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5 maintenance requirements of fire doors A1-3.2 11 That type of construction in which bearing walls or bearing portions of walls are of non-combustible materials having a minimum fire resistance of 2 hours, as well as, stability under fire conditions. Non-bearing exterior walls must also be of non-combustible construction; columns, beams and girders are commonly heavy timber, solid or laminated; floor and roof construction are of wood without concealed spaces. Where concealed spaces are allowed, they must be tightly closed by wood cover plates in accordance with detailed construction limitations. The minimum of 2-hr resistance of bearing walls may be increased where required in individual properties, depending on the occupancy and fire exposure hazard, non-bearing exterior walls may be required to have a minimum degree of fire resistance, depending on similar factors Heavy timber construction is quite rare and is only found in existing old buildings; however, many of its features may be found in modern buildings which were built using laminated (glued and spiked) timber beams even to the use of the “self-releasing” feature. These modern buildings may be classed as heavy timber construction in some cases because, like the truly “heavy timber” building, they will burn slowly and thereby have resistance to early collapse, unlike a steel building 5 maintenance requirements of fire doors A1-3.2 11 .1 Hardware should be examined frequently and any parts found to be inoperative should be repaired or replaced immediately. Hinges, catches, closers, latches, and the like are especially subject to wear. 2. In damp conditions, inspect periodically for physical deterioration. 3. Door openings and the surrounding areas should be kept clear of everything that would be likely to obstruct of interfere with the free operation of the door. If necessary, a barrier should be built to prevent the piling of material against sliding doors. 4. Blocking or wedging of the doors in the open position must not be permitted. 5. Closing devices should be kept in proper working condition at all times. The area under suspended weights should be kept clear . 6. Doors normally held in the open position and equipped with automatic closing devices should be operated at frequent intervals to ensure proper operation. 7. Fusible links or other heat actuated devices should not be painted. If so, they should be replaced- immediately. 8. Broken or damaged glass lights (panels) should be replaced with labelled wired glass, at least 6.4 mm (1/4”) thick.

9. A common cause of fire door damage is lift trucks. Any damage caused by a lift truck should be immediately repaired and barriers should be provided to prevent further damage. Installation requirements for underground natural gas A1- 5.1 27 Natural gas is delivered to the property/consumer are relatively low pressure usually in underground steel pipes Underground Piping 1. Piping should be located not less than 400mm (15”) underground or 600mm (24”) under commercial driveways and parking lots. 2. Minimum normal pipe diameter of not less than 13mm (1/2”). 3. Not pass below foundations, walls or under buildings. 4. Piping entering a building shall rise above grade before entry, except with permission of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). 5. Watertight seal at entry points of outside walls below grade. 6. Piping should be protected against corrosion. General Installation Requirements 1. Tanks are kept properly painted. 2. Relief valves are provided. 3. Excess flow valves or back check valves be provided on all tank openings. 4. Be provided with liquid level gauges. 5. Be suitably protected if installed underground . a. Protective coating on the exterior surface. b. Set on firm ground surrounded by clean sand or earth. c. Securely anchored where flooding conditions may occur. d. Corrosion control monitoring shall be done on an annual basis. e. The minimum soil cover shall be in accordance with Table 3.

Composition and function of a mercury bulb in modern thermostat A1-5.2 3 Mercury Bulb: A more modern thermostat consists of a small glass bulb with a small amount of mercury inside. The bulb is attached it a bimetallic element which has been twisted into a spiral shape. Instead of electrical contacts, two bare wires are inserted into the bulb at one end. There is a small air space between the wires and this prevents electricity from jumping from one wire to the other. These wires take the place of the contacts previously discussed in the other type of thermostat. Note: As long as the mercury is located at the opposite end of the bulb, nothing happens. In order to call for heat, the bulb has to tilt so that the mercury will slide to the other side of the bulb and cover the two wires. The position of the bulb can be manually adjusted by means of a small lever connected to the bimetallic strip. As the room warms up, so does the thermostat (including the bimetallic element). Since it is in the shape of a spiral, it twists as it expands. This twisting causes the bulb to tilt to the other side and soon the mercury slides away from the two wires. When this happens, electricity can no longer flow to the heating system and it therefore shuts down. Properties of aluminum wire problems and warning signs A1-6.1 5 It is important to keep the following four properties in mind, when considering some of the problems associated with aluminum wire: 1• Aluminum wire is softer than copper wire and is therefore more easily damaged. 2• Aluminum wire will melt at a temperature of 660°C (1220°F) compared to 1083°C (1982°F) for copper. 3• Aluminum wire has a slightly higher resistance than copper wire which means that larger wire must be used. For example, when wiring residential homes either 14 gauge copper wire or 12

