wind bracing and tie-down requirements Wind bracing is a structural component that is employed in a building to provide added structural stability and rigidity against severe wind loads. It employs a triangulation system designed to resist compression and tensional stresses and can be attached to roofs, as well as to walls, to prevent racking or side-to-side movements. 9

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Wind bracing and tie-down requirements for NCC building classes 1 and 10 are included in the following Australian Standards: o AS 1684.1 – Design Criteria o AS 1684.2 – Non-cyclonic areas o AS 1684.3 – Cyclonic areas o AS 1684.4 Simplified/non-cyclonic areas o AS 4055 Wind loads for housing The vital role of tie-downs On the other hand, tie-downs play a great role in keeping the main structural members such as wind bracing, from being pulled apart or disassembled. Tie-downs are anchorage mechanisms employed to resist the uplift induced by lateral forces such as wind. This involves the use of bolts, straps, screws, nails, steel plates and metal rods. You must then check the wind bracing and tie-down requirements from the plans against the wind bracing table related to the specific wind classification of the project. This is to make sure that the details in the plans are accurate and to pick out any discrepancies between the details in the plans and the wind bracing table. The requirements stated in the image below identify the tie-down requirements for the bracing, including the type of bracing (i.e. galvanised metal angle brace) fixed with galvanized nails. Furthermore, it provides specifications of the location, quantity and methods of installation of these tie-downs. 10

A schedule of the bracing panels and their individual and total wind resistance value usually accompanies this plan. In a set of working drawings, tie-downs or special fixings are mostly shown in the form of a schedule or table that indicates how structural framing members are tied down or fixed to each other from the roof sheeting through to the footing. Check the accuracy of the plan by comparing it against the requirements in the table. Identify non-structural details The vital role of non-structural components Non-structural elements in any building include components such as ducting, pipework, mechanical and electrical plant, cable trays, suspended ceilings, non-load bearing partitions, and cladding systems such as brick veneer. These non-structural details are just as important as the building's structural and architectural aspects as these are concerned with building services, which are essential in providing comfort, functionality, efficiency, and safety. Apart from building services, non-structural details are also concerned with the details in the contract, such as provisional sum and prime cost items. Key aspects of non-structural elements The main non-structural aspects show: - Where services such as plumbing, gas and electricity are located - Where built-in components or appliances will be installed 11

Examples Electrical Plans (NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS) 12

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Residential Drainage Plans (NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS) 13

Prime Cost (PC) vs. Provisional Sum (PS) Two terms that you encounter when dealing with plans, specifications, and contracts are Provisional Sum (PS) and Prime Cost (PC). In general, PS and PC are reasonable allowances made by builders for the different construction items in a building project. The difference between the two is as follows: o Prime Cost (PC) o These are reasonable allowances for the supply and installation of items whose prices cannot be determined at the time the contract is entered. o Provisional Sum (PS) o These are reasonable allowances for the elements of construction work to be carried out and that are not yet defined in detail for builders to be able to establish the cost accurately. o PC and PS items can be defined as follows: o PC items are items that are not yet selected, or whose prices cannot be determined at the time the contract is entered. This requires the builder to make a reasonable allowance (i.e. PC) for the supply and installation of these items. o PS items refer to particular works or services whose cost of carrying out related elements of work (including the supply of materials needed) are not yet defined in detail for builders to establish accurately. This requires the builder to make a reasonable allowance (i.e. PS) for the particular work itself, the supply of materials needed, and other corresponding elements of work involved. Provisional sum item examples 14

A Provisional Sum (PS) is a sum allowed for in the contract to cover the cost of labour and material for work items when the extent of the work (and materials) cannot be accurately determined before construction begins. Examples of PS may include: Structural Steel Rock Excavation Electrical connection (10m allowance Fencing 30m allowance Driveway path conc 42m allowan Gas HWS Smart Wiring Security System Ducted vacuum system Kitchen Jo Laundry Tub Mirrors Shower Screen Estimating PS costs The costs of PS items are estimated using industry-standard construction data, such as: - Enterprise compiled data based on experience. - Costing publications such as the Cordell Housing Building Cost Guide or Rawlinson’s Construction Cost Guide . Prime cost item examples A Prime Cost (PC) item is allowed in the contract to cover the cost of items that the client or architect may not yet have selected. The PC sum may cover the cost of labour and materials for the item but is more likely to cover the cost of the item or material only. Items may include: Floor Tiles Wall Tiles Bricks Entry Door Dishwasher Cooktop Vanities Bath or Spa Owners role in PS and PC allowances For PS and PC items, the owner is responsible for bearing the cost of the prime cost item or provisional sum item as follows: 15

