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1 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Biomaterial Sciences Basics and Introduction ( 22 questions/answers ) The definition for the Biological Response to Materials is: A biological response to a biomedical material is the observed reaction of a cell culture under study to that material over a fixed time interval contrasted to the behavior of an identical system not exposed to that material; A biological response to an artificial material is the observed reaction of a biological system under study to that material at a small interval of time contrasted to the behavior of an identical system not exposed to that material; A biological response to an artificial material is the observed reaction of a biological system under study to that material over a fixed time interval contrasted to the behavior of an identical system with a control material present; A biological response to an artificial material is the observed reaction of a biological system under study to that material over a fixed time interval contrasted to the behavior of an identical system not exposed to that material; A biological response to an artificial material is the expected reaction of a biological system under study to that material over a long-time interval contrasted to the behavior of an identical system not exposed to that material. in vivo refers to a biological systems that; Only contains cells; Contains whole organs kept alive; Contains a living body; Has cell culture media or plasma present. The fixed time interval in the definition for a biological response to materials can be: Acute; Chronic; Defined by the observer; In the Vogler Case Study 1, what is the difference between the response of clotted blood in the blood clot adhesion study for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic tubes(Select all answers that apply)? Hydrophilic tubes lead to cellular adhesion when the clot is removed; Hydrophobic tubes lead to cellular adhesion when the clotted blood is removed; Hydrophilic tubes lead to no attached cells when the clot is removed; Hydrophobic tubes lead to no attached cells when the clotted blood is removed; None of the above. In the case study on the blood clot adhesion, what does the addition of citrate to the blood do (Select all answers that apply)? Inhibit clotting; Promote clotting; Leads to cellular adhesion; None of the above. Inhibit clotting; In the Case Study 1, after treatment in the plasma, with XPS determinations, what elements were detected on the polystyrene surface (Select all answers that apply)? Hydrogen; Oxygen;

2 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Carbon; Sodium, Iron, No change. The definition for a biomaterial (or biomedical material) is: A biomaterial is a used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems. A biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device. A biomaterial is viable and/or non-viable materials used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems A biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems None of the above. The healthcare pyramid is composed of: Sophistication. Time-line. Number in use. Time of observation. The biological system. None of the above. in vivo applications in the health pyramid include: in-dwelling catheters. electrical leads. pumps. prostheses. None of the above. The three-link chain model of the central paradigm of material science & engineering consists of: Structure Processing Properties Goals/Means Performance Cause and Effect The total artificial heart has never been developed. -True or False False - Syncardia has had a TA heart in patients for up to five years. Surgical instruments were used as an example of an application that: Is not composed of a biomedical material. Is composed of biomedical materials. Is not currently a biomedical material but could be a biomedical material if the definition for a biomedical material is changed.

3 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. None of the above is correct. William's four components of biocompatibility in order are: Local response, surface interactions, biomaterial degradation, systemic of remote site response; Surface interactions, local response, biomaterial degradation, systemic of remote site response; Local response, biomaterial degradation, surface interactions, systemic of remote site response; Surface interactions, biomaterial degradation, local response, systemic of remote site response; Generally, the axes (x and y, respectively) of William's Four Components of Biocompatibility are: Time and Degree of Surface Reaction; Rate of Reaction and Exposure Time; Distance and Exposure Time; Degree of Reaction and Dose Concentration. The field of biomedical materials is inherently dominated by brilliant single investigators because innovation and engineering breakthroughs invariably depend upon small academic teams. True or False. False. The contact angle equal to zero degrees for the oxygen plasma treated polystyrene in the Vogler case study is an example of: (indicate all that apply) A thermodynamically stable surface; Spontaneous wetting; A highly unstable surface reacting with the water to approach a lower metastable surface state; A material that both induces clotting and cellular adhesion; A material with surface states that become inherently hydrophilic when exposed to water. Who is considered to have made the first non-viable biomedical device? Sir Harold Ridley, the intraocular lens Willem Kolff Larry Hench Sir John Charnley None of the answers is correct Who was the primary developer of the first total hip replacement prosthetic? Sir John Charnley, p. xliv, Ratner et al. Sir Harold Ridley, the intraocular lens Willem Kolff Larry Hench Buddy Ratner None of the answers is correct For an artificial heart implant, for the blood contact biomaterials do you want to have a hydrophobic or hydrophilic surface?