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gauge aluminum wire is required for wiring of receptacles. 4• Aluminum wire will “cold flow” under pressure. Therefore, wire which is compressed under a screw will cold flow and after a period of time the wire size will reduce, which will cause heating and the actual connection becomes loose and can result in arching. CO/ALR receptacles or connectors should be used and great care exercised in the installation. Warning Signs In copper and aluminum wire installations there are some possible warning signs which may indicate potential problems. If any of the following signs are evident, then a qualified electrician should check the system: • Wall outlets that are no longer working or that become overheated, discoloured, or give off a burning odour. • Baseboard electric heaters that fail to work, or give off a burning odour. • Fuses that blow or circuit breakers that trip frequently. • Unusually warm switch or receptacle face plates. Characteristics of explosion proof equipment in type 1 atmosphere A1-6.2 3 Class I Atmosphere This atmosphere is one which involves flammable gases and vapours. The electrical equipment designed for this particular atmosphere is often referred to as explosion proof. This refers to the ability of the equipment to withstand an internal explosion, if it occurs Explosion-proof equipment has the following characteristics: A1-6.2 3 1. They must be strong enough to withstand the pressures developed by internal explosions without bursting. For strength, cast iron or aluminum alloys are generally used for housings. Explosive pressures in a junction box may reach 125 psi. The equipment however, must be capable of withstanding four times that pressure, or 500 psi (4:1 safety factor). 2. It must be flame-tight, to keep hot gases resulting from the explosion from igniting an explosive

atmosphere outside the enclosure. To ensure flame-tightness, the enclosure may have bolted flat joints or threaded joints . In either case, the purpose is to provide a long enough passage so that after an explosion occurs inside the enclosure, the exhaust gases pass harmlessly through the joints, cooling as they pass. The joints (with some exceptions) must be metal-to-metal. That is, they cannot any gaskets. Flat Joints: are designed to very close tolerances. This ensures that flames will not pass through the joint at any time during the explosion In addition, the joint is designed so that as the hot gases produced by an internal explosion pass through the joint, enough heat is absorbed by the metal surfaces to sufficiently cool the escaping gases. In this way, they will not ignite the surrounding atmosphere Threaded Joints: are considered to be flame-tight, when 5 of more full threads are engaged. They work in much in the same way as flat joints in cooling the hot gases produced by an internal explosion. The gases must travel around and around the threads in order to escape to the outside. As they do, much of the heat is lost to the surrounding metal Flashpoint explained A1-7.1 2 the lowest temperature at which a liquid (usually a petroleum product) will form a vapour in the air near its surface that will “flash,” or briefly ignite, on exposure to an open flame. The flashpoint is one of the most important properties of flammable and combustible liquids, the lower the flashpoint, the easier the ignition and the greater the fire hazard. The flashpoint is therefore a distinctive characteristic of each flammable or combustible liquid or of mixtures of them Define ignition temp A1-7.1 6  The ignition temperature is the “minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self- sustained combustion in any substance in the absence of a spark of flame”  . The ignition temperatures of most flammable liquids are well in the hundreds of degrees, i.e. Acetone 465°C (869°F) and Methyl Alcohol 385°C (725°F).  For this reason, ignition temperature is generally not considered a vital characteristic of a flammable liquid, unlike its flashpoint, which is much lower.  The reason being it is uncommon to have normal ambient temperatures so high as to worry about ignition temperatures.

Cutoff room vs inside room for flammable liquid A1-7.2 12 A cut-off room is one which has at least one exterior wall, although it is preferable if constructed in the corner of a building, so that two of the room walls are common to two of the exterior building walls It is extremely desirable that cut-off storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids be located at grade level. Limited storage above or below grade is allowed under certain circumstances depending on the Class of liquid and fire protection available. Inside Rooms: An inside storage room is one which is totally enclosed within the building having no exterior walls. Most of the requirements described for cut-off rooms also apply to Inside Rooms, except that: 1. Explosion venting is not required for inside rooms, if all requirements are adhered to, even though Class I liquids may be dispensed; 2. the quantity per area [m2 -ft2 ] and the total amount of storage is directly dependant on the fire resistance rating of the room and whether or not an extinguishing system is provided (Table 2); and 3. a clear aisle at least 1m (3’) wide must be maintained and no container should be more than 114L (25 gal.) capacity containing Class I or II liquids should not be stored more than one container high. Hot work safety precautions A1-8.1 3 Hot Work” is an industrial term used when working with ignition sources, such as Welding, Cutting and Grinding, near flammable materials. Fires are often the result of the “quick” jobs in areas not intended for the purpose. The following are some precautions to take when working near combustible materials: • Make sure that all equipment is in good operating order before work starts . • Inspect the work area thoroughly before starting. Look for combustible materials in structures (partitions, walls, ceilings). • Sweep clean any combustible materials on floors around the work zone. Combustible floors must be kept wet or covered with fire resistant blankets or damp sand. • Use water only if electrical circuits have been de-energized to prevent electrical shock. Wetting down wooden floors or walls where sparks may land. • Move all combustible materials away from the work area.

