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Final Design Project Brecklyn Beyer December 8, 2023 ME 416: Renewable Energy Systems 1

Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Changes to Systems ............................................................................................................................. 3 System Name + Changes ..................................................................................................................... 4 Why I made the changes ...................................................................................................................... 6 Calculations/costs ................................................................................................................................ 7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 8 References ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2

Table of Figures and Tables Table 1. Old Vs New System ....................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 1. New Water Heater 4 Figure 2. Solar AC Unit ................................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 3. Backup Furnace ............................................................................................................................. 5 Figure 4. Solar Panels ................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 5. Solar Panel 2020 vs 2021 Comparsion .......................................................................................... 5 Figure 6. PV Comparison .............................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 7. Generator ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 8. Outdoor Wood Boiler .................................................................................................................... 7 3

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Figure 1. New Water Heater Figure 2. Solar AC Unit Introduction With conserving energy there are many different ideas that come to mind. For instance, renewable energy systems provide energy without worrying about paying the electric bill to a local electric company. Some changes within the household may be changed to different appliance installed, appliances removed, or unplugging unused objects within the house. The main idea of this report is to add more renewable energy systems and changing some systems within the cabin itself. The following sections more thoroughly explain these changes. Changes to Systems From the cabin design, there are many appliances that can be evaluated to determine if any will be used and if any were to never be used. Basically the prints determine the layout of the house so with what is shown, there are many appliances that can be switched out or possibly removed from the lack of use. These can be found in the results section where more reasoning is provided. The main idea is to find issues with in the house and from the energy data, research what ideas are possible to save at least 50% or more energy from the calculated results. Some changes made to this system, for example, the air conditioner and furnace were replaced with ones that run off of solar panels and a wood boiler. When adding a wood boiler, the water heater was replaced to full off of the wood boiler but will use propane for a backup. Another improvement made was that the appliances were changed out to energy star appliances in order to reduce unused energy when no one is present in the household. The system will already have a propane tank which will be used to generate the power for the generator when needed as well as a backup for heating using a furnace that runs off of propane only. This would be used when the house is empty and mostly during the winter to ensure a constant temperature of seventy degrees. The model below has been known to run off of 96 percent efficiency so the heat would be running at a rate fairly reasonable with this system. 4 Figure 3. Backup Furnace

Figure 4. Solar Panels Figure 5. Solar Panel 2020 vs 2021 Comparison Figure 6. PV Comparison System Name + Changes Solar panels, a backup generator, and wood boiler were all renewable energy systems added to the cabin for the main energy source where a significance overall cost per year was demonstrated to have been less than the original design. “Solar PV systems cost about $3 per watt installed. A 7,000 watt (7 kilowatt) system therefore costs about $21,000 to install. Such a system would provide 20 to 35 kilowatt-hours of electricity per day, depending on climate, and could meet most of a household’s demand.” [7] From comparing different solar systems, the initial cost for installation was significantly different due to the different wattage and efficiency. The solar panels that would be the most beneficial would be a 22Kw where about 20 panels would be purchased. These would be placed in the back yard and placed at a neutral axis where other systems can generate power if needed. From a comparison from 2020 to 2021 the cost installation has decreased and the efficiency of the panels are relatively the same. The comparison below is for this solar panel that has been used previously and since its shown to have a better efficiency the overall power would be able to produce for the necessary outlets, appliances, as well as being able to power an automatic air conditioner as well. Likewise, the levelized cost of energy from these two similar solar panels were compared in 2020 where the chosen solar panel is more efficient and provided a lower cost of energy. These panels from the study would be the most beneficial choice due to the neutralized angle where an average power is consumed, and the overall power would be sufficient enough to run the house. Similarly, using fuel-based generators can create the necessary power to run the house throughout the day. 5 Figure 7. Generator

Looking at some larger generators where more energy is needed, the total energy conserved is a better rate than what regular electricity is for the cabin. “P ropane produces significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions than diesel or gasoline and is non-toxic, non-poisonous, and won’t contaminate soil or water. Propane can handle an entire home’s energy needs for days, unlike solar- or wind-powered systems.” [10] From previous studies, removing natural gas would significantly help the environment whereas a propane tank is already installed in the system. The idea is to create as much of an off grid system as possible so the generator would be able to supply any backup power when the house is in use as well as if it wasn’t in use. Between 2020 and 2021, there were 3.3% ($0.09/W), 10.7% ($0.19/W), and 12.3% ($0.13/W) reductions (in 2020 USD) in the residential, commercial rooftop, and utility-scale (one-axis) PV system cost benchmarks respectively. [20] Residential solar panels depend on how large the house is, what it will cover, as well as where the panels will be located. The factors affect the overall energy created by the solar panels and as long as there is enough panels to cover the base electricity cost, there will be a significant difference in the price now vs. the price after these are added. Initially installing these will be costly but there will be a payback as a result which is beneficial to the homeowner. “Wood pellets are renewable because they come directly from woody biomass that utilizes atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis. In general, wood pellet prices are lower (in terms of $/MJ) and more stable than that of heating oil and natural gas [22].” In a previous study, it found that wood boilers have zero carbon emissions and this is due to wood which is made of CO2. Comparing with fuel and propane based heaters the overall more efficient and least costly system was the wood boiler. The setup cost is significantly higher than the other two but produced no extra CO2, and saved the most amount of energy from comparing each heater electricity/cost value. By adding solar panels as the main source of electricity, the idea is to run the appliances throughout the year as a main source of energy. The overall thought would be running 22 35o KW panels which would run all the household electricity. Here, the thermostat would be automatic and only ran when needed to keep at a constant internal temp. The PVC panels are 6 Figure 8. Outdoor Wood Boiler