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4 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Hydrophilic, but this questions trivializes the complexity required for the surfaces and architecture required to avoid contact blood coagulation. Hydrophobic for the right proteins to adsorb to and stabilize the biomaterial surface What major development was required before replacement heart valves could be successfully implanted in the 1950s? The heart – lung machine, p. xlix, Ratner et al. The development of steel catheters Polymer surgical tubing Microsurgical techniques The surface region of a material induces the biological response because: Size does not matter for a particular material; The surface area of the material has an effect; Shape does not matter for a particular material; Biomaterials began to emerge as a separate discipline in the second half of 20 th century, specifically when the Journal of Biomaterials was first published in ____. 1 963 1952 1975 1983 1965 in vitro applications in the health pyramid include: blood collection tubes. catheters. tissue-culture flasks and plates. needles. syringes. billions of single use containers. Collaboration– Ethics – Best Writing Practices ( 30 questions and answers ) As a manufacturer of medical devices for chronic use, you do not need to address and have no liability for the long-term chronic failures that may occur 20 years after an implant was inserted into a patient. True or False. As a manufacturer of medical devices your primary responsibility is to your customer, the human patient, who will be helped by your device. True or False Since your company is a publicly-traded company, as a manufacturer of medical devices, your primary responsibility is to your shareholder. T rue or False.

5 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. As an academic researcher and developer of medical devices, your responsibility is to yourself since you own your patents, unlike researchers that work for companies. True or False. As an academic researcher funded by a company, you only need to worry about your own ethical considerations and that of your academic institution, not the company’s ethics that fund you. True or False Mark all of the features that apply to the development of biomedical devices: The US healthcare industry is complex and will continue to go through significant change. Government policy and cost pressure will continue to shape the future of the US healthcare industry. Healthcare employees who understand market dynamics can be a stronger asset to their employers. Ethics are not important until the device is fully developed, has received regulatory approval and is on the market. Companies that develop medical devices have a major commitment to owners and/or shareholders. Companies that develop medical devices have no responsibility for the outcomes to their users (hospitals, clinics, physicians and other healthcare providers). Why did we use the term, 'primary inventor' in lecture and in the course textbook? The team leader is always called the primary inventor. The primary inventor is always a clinician-scientist, not an engineer. The initial biomaterial research and development requires a small team of personnel composed of scientists and engineers, led by the team leader. Biomaterial research is usually done at universities where the principal investigator for the project is always the primary inventor. None of the above The ultra-high density polyethylene load bearing surface in both artificial hips implanted in a patient have both undergone anomalous wear and rapid generation of fine wear debris. Moreover, the patient is allergic to the PE fine particle wear debris and MRI also indicates a severe inflammatory response near the acetabulum components for each hip leading to abscesses in both hips. Surgery is required immediately to replace the hips and reconstruct the parts of the hip irreversibly damaged by the inflammatory response. What is the most likely cause for this simultaneous failure of both hip implants? Possible Answer: The hip implants were not properly packaged in their respective packaging even though upon discussions with the manufacturer there have not been reports of other simultaneous failures. However, the manufacturer has fully documented the manufacturing of the implants including care demonstrated with the packaging and the description for the hip implants on the packaging. Is this a Likely or Unlikely problem to happen in the biomaterials industry?