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• If combustibles cannot be moved, cover them with fire resistant blankets or shields. Protect gas lines and equipment from falling sparks, hot materials and objects. • Block off cracks between floorboards, along baseboards and walls, and under door openings, with a fire resistant material. Close doors and windows. • Cover wall or ceiling surfaces with a fire resistant and heat insulating material (i.e. blanket) to prevent ignition and accumulation of heat. • Vacuum away combustible debris from inside ventilation or other service duct openings to prevent ignition. Cover duct openings with a fire resistant barrier and inspect the ducts after work has concluded. • Providing a trained Fire Watcher equipped with a suitable extinguisher (refer to A1 9.1 Portable Fire Extinguishers) within the work area during welding and for at least 30 minutes after work has stopped to ensure that wall surfaces, studs, wires, dirt, sparks and slag do not cause fires (Most welding and cutting fires become visible 15 to 20 minutes after the job has finished). • Comply with the required legislation and standards applicable to your workplace. Describe operations of alarm valve wet pipe sprinkler system A1-9.4 12 . Alarm Valve: These types of sprinkler systems have an alarm bell which is actuated by the “alarm valve”. When a sprinkler over a fire operates, it automatically releases the water from the piping and a flow of water begins, supplied from a source such as municipal water supply, fire pump and reservoir, gravity tank, etc. As this water flows through the alarm valve, it lifts the “clapper” which covers the pilot valve”. As this pilot valve opens, water flows from the alarm valve via the alarm line connection to the outside water motor gong and/or to an electrical pressure switch connected to an electric bell Properties, practical uses, and limitations of co2 automatic fire suppression system A1-8.3 14 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems: CO2 is a colorless, odourless, electrically non-conductive inert gas. It extinguishes fire by reducing the concentration of oxygen and/or the gaseous phase of the fuel in the air to the point where combustion stops. The extinguishing system should be designed so that upon actuation, the fuel supply or power to the cooking equipment will automatically shut-off as well as exhaust fans associated with the cooking equipment.

The latter is required in order to prevent the extinguishing agent from being sucked up into the duct and thereby reducing the CO2 concentration on the cooking surface. Because of this, CO2 has been and is being used for fire protection in a number of hazard situations. One drawback to using carbon dioxide, however, is that its mechanism of fire suppression is through oxygen dilution, As CO2 works by displacing the oxygen around the fire, it is not suitable for outdoor use, or in environments exposed to windy conditions . CO2 is a high pressured extinguisher. Using it on class A fires or class F fires could cause the fire to spread Where are CO2 fire suppression systems used? Large marine engine room systems may require as much as 20,000 lb of carbon dioxide per system. Carbon dioxide fire suppression systems are currently being used by the U.S. Navy and in commercial shipping applications . The steel and aluminum industries also rely heavily on carbon dioxide fire protection Why is CO2 the recommended extinguisher for health care? A C02 fire extinguisher's suppressing agent allows combatting class B (flammable liquid fires) & E (energised electrical fires) . This makes the C02 fire extinguishers a popular choice for areas with electronics such as server rooms, offices, schools, hospitals, and laboratories. Also for the ignition temp question, why is it not a vital characteristic of flammable liquids A1-7.1 6 The ignition temperatures of most flammable liquids are well in the hundreds of degrees, i.e. Acetone 465°C (869°F) and Methyl Alcohol 385°C (725°F). For this reason, ignition temperature is generally not considered a vital characteristic of a flammable liquid, unlike its flashpoint, which is much lower. The reason being it is uncommon to have normal ambient temperatures so high as to worry about ignition temperatures.

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I had a 10 mark question on how to calculate distance between buildings A1-3.1 7 Exposure from Buildings of Greater or Equal Height When one building is exposed by another building of greater or equal height, only the thermal radiation from walls or wall openings of the exposing building is considered. Separation distances must be determined such that the ignition of the exposed building or its contents is unlikely ASSUMING NO MEANS OF PROTECTION ARE INSTALLED IN EITHER BUILDING. Calculation of Minimum Separation Distance 1. Determine the Classification of Severity of the exposure. Three levels of exposure severity are assumed: light, moderate, and severe. Two of the important properties that influence fire severity are: a) The average combustible load per unit of floor area form Table 4.3.5.2 (a). b) The characteristics of and average flame spread rating of the interior walls and ceilings from Table 4.3.5.2 (b). 2. Calculate the width/height ratio of the exposing building façade (wall area). 3. Determine the percent of openings in the exposing wall area. This percentage of the exposing wall made up of doors, windows or other openings. Walls without the ability to withstand fire penetration for more than 20 minutes should be treated as having 100% openings. 4. Chose the correct guide number from Table 4.3.73. 5. To obtain the necessary separation distance between the two buildings, the guide number should be multiplied by the lesser dimension of width or height and 1.5 m (5 ft.) is added to account for the horizontal projection for flames from windows and partly to guard against the risk of ignition by direct flame impingement where small separations are involved. 10 mark question on how to test fire extinguishers A1-9.1 4 Hydrostatic Testing of Portable Fire Extinguishers: The test basically consists of filling the extinguisher with water (after all traces of the original contents have been removed) and pressurizing to a specific pressure and maintaining that pressure for 1 minute. The purpose of hydrostatic testing is to protect against failure due to: 1. Undetected internal corrosion caused by moisture in the extinguisher; 2. External corrosion caused by atmospheric humidity or corrosive vapours; 3. Damage caused by rough handling; 4. Manufacturing flaws in the construction of the extinguisher;