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efficient and cost effective where The return on investment would be beneficial to the homeowner as well. Also, running the wood boiler with in floor heat and the water heater are more efficient as these are generally manually used within the house. Why I made the changes The idea is to conserve as much energy as possible for the cabin, which would be guaranteed with going all solar. Now with this, a wood boiler would be installed where this would be used as in floor heat, heat, and the source of hot water. This is the main source for the winter where the heat could be created and solar would run the outlets and appliances. The other idea is to add a generator where the ac and appliances that aren’t consistently used would be given power. An electric generator ran by gas would provide the excess energy used when staying in the cabin and would provide the most power that is efficient and most affordable for this cabin. One improvement is replacing the current ac system with solar panels which are installed to run the new ac system. Which significantly cuts the expense of running cool air especially in the summer. This would require purchasing 2-3 solar panels that are about 1000 W each where the ac can be ran automatic throughout the day. Similarly, the furnace would be replaced to run off of a wood boiler solely where all heat, in floor heat, and hot water is run through. This system would be installed to connect to the water heater, which creates hot water for the house as well. When not living in the bin, a generator will be used for backup power by running off of propane gas and a backup furnace will be connected to maintain the 70 degree standard. Meaning these runs outlets in the winter months as well for larger appliances that require power. Also looking at different sources from studies and from different companies, everyone was different but had similar runs times, cost and such. The cost of a new water heater, furnace, and ac conditioner were $1272.04, $5,499, and $6414.30. Which these were big expenses for just a couple of appliances. Looking at adding in the systems was about $20,000 which also was a downside as to original cost. With maintenance its relatively less expensive as the life expectancy of these were about 20-25 years so without actively being in the house hold these systems may be able to live a longer lifespan. Calculations/costs Table 1. Old Vs New System Parameter Current Proposed Lighting Electrical Energy Use (kWh/yr) 720 350 Cooling Electrical Energy Use (kWh/yr) 961 241.6 Appliances & Plug Loads (kWh/yr) 2650 1205 Space Heating Fuel Energy Use (kWh/yr) 0 0 Water Heating Fuel Energy Use (kWh/yr) 0 0 7

Total Electrical Energy Use (kWh/yr) 4331 1446.6 Space Heating Fuel Energy Use (Therm/yr) 604 0 Water Heating Fuel Energy Use (Therm/yr) 186 0 Total Natural Gas Fuel Energy Use (Therm /yr) 790 (propane) 175.87 Total Energy Use ( MMBtu/yr) 93.82 18.04 Pounds CO2/yr produces 37935 2364 Renewable Energy generated (MMBtu/yr) 0 56.12 Total Net energy use (MMBtu/yr) 93.82 38.08 % Conventional Energy Reduction - 80 CO2 Saved/yr 35,571 Total return on investment 24.6 energy savings/yr (MMBtu, %) 38.08, 60% energy cost savings/yr 1814 Above is using average costs for the old system. Whereas the new system accounted for the new systems, updates and different energy rates found for those systems. Because propane is used, the average amount was found for the year where some Carbon dioxide would be produced due to using the gas. Some of the sample calcs can be found below. Sample calcs: Total amount for adding in new system = $44,640 where prices for each system and upgrade was found from available stores. 197 gal/year used x .916 efficiency = 180 gal/yr propane Cooling = solar = 819 W x 295 days/ year = 241.6 kwh/yr Appliances = averaged rates from appliances so for instance energy star fridge - .75 kwh/day 1 year =273.75 kwh/yr Oven = 28 kwh/month = 336 kwh/yr .. etc. Total energy for current system = electrical energy with propane = 180 + 1446.6 x 3412 x 100,000 = 18.04 MMBTU (93.82 – 38.08) MMBTU / (93.82 MMBTU) = 80% energy reduxtion 8