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- If the actual cost is below the PS or PC allowance in the contract, the builder must deduct this amount from the contract price when submitting their next progress claim. - If the actual cost is above the PS or PC allowance in the contract, the builder will include this additional cost in their next progress claim, which the owner is liable to pay. Industry-recognised standard form contracts are available which clearly explain the effect of PS and PC and setting out these separate components in the contract price. The HIA provides these types of contracts, click here (opens in a new tab) to find out more. Key service connections must meet the provider's standards for compliance Building Services Water Supply Drainage Power Supply Gas Supply Energy Distribution HVAC Systems Fire alarm system Building services refer to systems installed in the buildings that provide building occupants with necessities that promote comfort, functionality, efficiency, and safety. These necessities include, but are not limited to, the following: Understanding installation points for building services Installation points of these services are points in the building where the supply for these services to function (e.g. electricity, gas, water) is located. Usually, these points of installation exist at the connection of a fixture and the medium or material used for the supply. For example, for air conditioning to be incorporated into the building, electrical supply is transported through ducting and wires to the air conditioning units. The point of installation for the air conditioning system (i.e. service) is the point where the ducting or wires are connected to the air conditioning unit. 16

Exploring different service connection points Connection points of services to the building may also refer to points usually found outside the building (but within or adjacent to the property) that connect supply from the main supplier or distributor to the building. For example, a utility pole usually found near the building property serves as the connection point for power supply coming from the local power distributor to the building itself. See the below example provided by Western Power, an electricity provider servicing Western Australian residents. Apart from utility poles, other connection points of services include sewer connection points, gas supply connection points, and water supply connection points. Water and sewer connection points are detailed by the service provider, such as Sydney Water. Electricity Provider Connection Point Water Provider Connection Point 17

Wastewater Provider Connection Point The local sewerage authority provides each house or block of land with a sewer connection point (i.e. legal point of discharge). Requirements for service connection points and compliance 18

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Assessing the connection of a property’s main drain to the wastewater provider must comply with AS/NZS 3500.2 Sanitary Plumbing and Drainage, Section 4 Drainage system. It states that a drain can only be connected to the sewer at a point provided by the regulatory authority. It also states that the connection shall not be less than DN100. See the below example for details. Sourced: Victorian Building Authority – Plumbing Practice Note DR06 Requirements for the connection points of services to your property are usually dictated by the specific service provider. You must locate this information from them via standard plans and drawings of each service connection type. This will ensure your connections are compliant with each service provider's requirements. 19

Identify location of fixtures from plans and details of finishes from specifications Examining fixture locations and finish details Two of the non-structural details that you must examine are the location of fixtures and the details of finishes. These two details are important since they are major factors that contribute to the convenience of building occupants and the visual appeal of the building. Identifying location of fixtures from plans Fixtures refer to an object or asset that is permanently affixed or built into a property and cannot be removed without the use of tools. Examples of common building fixtures include the following: o Electrical Installations (e.g. light fittings, sockets) o Fire detection and alarm o Bathroom suite (i.e. shower, tub, sink) o Built-in furniture and cabinetry o HVAC systems o Fixed Partitions o Doors and Windows o Sanitaryware (e.g. water closet, urinal, floor drains) o Plumbing installations (e.g. water supply pipes) Identifying fixture locations in building plans Identifying the location of fixtures from plans follows the same process for locating installation points of services previously discussed. In doing so, you need to refer to the construction plans and take note of the labels and legends. 20

Examine the floor plan of a residential property occupied by the spaces for utility, bath, WC, and others. From the image above, you can immediately locate the fixtures installed in the building by referring to the drawings and the labels. The fixtures installed in the above image are the following: - Wall partitions – These are the thick dark lines that separate the different rooms or spaces in the building - Bath fixtures – these include the basin, the bathtub and shower (refer to red boxes) - Water closet (WC) fixtures – These include the water closet and ensuite (refer to yellow boxes) - Smoke Detector (refer to blue boxes) - Walk-in and built-in robe cabinetry (refer to green boxes) - Doors (refer to purple circles) - Windows (refer to orange circles) Identifying details of finishes from specifications Finishes refer to applications such as painting, varnishing, plastering, and others to protect building components from the damaging effects of rain and heat. Additionally, they provide decorative effects to improve the appearance of the building. They are applied during the final parts of the construction of the building. 21

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Take note that, sometimes, materials that may be categorised as finishes may be under a different categorization. Such is the case with plasters. While they may be categorised as building finish, they may also be considered as building lining. Other building finishes Other building finishes include: - Painting, Wallpapers, Tiles (e.g. ceramic, stone), Windows, Glass & Resin Flooring Deciphering specifications for building finishes In identifying details of finishes from specifications, you must refer to the section in the specifications document that covers the specifications for finishes. A sample list of specifications for the commercial project previously noted is listed below to provide an example of the finishes details that specifications include: A6 Tilt-up panels  Construct casting beds to location and levels as required on-site  Supply and erect formwork to panels as per panel drawings  Supply and install all cast-ins including weld plates, lifting lugs, bracing anchors, and any other requirement  Install 500mm wide x 1.0m deep “dead men” anchors for panel bracing  Allow for bracing to remain in place until the roof structural steel structure is complete  Allow for cranage for panel installation  Complete works as per relevant WHS requirements. A7 Aluminium Window and Sliding Doors Supply for carpenter to install into wall frames all aluminium window and door frames. Size and configuration of frames to be as shown on the drawings, acrylic coloured finish, and fitted timber reveal linings. A8 Carpentry and Joinery work All wall and roof framing to be carried out in accordance with the current requirements of AS1684.  Build wall framing as per details.  Construct roof framing as per details.  Eaves soffits to be lined with 4.5mm Hardiflex FRCB. Hardiflex linings to have PVC jointing. Finish against walls with 25mm quadrant mould. 22