5. Exposure of the extinguisher to abnormal heat, as after exposure in a fire. All portable fire extinguishers must be hydrostatically tested every 5 to 12 years, as in accordance with NFPA 10 (2010), Portable Fire Extinguishers, chapter 8. Any extinguisher shell that fails this test must be destroyed. Hydrostatic test records must be inscribed on the extinguisher. In some cases, the information is stamped directly onto the extinguisher shell. In others, it is recorded on a special label which is affixed to the shell. The label must include certain information such as the month and year the test was performed; the test pressure used; and the name or initials of the technician or name of the company conducting the test. Note: The pump tank extinguisher does not require a hydrostatic test since it is never pressurized, even during its operation.  Confirm the extinguisher is visible, unobstructed, and in its designated location.  Verify the locking pin is intact and the tamper seal is unbroken. Examine the extinguisher for obvious physical damage, corrosion, leakage, or clogged nozzle.  Confirm the pressure gauge or indicator is in the operable range or position, and lift the extinguisher to ensure it is still full.  Make sure the operating instructions on the nameplate are legible and facing outward.  Check the last professional service date on the tag. (A licensed fire extinguisher maintenance contractor must have inspected the extinguisher within the past 12 months.)  Initial and date the back of the tag. 10 mark question on different types of sprinklers A1-9.4 7 Types of Sprinklers There are several types of sprinkler designs; however, the most common in use are the 1 ) Upright: this type of sprinkler is designed to be installed in the upright position, so that the water discharged is directed upward against the deflector, which evenly distributes the water over the protected area. 2) Pendant is designed to be installed with the deflector in the pendant position. As such, the water stream is directed downward against the deflector which, like the SSU, evenly distributes the water over the protected area. Both the SSU and the SSP sprinklers (in use since 1953) produce a fine water droplet, which is very effective in extinguishing most fires 3) Sidewall sprinklers Are designed to discharge most of the water away from a nearby wall with only a small portion of the discharge directed at the wall behind the sprinkler. It is recommended that Sidewall Sprinklers be installed only in Light Hazard occupancies, as the discharge characteristics are inferior to those of upright or pendant type.

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Other types of Sprinklers A1-9.4 9 Old Style sprinklers were widely used from about 1890 to 1953. They were designed to be installed in either the upright or pendant position but only discharged approx. 40 to 60 percent of the water downward. The rest of the water went upward, bounced off the ceiling and fell to the floor right under the sprinkler as relatively large droplets. In 1952, the “old style” sprinkler was replaced in all new installations with the SSU and SSP styles. Corrosion Resistant: sprinklers have a special coating or plating (such as wax) for use in an area where there is a corrosive atmosphere, such as a chemical plant. Fine Spray: produces an extremely fine droplet which is much smaller than that from an ordinary sprinkler. This sprinkler is commonly found protecting special hazards such as electrical transformers. One example of a fine spray sprinkler is the Protectospray® manufactured by Grinnell. Window Sprinkler : protect a window from an exposure fire. This type of nozzle is used either on a special type of sprinkler system called a Deluge System or is controlled by a separate manually operated valve, which must be opened when the fire occurs. Flush Sprinkler: is a special type of pendant sprinkler which are installed with all or part of the sprinkler mounted above the lower plate of the ceiling. Concealed Sprinkler : is one that is installed above the lower plane of the ceiling, behind a special cover plate. This cover plate is held in place by a fusible link which operates at a temperature lower than the sprinkler itself. 10 mark on cut off rooms A1-7.2 12 Cut-off Rooms A cut-off room is one which has at least one exterior wall, although it is preferable if constructed in the corner of a building, so that two of the room walls are common to two of the exterior building walls. All flammable liquids rooms should be easily accessible to fire fighting. From a fire safety standpoint, rooms located in corners of buildings can be easily adapted to meet this requirement . From an economic standpoint this location is desirable as only two interior fire resistive walls are required. Also, explosion venting can be incorporated into the exterior walls. From a management point of view, such a location is advantageous in that incoming shipments of flammables can be handled without having to transport them through the plant area. Note: It is extremely desirable that cut-off storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids be located at grade level. Limited storage above or below grade is allowed under certain circumstances depending on the Class of liquid and fire protection available. It must be remembered that storage at other than grade level would limit fire fighting access and may also restrict the provision of adequate ventilation. At no time shall Class I liquids be stored in basement areas.