180 gal/yr x .939 mwh x 1380 lbs = 2365 lb CO2 Cost savings = $5612 - $3808 = $1814 SPP = $44,640 / $1814 = 24.6 years Conclusion From the system proposed above. The idea is to create as much renewable energy to be able to run the household as efficiently as possible. From the data as well as multiple sources, changes with these systems would produce an effective output in conserving energy. The average values were used to determine the yearly outcome from the new changes which affects the rates, and costs, etc. Ideally, to better understand more through calculations, data, and comparisons would need to be determined in order to create a more precise result. As a conclusion, thee overall costs from these systems would be significantly higher but since the majority are very efficient the systems would last longer and as a result you would make more profit off of them after ome time. Of course maintenance would be minimal which would increase the cost of about $2500 for all 3 systems including and repair costs. Some other idea is using power strips for some things such as any tvs, electronics, etc. With the washer and dryer there was no changes but one idea to lower the cost would be to replace them with the energy saving pair and only use them once a week if needed. Another idea after this would be to keep the bigger appliances plugged in but disconnenct the other ones due to not being consistently used. Overall, there are many other ways to conserve energy which depends on the total wants and needs of the homeowner. 9

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References [1] K. Wang, Y. Zhang, G. Sekelj, and P. K. Hopke, “Economic Analysis of a field monitored residential wood pellet boiler heating system in New York State,” Renewable Energy , vol. 133, pp. 500–511, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.026 [2] Author links open overlay panelJuha Koskela et al., “Using electrical energy storage in residential buildings – sizing of battery and photovoltaic panels based on electricity cost optimization,” Applied Energy, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919303113 (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [3] Comparing waste wood boilers - Oregon State University, https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/t722hb13h (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [4] “Solar Manufacturing Cost Analysis,” NREL, https://www.nrel.gov/solar/market-research- analysis/solar-manufacturing-cost.html (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [5] “Solar panel cost in 2023: It may be lower than you think,” EnergySage, https://www.energysage.com/local-data/solar-panel-cost/ (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [6] “Renewable energy generation and storage models,” NREL, https://www.nrel.gov/grid/generation-storage-models.html (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [7] “Residential Renewable Energy,” Energy.gov, https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/residential-renewable-energy (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). 10

[8] Generators for your customers - propane | perc, https://propane.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Generators-for-Your-Customers.pdf (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [9] “Classic edge HDX,” Classic Edge HDX Outdoor Wood Furnace | Central Boiler, https://centralboiler.com/products/classic-edge/ (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [10] D. Zayat, “What makes propane the best choice for a standby generator? the power of propane,” Suburban Propane, https://www.suburbanpropane.com/blog/what-makes- propane-the-best-choice-for-a-standby-generator-the-power-of-propane/ (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [11] 26 kW - generac power systems, https://www.generac.com/generaccorporate/media/library/content/all-products/generators/ home-generators/guardian-series/a0002026894_d.pdf (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [12] “LED light bulbs - light bulbs,” The Home Depot, https://www.homedepot.com/b/Lighting- Light-Bulbs-LED-Light-Bulbs/N-5yc1vZbm79 (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [13] “All about the heatmaster G-series!: Reviews, pricing, Videos,” Pineview Woodstoves, https://www.pineviewwoodstoves.com/heatmaster-g-series-outdoor-wood-boilers (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [14] Hotspot Energy, inc.. Solar Air Conditioner , https://www.hotspotenergy.com/solar-air- conditioner/HotSpot-ACDC18C.pdf (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [15] Goodman GM9S960803BN, https://www.alpinehomeair.com/product/furnaces-heaters/forced-air/natural-gas-lp/ goodman/gm9s960803bn? linkfrom=froogle&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Goodman&ut m_content=Goodman_Products&utm_term=453086623&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAi A98WrBhAYEiwA2WvhOkAC2uAxB5Ugi7ySElNJDrfaZcwkLenCWP7x4zxORrNzCL6 ZEDoH2hoCx_0QAvD_BwE (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [16] “Estimating appliance and Home Electronic Energy use,” Energy.gov, https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/estimating-appliance-and-home-electronic-energy- use (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [17] Triangle tube SMART20 - smart 20 indirect water heater - supplyhouse.com, https://www.supplyhouse.com/Triangle-Tube-SMART20-Smart-20-Indirect-Water-Heater (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [18] KWB, https://www.kwb.net/fileadmin/media/EN/02Products-pdf/Product-Docu- Download/EN_Technology_and_Planning_2022_EN.pdf (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). 11

[19] U.S. solar photovoltaic system and energy storage cost ... - NREL, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/80694.pdf (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [20] “Generator program,” Withlacoochee River Electric Cooperative, https://wrec.net/generator- program (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [21] South Dakota Solar FAQ, https://puc.sd.gov/Publications/solarfaq.aspx (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). [22] A new look at an old fuel source home heating fuel - South Dakota, https://danr.sd.gov/Conservation/docs/Biomass/Fuel-Brochure-Final.pdf (accessed Dec. 8, 2023). 12

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