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 Prefabricated timber door frames to Retail Entry doors and Office doors. Private quarter entry doors as per client supply.  Provide 19mm quadrant mouldings to timber door frames externally.  Internal door linings throughout - use 110 x 32 with 32 x12 door stop.  All windows to have linings internally.  Architraves throughout to be Colonial Style 70 X 19.  Skirting throughout to be Colonial Style 90 X 19.  Internal doors throughout to be “Readycoat” Colonial style preformed moulded doors. All doors to be fitted with appropriate knob style latch set and pair of zinc plated loose pin hinges. Cavity sliding door sets to be installed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.  To all swing doors provide plastic buffer stops. References Australian Building Codes Board 2022, National Construction Code 2022, Australian Building Codes Board under the CC BY 4.0(opens in a new tab) licence, accessed 15 December 2023 <https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/editions/ncc-2022>(opens in a new tab) Australian Building Codes Board 2022, Understanding the NCC – Building Classifications , Australian Building Codes Board under the CC BY 4.0(opens in a new tab) licence, accessed 15 December 2023 <https://www.abcb.gov.au/sites/default/files/resources/2022/UTNCC-Building- classifications.PDF>(opens in a new tab) Standards Australia (n.d.), Construction, Standards Australia, access 15 December 2023 < https://store.standards.org.au/explore-standards/construction(opens in a new tab) > Designing Buildings Ltd. 2023, Computer aided design CAD, Designing Buildings Ltd, accessed 15 December 2023 23

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< https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Computer_aided_design_CAD(opens in a new tab) > SourceCAD 2019, AutoCAD basic tutorial for beginners – Part 1 of 3, SourceCAD; YouTube, viewed 15 December 2023 < https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=cmR9cfWJRUU(opens in a new tab) > Novatr 2022, The Power of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in Architecture and Construction | Novatr, Novatr; YouTube, viewed 15 December 2023 < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UODDUz4ftZk(opens in a new tab) > The Constructor (n.d.), Different Types of Building Plans, The Constructor, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/building-plans- types/24963/(opens in a new tab) > B Sheridan 2021, Simple orthographic drawing of a house, B Sheridan; YouTube, viewed 15 December 2023 < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGn- zoaIe5Q(opens in a new tab) > SAI Global (n.d.), AS 1100.301-2008 Technical drawing – Architectural drawing, SAI Global, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-au/standards/as-1100-301-2008- 128770_SAIG_AS_AS_275241/(opens in a new tab) > First in Architecture (n.d.), Understanding scales and scale drawings,, First In Architecture, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/understanding-scales-and-scale-drawings/ (opens in a new tab) > tecmath 2009, How to read a house plan, tecmath; YouTube, viewed 15 December 2023 < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tijB0FyZS1U(opens in a new tab) > My Building Buddy 2016, Australian height datum explained, My Building Buddy; YouTube, viewed 15 December 2023 < https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=fotDOQFAf1w&t=213s(opens in a new tab) > BUILD (n.d.), Floor plan abbreviations and symbols, Connection Magazines, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://build.com.au/floor-plan-abbreviations-and- symbols(opens in a new tab) > YourHome 2020, Cladding Systems, Australian Government; Commonwealth of Australia, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/cladding-systems(opens in a new tab) > Housing Industry Association (n.d.), HIA Contracts, Housing Industry Association, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://hia.com.au/contracts/(opens in a new tab) > Western Power 2023, All Connect to the network FAQs, Electricity Networks Corporation T/A Western Power, accessed 15 December 2023 24

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< https://www.westernpower.com.au/resources-education/faqs/connect-to-the- network/(opens in a new tab) > Sydney Water 2023, Connections, Sydney Water, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://www.sydneywater.com.au/your-home/moving-renovating-building/ connections.html(opens in a new tab) > Victorian Building Authority 2023, Plumbing Practice Note – Drainage DR 06; Boundary Traps, State of Victoria, Victorian Building Authority, accessed 15 December 2023 < https://www.vba.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/170596/Plumbing-DR-06- Boundary-Traps-CURRENT-25-Sept-2023.pdf(opens in a new tab) > 25

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