6 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Unlikely. This is why there is careful tracking of specific devices and the use of other Good Manufacturing Practices The ultra-high density polyethylene load bearing surface in both artificial hips implanted in a patient have both undergone anomalous wear and rapid generation of fine wear debris. Moreover, the patient is allergic to the PE fine particle wear debris and MRI also indicates a severe inflammatory response near the acetabulum components for each hip leading to abscesses in both hips. Surgery is required immediately to replace the hips and reconstruct the parts of the hip irreversibly damaged by the inflammatory response. What is the most likely cause for this simultaneous failure of both hip implants? Possible Answer: The surgical team inadvertently switched the two hip implants with the right-side implant inserted into the patients left hip and vice versa. Likely or Unlikely? Unlikely . But although extremely rare, unfortunately has happened. If two hips are being implanted during the same surgery, there are examples of hips being inadvertently switched. The ultra-high density polyethylene load bearing surface in both artificial hips implanted in a patient have both undergone anomalous wear and rapid generation of fine wear debris. Moreover, the patient is allergic to the PE fine particle wear debris and MRI also indicates a severe inflammatory response near the acetabulum components for each hip leading to abscesses in both hips. Surgery is required immediately to replace the hips and reconstruct the parts of the hip irreversibly damaged by the inflammatory response. What is the most likely cause for this simultaneous failure of both hip implants? Possible Answers: For this particular patient there is a bony spur present on the left hip that led to an improper fit and anomalous wear of the PE loading bearing surface at least for the left hip implant. MRI examination of the right hip leads to ambiguous imaging for any bone spurs, just faint shadows, nothing more. Likely or Unlikely? Unlikely. Bone spurs are sometimes present in joints with osteo-arthritis, but unless the bone spur is directly within view during surgery, it may not be removed. The ultra-high density polyethylene load bearing surface in both artificial hips implanted in a patient have both undergone anomalous wear and rapid generation of fine wear debris. Moreover, the patient is allergic to the PE fine particle wear debris and MRI also indicates a severe inflammatory response near the acetabulum components for each hip leading to abscesses in both hips. Surgery is required immediately to replace the hips

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7 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. and reconstruct the parts of the hip irreversibly damaged by the inflammatory response. What is the most likely cause for this simultaneous failure of both hip implants?. Possible Answer: This patient is simply unlucky, she got a bad batch of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene for her hip implants. Likely or Unlikely? Unlikely. Given the quality controls imposed in Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), it is highly improbable that a bad batch of UHMW polyethylene would pass inspections What is a GANTT Chart? A chart used to organize complex activities that require multiple tasks as a function of project time with tracking of each task by the degree of completion. What is the most critical aspect of collaborative activities among the members of a group? Organize Good Communicate Develop Hypothesis Establish a GANTT Chart to chart project costs Editing Writing What do effective collaboration groups do at the beginning of project? Organize: Select a group leader. Create a GANTT Chart with various tasks. Assign group members to complete various tasks. Assign an editor to make sure reports comply with format, citation, Best Practices, and other guidelines. In scientific and technical problem solving who must be excluded to solve the problem? No one. Diverse research/technical groups have inherent advantages over the group think inherent in groups in just one discipline, ethnic group, culture, etc. Because, thinking outside the box leads to multiple pathways to solve the big problems There was an argument among two group members in a team for who would be first author for a publication What went wrong in the group dynamics that led to this outcome? Who was first author should have been decided among the group before the publication was begun, not during or after the publication was written What are the types of plagiarism? There are four answers. Direct Plagiarism Mosaic Plagiarism Self-Plagiarism

8 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Accidental Plagiarism https://copyleaks.com/blog/types-of-plagiarism One of the group members take credit for doing an activity done by another. What kind of academic ethical violation is this called? Direct Plagiarism Mosaic Plagiarism Self-Plagiarism Accidental Plagiarism What is the ethical violation called when you only pick data that supports your hypothesis without reporting data that does not support your hypothesis? The common term is “Cherry Picking” This is a violation of omission. This kind of unethical activity is called dishonest behavior Why are scientists/engineers always expected to report the uncertainty associated with calculated or measured data? The uncertainty for data as well as statistical tests among data (e.g., ANOVA) is expected for ethical and responsible scientists and engineers because it is a measure of how reliable the calculation or measurement is. Without such a quantitative expression of uncertainty, the science and engineering data moves into the realm of speculation and uncertain opinion. A group member has an opinion about everything with absolute certainty Is this a problem or a good thing to have in a group? This is a good thing if the group member is open to other opinions This is a toxic attitude for the group member dynamics if the individual cannot have an open and honest discussion around the uncertainty of their opinion Pick the better caption: a. Particle size distribution for the nanoliposomes reproduced from the literature. b. Particle size distribution of the nanoliposomes encapsulated with the spike protein for the initial SARS-CoV-2, reproduced from ref 2. a. Is not only the worse caption but is also an example of direct plagiarism . No citation. b. Better figure, but still not very good. Comments regarding the mean and standard deviation of the particle size distribution should e included. If this sample is a representative sample from several batches of nanoliposomes, this should also be mentioned.