The construction cut-off rooms should meet the following requirements: 1. Exterior Walls: Any exterior will which exposes other portions of the buildings or other properties must have a fire resistance rating of not less than 2 hours. In addition, any opening in that exposing wall must be protected by a 1 ½ hour exterior fire door. 2. Interior Ceilings and Walls: The fire resistance rating of interior walls, ceilings and floors depends on the size of the room. If the room is greater than 13.9m2 (150 ft2 ) but less than 46.5m2 (500 ft2 ), a 2 hour rating is required, where as a minimum 1 hour rating is required for rooms which are 13.9m2 (150 ft2 ) or less. All interior walls are required to be liquid-tight at the floor level. 3. Interior Wall Openings: Openings in interior walls rated at 2 hours must be protected with self closing 1 ½ hour rated doors. If the walls are rated at 1 hour, a 3/4 hour rated door should be provided and if rated at 4 hours, a 3 hour rated door should be provided. 10 mark on classes of equipment and fire hazards A1-9.1 2 Extinguisher Classification System The classification of fire extinguishers consists of a letter that indicates the class of fire on which a fire extinguisher has been found to be effective. There are currently five classes of fires (A, B, C, D and K): CLASS A: Fires in ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics. Class A fires tend to produce burning embers of coals (Figure 1). CLASS B: Fires in flammable or combustible liquids, oils, greases and flammable gases. Class B fires are usually surface burning fires and tend to be more severe than Class A fires (Figure 2). CLASS C: Fires involving energized electrical equipment. Not only is there a fire hazard but a shock hazard as well. Therefore, electrically non-conductive extinguishing agents developed specifically for this class of fire. CLASS D: Fires in combustible metals as magnesium, sodium, potassium, and aluminum. Class D fires require special extinguishing agents developed specifically for this class of fire . CLASS K: Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media, such as vegetable or animal oils and fats. Some potable extinguishers will put out one type of fire and some are suitable for two or even three (Table 1), but none are suitable for all five classes. 1. Sprinkler types

3 separate questions about ignition and combustibility They asked about the temperature for a bunch of stuff and my options were like 840, 890, 450, 440 A1-7.1 6 Ignition Temperature The ignition temperature is the “minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion in any substance in the absence of a spark of flame”. The ignition temperatures of most flammable liquids are well in the hundreds of degrees, i.e. Acetone 465°C (869°F) and Methyl Alcohol 385°C (725°F). For this reason, ignition temperature is generally not considered a vital characteristic of a flammable liquid, unlike its flashpoint, which is much lower. The reason being it is uncommon to have normal ambient temperatures so high as to worry about ignition temperatures. Test in Canada In Canada there is a specific test design criteria to determine non-combustibility. According to rigid criteria maximum temperature rise under test should not exceed 18° C (65°F), no flaming after 30 seconds and maximum weight loss not exceed 20%. Combustion Is defined a rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process, accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying intensities. One exception to the rule, involves hydrogen gas, which burns with an invisible flame. Flame temperatures are in the thousands of degrees and this explains how the process of combustion maintains itself. The heat from the flames raises the liquid to its flashpoint, thus giving off ignitable vapours. These vapours are in turn heated to their ignition temperature and ignite. More vapours are produced and so on Oh, I had a 10 one where it was asking what the regulations are for hooking up a gas line to an appliance above ground A1-5.1 30 Since propane is a gas under pressure in its liquid form, special provisions must made for both storage and handling. Particular attention should be given to the location of the tanks or cylinders with respect to adjacent buildings, potential fire exposures and property lines. General Installation Requirements 1. Tanks are kept properly painted. 2. Relief valves are provided. 3. Excess flow valves or back check valves be provided on all tank openings. 4. Be provided with liquid level gauges. 5. Be suitably protected if installed underground . a. Protective coating on the exterior surface. b. Set on firm ground surrounded by clean sand or earth. c. Securely anchored where flooding conditions may occur. d. Corrosion control monitoring shall be done on an annual basis

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Note: All piping is required to be pressure tested both before and after appliances have been connected. Test pressure and duration vary according to working pressure, pipe diameter and length or pipe. All appliances, accessories, components, equipment, and materials used in installations are required to be of a type and rating. 2. -ten mark question about heavy timber -5 mark long answer about outside tank installation A1- 5.1 9 Outdoor Tanks Installed Aboveground – Location and Protection 1. Not more than 10 containers having a combined total capacity of 230L (50 Gallons) shall be stored above the ground level outside any building. A maximum of 1250L (275 Gallons) may be stored to supply standby electric generators, if acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. 2. A supply tank with a capacity of 2500L (550 Gallons) or less or a maximum of two tanks with a total capacity of 2500L (550 Gallons) or less, may be installed outdoors at the ground level adjacent to: (a) A detached building unit. ( b) Individual units of a multiple building unit, where each individual unit is separated from the adjacent individual units by a fire separation having at least a 1 hour fire-resistance rating. 3. Multiple supply tanks with a total capacity greater than 2500L (550 Gallons) but not exceeding a total capacity of 5000L (1100 Gallons) installed outdoors at the ground level shall be at least 1.5m (5ft) from: (a) A detached building unit. (b) Individual units of a multiple building unit, where each individual unit is separated from the adjacent individual units by a fire separation having at least a 1 hour fire-resistance rating. SCM- The School of Loss Control Technology A1-5.1 9 4. Single and multiple supply tanks as permitted installed outdoors shall be: (a) Protected from physical damage. (b) Located not less than 1.5m (5ft) from the line of adjoining property, unless otherwise permitted by the authority having jurisdiction. 5. A supply tank with a capacity of 2500L (550 Gallons) or less, or multiple supply tanks with a total capacity of 2500L (550 Gallons) but not exceeding a total capacity of 5000L (1100 Gallons) shall be provided with: (a) A secondary containment designed for outdoor use, having a capacity at least equal to that of the largest surrounded tank. ( b) A double bottom with interstitial monitoring between the steel walls, unless the supply tank is a non- metallic tank in compliance with ULC ORD-C80.1.