9 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. The following sentences are good sentences based on the Best Writing Practices… The samples were prepared according to ISO 91005. In other words, the samples were dispersed using an ultrasonic immersion horn at 20,000 Hz for 15 minutes. True or False False The samples were prepared according to ISO 91005.REF? In other words, The samples were dispersed using an ultrasonic immersion horn at 20,000 Hz for 15 minutes. A famous quote by Richard Feynman* is It is the facts that matter, not the proofs. Physics can progress without the proofs, but we can’t go on without the facts. What is wrong with this quote? * https://kidadl.com/articles/best-richard-p-feynman-quotes-from-the-american-physicist “It is the facts that matter, not the proofs. Physics can progress without the proofs, but we can’t go on without the facts.” No quotations around the Feynman statement is called Mosaic Plagiarism What is wrong with this paragraph? Israelachvili in “Intermolecular Interactions” demonstrated that if all intermolecular interactions could be calculated for two interacting solids in a liquid, the surface energy could be calculated for the solid-vapor interfaces and the solid-liquid interfaces. Once g LV and g SL are known the surface energy at the solid-vapor interface can be determined via Young’s equation. 3 The reference citation to Israelachvili’s book should be placed at the end of the first sentence, where initially written, not the end of the paragraph. What program should your group editor run during the development of each homework report and always the last thing your group should run before you turn in your homework? TurnItIn Program that determines copied material What tool in MS Word should your group run before your Homework Report is uploaded to the Assignment? MS Word Review including Spellcheck, Grammar check, and on-line content similarity I am a class of words too ambiguous to be used in scientific/technical writing. What am I? Pronouns It, Its, Their, etc. Why is plagiarism such an egregious academic integrity offense? Writers who plagiarize are stealing other writer words, thoughts, and philosophy.

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10 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. It is obvious that the data conclusively proves our hypothesis. Mark all that is not a Best Practice in the above statement. It is obvious that the data conclusively proves* our hypothesis. See Feynman quote that was cited in Jeopardy. Also note that, *“Proof is a hard concept” Anon Water the Material ( 17 questions and answers ) What does like dissolves like mean (Select all that apply)? The same functional groups on a molecule and a solvent molecule leads to higher solubility; Similar types of intermolecular interactions such as dipole-dipole for a solute - solvent systems do not need to be identical functional groups to promote solubility; The strongest solvation interaction energy for dissolution reactions is given by ion-ion interactions; None of the above. All of the above; The relative intermolecular interaction strength follows as: Covalent~Ionic > ion-dipole > ion-induced dipole > dipole-dipole> dipole-induced dipole > induced dipole-induced dipole (True or False)? True ; False. True Does a hydrophobic surface have a high or low contact angle with water? High, because of very little van der Waals interactions (London, Keesom, or Debye interactions) of water with the surface, a very high (>60 degrees) will be measured. Understanding the interaction of amphiphilic molecules is important in surface energetics and cell biology because; Cell membranes are mostly phospholipid bilayers; The adsorption of amphiphiles at biomedical material surfaces is an important aspect of cellular interactions including growth and adhesion; Different shaped self-assembly structures play a role in biological systems including liposomes, bilayers, and micelles including reverse micelles. The properties of the lipid bilayers (e.g., head group size and shape, tail length, etc.) often dictate curvature and thus the nature of interactions by lipid bilayers at biomedical material surfaces. The water of hydration (Select all that apply): Generally, increases the effective diameter of anions and cations; Is more important for the smaller cations than the larger anions; Is usually indicated by the (aq) given after ions such as Ca 2+ (aq) without specifying the hydration number; In general, has a lower surface tension in aqueous solution the more hydration the cation has;

11 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. All of the above; None of the above. The greater the charge to diameter ratio, the stronger the intermolecular ion- dipole for ions with water molecules are (True or False)? True; False. True; Developing an understanding of intermolecular forces has only been of scientific interest since J.D. van der Waals' corrections to Boyles Gas law assumed that intermolecular forces existed. True or False True; False; The biophysical chemistry of physiological fluids (e.g., blood, plasma, urine, CPF, CNS, lymph fluid, extracellular fluid, etc.) have been thoroughly studied and are well understood. True or False? True; False The high dipole moment of water leads to the following intermolecular forces for aqueous solutions and physiological fluids. Select all that apply. A. Covalent; B. Coulombic; C. Ion-Dipole; D. Dipole-Dipole; E. Dipole-Induced Dipole; F. Induced Dipole-Induced Dipole; G. Hydrogen Bonding. Water exists on the face of the earth in the following states of matter; (indicate all that apply) - Amorphous. A. Solid; B. Vapor; C. Granular; D. Polycrystalline; F. Liquid; The activity coefficient of water is; (indicate all that apply) Due to the formation of ion-ion pairs; Described by Davey's modified Debye-Huckel equation also known as the Extended Debye- Huckel equation. The fraction of the concentration of a dissolved species in water that is reactive; Determined in water using conductivity measurements; Decreasing from an ionic strength of about 0.01M to an ionic strength of about 0.8M well above the average ionic strength of blood at ~0.2M. How does one use the notion that 'Like Dissolves Like

12 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Molecules that look similar will interact to promote solubility if one of the molecules is a liquid at room temperature; Molecules with similar functional groups will help each other dissolve, again if one of the molecules at room temperature is a liquid; Dipole - dipole interactions promote mutual solubility of similar molecules; Ion-dipole interactions promote the solubility of molecules in polar-protic solvents such as water. The only van der Waals interaction that is ubiquitous in promoting mutual solubility is induced dipole-induced dipole. Capillarity, often used as a term for surface energetics was originally based on; The interactions among fine particles in a powder including hygroscopicity The surface roughness effects with hydrophobic surfaces leading to super-hydrophobicity The rise or fall of water in thin capillaries The flow of blood in capillaries J. Willard Gibbs developed two new fields in science including: (Indicate all that apply) Thermodynamics Molecular physics Force balance apparatus to study Langmuir self-assembled monolayers Statistical mechanics van der Waals intermolecular interactions The amphiphile-surface interactions at biological surfaces include: (indicate all that apply) - Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions Physisorption and Chemisorption Dispersion forces and Acid-base interactions Low energy adsorption (< 1-3 kJ/mole) and high energy interactions (~100's kJ)/mole One of the earliest descriptions of capillarity was by: Galileo, 1564-1642 Isaac Newton, 1642-1727 Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519 Aristotle, 384-322 BCE; Pythagoras of Samoa, 570-495 BCE Indicate all properties of water that make the liquid a unique material for physiological solutions. High dipole moment Modest pk w value Can contribute oxygen/hydroxide to passivate metals Does not interact strongly with polar surfaces or molecules What is a Surface ( 26 questions and answers ) Select all of the definitions that apply for a surface.

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13 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. The two-dimensional locus of points located in three-dimensional space The outer or the topmost boundary of an object; A material layer constituting such a boundary; A portion of space having length and breadth but no thickness; All of the above In general, surfaces in solution are defined by; Thickness; Topography; Composition; Nature of intermolecular interactions among molecules at a surface; Nature of a solution at the surface. A mathematically defined surface is a good model for surfaces in biological systems. True or False. False. How is thickness defined for a biological surface? The thickness of a bilayer making up a cell membrane; The thickness of the adsorbed layer on an implanted biomedical material; About 50 microns, the thickness of a sheet of paper; The thickness of the outer layer of a multilayered adsorbed layer on a biomedical material; - The thickness of the bone cement layer used to fix an artificial knee to the femur and tibia in a patient. Capillarity, often used as a term for surface energetics was originally based on; The interactions among fine particles in a powder including hygroscopicity; The surface roughness effects with hydrophobic surfaces leading to super-hydrophobicity; - C. The rise or fall of water in thin capillaries; The flow of blood in capillaries. Only recently was it recognized that conventional determinations of surface potential were incorrectly made because; (indicate all that apply) High ionic strength solutions lead to 'thermal overturn' that compromises the determination of electrophoretic mobility; A specialized determination with high frequency alternating electric fields resulting in short travel distances and laminar flow were used; It was realized that the surface charge and surface potential at the outer edge of the adsorbed layer is not compromised in high ionic strength solutions. The best geometry to understand how a cell interacts with a surface in AFM force- distance determinations is: Two spheres interacting. Two flat surfaces interacting. A sphere interacting with a flat plate. Two parallel cylinders interacting. Two crossed cylinders interacting.