6. When a tank is not located in an area separated from vehicular movement or is not otherwise protected by its location, the tank, its equipment and the piping attached to it shall be protected from damage in accordance with good engineering practice. 7. A tank shall be located and operated so that the temperature of the oil in the tank will not exceed 38 °C (100 °F) or it shall be located in accordance with the National Fire Code of Canada for class 1 products. -5 mark long answer on flash point and flammable liquids A1-7.1 5 Flammable Liquid A flammable liquid is defined as a liquid having a flash point (FP) below 37.8°C (100°F). Flammable liquids are usually referred to as Class I liquids. They are subdivided into Classes IA, IB and IC depending on their flash point and, in some instances, boiling point (BP). Class IA: FP < than 22.8°C (73°F) / BP < than 37.8°C (100°F) [Pentane, Ethyl Ether] Class IB: FP < than 22.8°C (73°F) / BP at or > 37.8°C (100°F) [Gasoline, Acetone, Ethyl Alcohol] Class IC: FP at or > 22.8°C (73°F), but < than 37.8°C (100°F) [Styrene, Xylene] -10 mark long answer about alarm check valve wet pipe sprinkler A1-9.4 13 4. Alarm Devices: Next is main sprinkler valve, of which there are many different types, but two are most common. They are the Alarm Check Valve for WET sprinkler systems and the Dry Pipe Valve, for DRY sprinkler systems. Both accomplish the same thing, but are used in different types of occupancies. When water starts flowing through the piping, the alarm device senses the movement and sounds an alarm There are basically two types of wet pipe sprinkler systems encountered today in buildings: 1. Alarm Valve: These types of sprinkler systems have an alarm bell which is actuated by the “alarm valve”. When a sprinkler over a fire operates, it automatically releases the water from the piping and a flow of water begins, supplied from a source such as municipal water supply, fire pump and reservoir, gravity tank, etc. As this water flows through the alarm valve, it lifts the “clapper” which covers the pilot valve”. 2. As this pilot valve opens, water flows from the alarm valve via the alarm line connection to the outside water motor gong and/or to an electrical pressure switch connected to an electric bell (see Figure 11). An indicating control valve is provided to shut off the water supply to the alarm valve. A drain valve, through which the whole piping system can be drained, is provided above the alarm valve clapper. 3. Other features or auxiliary trim are shown in Figure 11 and include a “fire department pumper connection” through which the fire department can pump supplementary water into the system; pressure gauges and an “excess pressure pump” which is used to increase pressure above the alarm

valve thus preventing surges in the municipal water main from momentarily opening the alarm valve and causing a false alarm. -10 mark application questions both about sprinklers. this guy has a warehouse with bikes and bats and want to put a sprinkler, list three characteristics he should consider A1-9.4 19 When considering water supply problems, the performance of sprinklers, dry-pipe or wet systems, or special arrangements of sprinkler protection, the designation “sprinkler system” applies to the sprinklers controlled by a water supply valve. Under this definition large buildings require several sprinkler systems, and a single water system may supply a number of sprinkler systems. The fundamentals of sprinkler protection evolve around the principle of the automatic discharge of water in sufficient density to control or extinguish a fire in its incipiency. In planning for a system that fulfills this objective, many factors must be considered. They can, however, be broadly grouped into four categories: 1) The sprinkler system itself 2) Features of building construction. 3) Hazards of occupancy and/or commodity, and 4) Available water supplies. -10 mark application question on CO2 automatic extinguishing system. This lady has a computer room and wants a CO2 system. List the properties, uses, limitations of such a system A1-9.2 3 General Properties Carbon dioxide is a non-combustible gas which does not react with most substances. It is easily liquefied by compression, thereby allowing a large volume of gas to be stored in a relatively small container. Extinguishing Properties effectiveness of CO2 in putting out fires is mainly due to the fact that it reduces the amount of oxygen in the air to a point where combustion cannot be sustained. For most materials this occurs when the oxygen is reduced from the normal 21% to approx. 15%. However, some materials are not extinguished until the oxygen level is reduced to approximately 6%. Much higher concentrations of CO2 are required in order to reduce the oxygen concentration to these lower levels. For example, a 55% CO2 concentration is required to extinguish an acetylene fire and only 25% to extinguish a methane fire