14 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. In physiological environments, for all practical purposes, the van der Waals interactions are always positive. True False For a unit of surface energy, the surface energy is related to the interaction energy for intermolecular interactions by _________. Surface energy equal to 2 times interaction energy. Surface energy equal to interaction energy. Surface energy equal to 1/4 interaction energy. Surface energy equal to 1/2 interaction energy. Surface energy is not related to interaction energy. Reconciling the interaction energy to the surface energy for a particular system depends greatly on the state of matter for the material and the geometry of the system. True False The Dupre equation states (select all answers that apply): The surface energy for two different materials is a linear function of the interaction energies for the two different materials with their combined interaction energy. That the interaction energies for any two (or three) materials can be used to calculate the surface energy. That the calculation of the surface energy can be deduced for any two materials or, indeed with a third materials such as a liquid, via a knowledge of the interaction energies among the three materials. None of the answers is correct. In principle, the ______________ can be calculated if all of the intermolecular interactions are known. Contact angle for a vapor-liquid-solid system. Surface energy at the solid-liquid interface. Surface energy at the liquid-vapor interface. Surface energy at the solid-vapor interface. None of the answers. Surface force microscopy can be used to: Determine the contact angle. Determine the surface energy at the solid-vapor interface. Determine surface energy at the liquid-vapor interface. Determine surface energy at the solid-liquid interface.

15 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Determine the various intermolecular interactions among the two surfaces and the liquid medium. None of the answers. The basic notion of surface energetics via contact angle calculations breaks down when: The surface is not molecularly smooth. The surface is not chemically homogeneous. When chemical reactions take place during measurement. Viewed at a molecular scale. None of the answers. Surface energies for any material system: (Select all that apply): Can be negative in a changing system toward miscibility and no interface. Is zero at equilibrium. Usually, positive. None of the answers is correct. The Work of Adhesions has important implications for (Select all that apply): Cells adhering to a biomedical material surface. Cells dying at an interface. Cells interacting with each other. Complicated by the fact that cells have a soft interface while biomedical materials are Usually rigid. Complicated by the complex ionic and organic equilibria in physiological solutions. None of the answers are true. Miscibility between two liquids or phase separation of a macromolecule such as protein can be predicted if the surface energetics are known and understood. True. False. What is W 11 ? The work of adhesion The work of cohesion Interfacial energy All of the above None of the above What is ? = ½W 11 + ½W 22 – W 12 = g 1 + g 2 - W 12 (where g represents surface free energy)? g 121 g 12 g 112 g 212

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16 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. None of the above What happens if g 12 for 2 liquids is zero or negative? The liquids are miscible The liquids mix The liquids separate The liquids evaporate None of the above How do you calculate g SL ? g s + g L + W SL g s + g L - W SL W SS + W LL - W SL None of the above F or the work of adhesion in a medium, W 132 = W 12 + W 33 -W 13 – W 23 , convert this equation on the right hand side to surface energies. = g 13 + g 23 - g 12 = g 12 + g 32 - g 21 = g 31 + g 32 - g 12 None of the above The work of adhesion has profound implications toward cellular adhesion at a surface because: Cellular scaffolding is important for the development of artificial organs The attachment of a cell to a biomaterial surface is an important aspect of many biological responses Cellular adhesion is important to understand the role of contact activated blood clotting All of the above None of the above The Young-Dupre equation, g 23 (1+cos(theta)) = W 132, describes: Two liquids mixing The interaction of a liquid drop interacting with a surface The ability to calculate the theta (contact angle), since W 132 also = g 13 + g 23 + g 12 None of the answers is correct. What is g SL + g LV cos(theta) = g SV ? Young equation Dupre equation Young-Dupre equation None of the answers is correct. If contact angle equals zero, then W 123 equals:

17 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. 2g SL for a solid and water g SL for a solid and water 2g 23 for an arbitrary 3 phase system None of the above Bulk Properties and Characterization ( 20 questions and answers, 3 new questions added ) Besides contact angle determinations, what other surface analytical technique(s) provides information on hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of a biomedical polymer material? SIMS, XPS, FT-IR, AES, AFM, STM? Not many, although FT-IR and possibly XPS can give information on functional groups that lead to hydrophobic or hydrophilic behavior. AFM with functionalized tips can indicate whether small patches (~20 x ~20 microns) are hydrophobic or not. What is are the best technique to analyze a surface? SIMS, XPS, Contact Angle Determinations, FT-IR, AES, AFM, STM, None of the above? None of the above, no single technique provides all of the information required to understand surface behavior. What does 'SIMS' mean? Scattering Ion Mass Spectroscopy Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy Secondary Imaging Mass Spectroscopy Scattering Imaging Mass Spectroscopy All of the above None of the above The physical basis for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is (Select all that apply): High intensity photons are used to excite inner shell electrons; The kinetic energy of photoelectrons is measured; The binding energy is determined for photoelectrons based on the kinetic energy, photon energy, and work function; All of the above. XPS, of all the high energy particle interrogation methods, can uniquely (Select all that apply): Interrogate to depths from a few nanometers to about 10nm; Determine species and/or valence states; Can evaluate the elements from Li to U; Can detect surface groups; None of the above. One of the major limitations of XPS is: It can detect too many functional groups on one sample; It can detect too many elements;

18 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. The depth of interrogation often leads to a diluting effect of the atoms in the first monolayer of a material; A computer must be used to analyze the data; All of the above. What is the difference between a quadrupole mass spectrometer and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer? A quadrupole mass spectrometer uses magnetic bars to deflect the charged species in the argon gas flow to discriminate the ionic fragments via mass/charge differences. In contrast, a time-of-flight mass spectrometer uses a relatively long travel distance to discriminate among the ionic fragments by mass to charge ratio. Which surface chemical analytical technique(s) would you use to determine the local chemistry and/or organic functional groups? SIMS or XPS,? XPS XPS has the following features. (Select all that apply) Detection of Li-U; Sensitive to differences in chemical environment; Surface sensitive (10-100Å sampling depth); Quantitative without the use of standards; Minimal charging problems with insulators; XPS can detect most elements (Li-U) because (Select all that apply). The excitation photons interact with 0 to about 30 monolayers; The inelastically scattered electrons create a background that can compromise the determination of photoelectron peaks; The excitation photons with wavelength at about 1,500 eV having similar energy to the range of binding energies for most elements. It is sensitive to the local environment. None of the above. Unlike polymers, metals and ceramics are usually polycrystalline materials. True or False? True The fracture strength for metals is higher than polymeric materials. True or False? True Cyclic fatigue is more of a problem with ceramics than metals. True or False? False What technique(s) can be used to determine surface energetics including contact angle and surface energy at the liquid-vapor interface (Select all that apply)? Pendent drop;

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19 V2 Canvas Exam 1 MATSE404-BME444 Spring 2022 Note: Edits indicated in RED . Canvas also does not support Symbol font. Therefore, g has been converted to g as in g LV is g LV in the exam questions. See particularly Surfaces… and Characterization… topics below for changes of g to g in the questions. Scanning electron microscopy Contact angle goniometry with dynamic tensiometry to determine g lv ; Dynamic Tensiometry (Bubble Generation Method) None of the answers is correct. Three essential tools for characterizing biomaterial surfaces are (Only one answer): Ellipsometry, Thermodynamics, Structural Effects; Glass Transition Temperature, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy; Surface Energetics, Contact Angle, Wilhemy balance; Spectroscopy, Microscopy, Tensiometry; All of the above; None of the above. What is contact angle hysteresis (Select all that apply)? Surfaces not exhibiting a single unique contact angle; A maximal advance angle and a minimal receding angle are observed; Hysteresis associated with surface roughness and/or chemical heterogeneities; All of the above; None of the above. For contact angle determinations and adhesion tension (Select all that apply): Contact angle goniometry, Surface tension, Dynamic tensiometry, None of the above. Conductivity measurements are used to evaluate the activity coefficients in aqueous solutions. True or False? True FTIR can determine the molecular groups associated with either a surface or species in solution. True or False? True Contact angles provide the best information for the ‘top-most’ layer of a surface. True or False? True

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