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Uses and Limitations Carbon Dioxide can be used to extinguish fires in practically all combustible materials. It’s most wide spread use is in extinguishing flammable and combustible liquid fires. As CO2 is electrically nonconductive and non-corrosive is can also be used extensively for protection of electrical equipment. Carbon dioxide, being a gas, can penetrate and spread to all parts of a hazard to extinguish a fire, but can also be easily dissipated. Carbon dioxide is not an effective extinguishing agent on materials that contain their own oxygen supply or on metals such as magnesium which can decompose CO2. The discharge of liquid carbon dioxide is known to produce electrostatic charges that, under certain conditions, could create a spark. (See NFPA 77). CO2 does not extinguish fire where the following materials are actively involved in the combustion process: 1. Chemicals containing their own oxygen supply, such as cellulose nitrate. 2. Reactive metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, and zirconium. 3. Metal hydrides. While carbon dioxide does not extinguish these fires, it does not react dangerously with these materials or increase their burning rate. Automatic fire-extinguishing systems shall be installed in accordance with the terms of their listing, the manufacturer’s instructions, and with the most recent issue of the following standards, where applicable: • NFPA 12 Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems: CO2 is a colorless, odourless, electrically non-conductive inert gas. It extinguishes fire by reducing the concentration of oxygen and/or the gaseous phase of the fuel in the air to the point where combustion stops. The extinguishing system should be designed so that upon actuation, the fuel supply or power to the cooking equipment will automatically shut-off as well as exhaust fans associated with the cooking equipment. The latter is required in order to prevent the extinguishing agent from being sucked up into the duct and thereby reducing the CO2 concentration on the cooking surface. 3. 40 mc and 16 long answer, a mix of 5 and 10 marks for the long answer 4. Like I didn't study that long tank storage and installation chapter because I was like there's no way I can get this. And there was only the 5 mark long answer and maybe 2 mc about it for me

I said 5 mark question about underground installation but I was wrong it was underground storage A1-5.1 16 Storage tanks installed underground should be double-walled construction. Location 1. Underground storage tanks should be located so that loads from building foundations and supports are not transmitted to the tank. 2. Underground storage tanks should be separated by a horizontal distance of not less than: i) 600mm (24”) from adjacent underground tanks or structures. ii) 1.0m (3ft) from a building foundation or a street line. iii) 1.5m (5ft) from other property lines. Installation 1. Underground storage tanks should not be placed in direct contact with reinforced concrete slabs but should be separated by not less than 150mm (6”) of sand or other suitable material to evenly distribute the weight of the tank on the supporting base. 2. Underground storage tanks should be protected against hydrostatic forces that can cause the uplift of the tank once empty. This can be accomplished using anchors or ground straps. Where anchors and ground straps are used to resist the uplift forces, they shall be electrically isolated from the tank and installed in such a manner that they do not damage the tank’s shell, protective coating, fittings or anodes. 3. Underground steel storage tanks shall be installed in accordance with Appendix A of CAN/ULCS603.1, “External Corrosion Protection Systems for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids”. 4. Underground reinforced plastic storage tanks shall be installed in conformance with Appendix A of ULC-S615, “Reinforced Plastic Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids”. 5. I had 53 questions, 13 were either 5 or 10 mark questions. 6. 10 mark question on S fuses A1-6.1 11 Type “S” Fuses This fuse comes in two parts; an inner plug which is renewable and an outer jacket which is permanently installed. If the two halves are screwed together they can be inserted into a fuse receptacle as a unit. Once in place the inner plug can be removed, but the outer jacket remains in the socket and locked in by a spike or barb in the jacket.

This jacket has threads which match the inner plug and the outer jacket will only receive inner plugs with the same amperage rating as itself. Type “S” fuses have the same “slow blow” features as the Type “D” with all its advantages and the outer jacket also has sharp cutting teeth at its openings to cut off any aluminum foil used to bridge the fuse. Placing a penny or slug in the jacket will simply raise the plug up so that no contact is made between the outer shell and the plug spring contacts and, since both plug and jacket are insulators, a penny cannot complete the circuit. Since the Type “S” fuse jacket is virtually impossible to remove once installed, a licensed electrician should initially place the jackets in the circuits. 10 mark question on separation as an effective fire barrier when my building I wanted to start construction on was bigger than the existing building (had to know the 5 steps in the calculation for clear space) A1-3.1 7 Exposure from Buildings of Greater or Equal Height When one building is exposed by another building of greater or equal height, only the thermal radiation from walls or wall openings of the exposing building is considered. Separation distances must be determined such that the ignition of the exposed building or its contents is unlikely ASSUMING NO MEANS OF PROTECTION ARE INSTALLED IN EITHER BUILDING. Calculation of Minimum Separation Distance 1. Determine the Classification of Severity of the exposure. Three levels of exposure severity are assumed: light, moderate, and severe. Two of the important properties that influence fire severity are: a) The average combustible load per unit of floor area form Table 4.3.5.2 (a). b) The characteristics of and average flame spread rating of the interior walls and ceilings from Table 4.3.5.2 (b). 2. Calculate the width/height ratio of the exposing building façade (wall area). 3. Determine the percent of openings in the exposing wall area. This percentage of the exposing wall made up of doors, windows or other openings. Walls without the ability to withstand fire penetration for more than 20 minutes should be treated as having 100% openings. 4. Chose the correct guide number from Table 4.3.73. 5. To obtain the necessary separation distance between the two buildings, the guide number should be multiplied by the lesser dimension of width or height and 1.5 m (5 ft.) is added to account for the horizontal projection for flames from windows and

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partly to guard against the risk of ignition by direct flame impingement where small separations are involved. Had to know what the most flammable and most combustible liquids were for 2 MC questions A1-7.1 5 Flammable Liquid : ) Chlorine Trifluoride is the most flammable gas A flammable liquid is defined as a liquid having a flash point (FP) below 37.8°C (100°F). Flammable liquids are usually referred to as Class I liquids. They are subdivided into Classes IA, IB and IC depending on their flash point and, in some instances, boiling point (BP). Class IA: FP < than 22.8°C (73°F) / BP < than 37.8°C (100°F) [Pentane, Ethyl Ether] Class IB: FP < than 22.8°C (73°F) / BP at or > 37.8°C (100°F) [Gasoline, Acetone, Ethyl Alcohol] Class IC: FP at or > 22.8°C (73°F), but < than 37.8°C (100°F) [Styrene, Xylene]  Combustible Liquid A combustible liquid is defined as a liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8°C (100°F). Combustible liquids are subdivided  into Diesel fuel.  Engine oil.  Fuel oil.  Acetic acid.  Kerosene.  Linseed oil.  Ethylene glycol Classes II, IIIA and IIIB. Class II: FP at or > 37.8°C (100°F) but < than 60°C (140°F) [Kerosene, Pine Tar] Class IIIA: FP at or > 60°C (140°F) but < than 93.4°C (200°F) [Fuel Oil, Creosote Oil] Class IIIB: FP at or > 93.4°C (200°F) [Transformer Oil, Peanut Oil]  Flammable liquids have a flash point of less than 100°F. Liquids with lower flash points ignite easier.  Combustible liquids have a flashpoint at or above 100°F.

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7. 5 mark question on above ground guidelines for gas furnaces 10 mark question on cut-off storage rooms and how they relate specifically to explosion venting 5 mark question on the "grease problem" in commercial kitchens A1-8.3 3 Hazards of Cooking with Grease Grease: one of the most serious hazards related to restaurants is the oil or fat (known as “cooking media”) which is used for cooking purposes and the grease which evolves as vapour, when the oil is heated or when certain foods such as hamburgers, that typically have a high fat content, are cooked The flash point of cooking media is not far above the operating temperature of some cooking equipment. Commercial deep fat fryers, for example, operate at temperatures up to 205°C (400°F). If temperatures were to climb higher, an ignition of the cooking media could result. As a safety feature, fryers are therefore equipped with temperature limiting devices (thermostat), to prevent overheating; otherwise vapours could be readily ignitable by open flames from broilers or other nearby sources of ignition. 5 mark question on 4 sprinkler types (didn't say systems or heads or anything) 5 mark question where I had to define combustion and how it relates to flammable and combustible liquids 5 mark question on flash point and how that relates to flammable and combustible liquids 10 point question on the 3 hazardous locations, what they are and why the specific requirements for them exist A1- 9.1 7 Classification of Occupancy Hazards Rooms or areas are classified generally as being light (low) hazard, ordinary (moderate), or extra (high) hazard.

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Light (Low) Hazards Occupancies: are classified as locations where the quantity and combustibility of Class A combustibles and Class B flammables is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat are expected. Ordinary (Moderate) Hazards Occupancies: are classified as locations where the quantity and combustibility of Class A combustible materials and Class B flammables is moderate and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected. Extra (High) Hazards Occupancies: are classified as locations where the quantity and combustibility of Class A combustible material is high or where high amounts of Class B flammables are present and rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release are expected. 8. So many multiple choice questions about storage  Not tons about construction types, construction classes or fire in general? 9. 56 questions, I believe 40-56 were written with the first 40 being MC 10 mark question on mercury bulbs and their importance to modern thermostat systems - 1. So man multiple choice questions about storage 2. © Not tons about construction types, construction classes or fire in general? 3. Some words of advice: 4. Read the whole textbook and focus on everything Joel didn't teach us in the 4 days because most of what we learned is not what I was tested on. 5. 56 questions, I believe 40-56 were written with the first 40 beine MC

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10 mark question on hot work and their safety environment 5 mark question on flashpoint 5 mark question on ignition temperature and why it isn't typically an important safety consideration 5 mark question on regulations surrounding underground piping of natural gas and propane 10 mark narrative on 3 important design consideration for building a commercial building which produces bikes,hockey sticks, baseball bats and sports equipment 5 mark question on cutoff room 5 mark question of indoor fuel storage room 5 mark question on importance of a drain in a cutoff room 1 MC on fuse that cuts off when it reaches 150 C 10 mark question on explosive proof equipment in a type 1 environment (gases, vapors) 10 mark question on 2 types of grease disposal systems in a kitchen 10 mark question on a fire-valve alarmed wet sprinkler system - Know the different types of chimneys/vents

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