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Shawnee Mission East High School Quick Submit Quick Submit Lr.docx Salman Malik Salman Malik Document Details Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Submission Date Dec 1, 2023, 10:26 AM CST Download Date Dec 1, 2023, 10:27 AM CST File Name Lr.docx File Size 22.8 KB 8 Pages 2,224 Words 14,316 Characters Page 1 of 10 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 1 of 10 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

How much of this submission has been generated by AI? 0% of qualifying text in this submission has been determined to be generated by AI. Caution: Percentage may not indicate academic misconduct. Review required. It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions about a student's work. We encourage you to learn more about Turnitin's AI detection capabilities before using the tool. Frequently Asked Questions What does the percentage mean? The percentage shown in the AI writing detection indicator and in the AI writing report is the amount of qualifying text within the submission that Turnitin's AI writing detection model determines was generated by AI. Our testing has found that there is a higher incidence of false positives when the percentage is less than 20. In order to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation, the AI indicator will display an asterisk for percentages less than 20 to call attention to the fact that the score is less reliable. However, the final decision on whether any misconduct has occurred rests with the reviewer/instructor. They should use the percentage as a means to start a formative conversation with their student and/or use it to examine the submitted assignment in greater detail according to their school's policies. How does Turnitin's indicator address false positives? Our model only processes qualifying text in the form of long-form writing. Long-form writing means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Qualifying text that has been determined to be AI-generated will be highlighted blue on the submission text. Non-qualifying text, such as bullet points, annotated bibliographies, etc., will not be processed and can create disparity between the submission highlights and the percentage shown. What does 'qualifying text' mean? Sometimes false positives (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI-generated), can include lists without a lot of structural variation, text that literally repeats itself, or text that has been paraphrased without developing new ideas. If our indicator shows a higher amount of AI writing in such text, we advise you to take that into consideration when looking at the percentage indicated. In a longer document with a mix of authentic writing and AI generated text, it can be difficult to exactly determine where the AI writing begins and original writing ends, but our model should give you a reliable guide to start conversations with the submitting student. Disclaimer Our AI writing assessment is designed to help educators identify text that might be prepared by a generative AI tool. Our AI writing assessment may not always be accurate (it may misidentify both human and AI-generated text) so it should not be used as the sole basis for adverse actions against a student. It takes further scrutiny and human judgment in conjunction with an organization's application of its specific academic policies to determine whether any academic misconduct has occurred. Page 2 of 10 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 2 of 10 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

Literature Review Applications of Non-Metallic Piping Systems As per research by Bukhari et al. (2022), in the oil as well as gas value chain, non-metallic piping systems are becoming more and more common for both upstream and downstream uses. Non- metallic high-pressure pipes are a dependable option in the oil and gas sector because of the severe environmental conditions and numerous corrosive substances. These piping systems offer a corrosion-resistant means of transporting oil, gas, and other hydrocarbons and are often used in offshore platforms and onshore infrastructure. Mitigating corrosion dangers, minimizing the overall cost of ownership, and decreasing carbon footprint are some of the advantages of using non-metallic piping systems in the oil and gas sector. Similarly, research by Orlov and Badeghaish (2020) also emphasizes the significance of non-metallic piping systems in the oil and gas industry by stating that the non-metallic piping systems offer the most promising solutions against corrosion in the past few years. The researcher further described that a variety of remedies have been brought to the industry to reduce the chances of corrosion. The most often utilized and effective methods include using tubular non-metallic coating on the outside and inside of products or converting to products completely in non-metallic composites. Other than that, Shokri and Sanavi Fard (2022) described that nowadays, the major problem that humankind is facing is producing freshwater from clean energy sources with the least negative impact on the environment because the overuse of water resources is severely depleting them. The need for clean water has led to the installation of sophisticated desalination and water treatment facilities. Systems for non-metallic high-pressure pipes famous for their durability and resistance to corrosion perform a critical role in the high- pressure transportation of brine solutions and treated water. The author further argued that the longevity of the infrastructure is mainly dependent on the material's resistance to chemicals, which is especially significant in settings where aggressive substances are frequently encountered. Another piece of research by Lambrych and Bennett (2023) analyzed that abrasive materials and corrosive compounds present issues for the mining and mineral processing sector. Non-metallic high-pressure piping systems provide a reliable way to move slurries, acids, and other materials utilized in different mining operations. Their robustness and corrosion resistance contribute to longer operating life and less downtimes in mining operations. Moreover, Schmidt and Piotter (2020) described that transporting various liquids, like juices, syrups, and dairy products, Page 3 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 3 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

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necessitates piping systems that are corrosion-resistant and hygienic in the food and beverage sector. Food and beverage products can be processed and transported while maintaining their quality and purity is possible because of non-metallic high-pressure piping systems, which are harmless and meet food-grade regulations. Case Studies of Non-Metallic High-Pressure Piping Systems According to Zubail et al. (2021), Saudi Aramco has introduced a major project to use non-metallic high-pressure piping solutions in response to the problem caused by corrosion in conventional steel pipes utilized in onshore sour oil and gas manufacture flow lines. Spoolable RTPs and RTR pipes are two examples of the reinforced polymer-based materials that are used in the deployment, which spans more than 5000 kilometers. The researcher aims to analyze the entire lifespan of the carbon and energy footprint of this huge non-metallic pipeline compared to traditional carbon steel tubes in the oil and gas sector. By utilizing the comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment technique, it was revealed that the non-metallic pipeline systems consistently showed a reduced carbon and energy footprint as compared to carbon steel tubes from raw material mining to installation. It was also noted that in CO2 emission the reduction was 60%. Another piece of research by Wolodko, Fotty and Perras (2016) highlighted the case study of Alberta's oil sands, which ranks among the world's greatest deposits. The use of non-metallic high-pressure pipe systems has proven to be an effective tactic in Alberta's oil sands. These systems, which are primarily made of composite and polymers, have demonstrated resilience to abrasive and corrosive environments, resulting in lower maintenance costs. It is revealed by the author that there is a significant reduction in the yearly maintenance cost due to the usage of a non-metallic high-pressure piping system; this enhanced the operational efficiency and improved the equipment longevity. The effectiveness of these applications demonstrates the potential of the non-metallic piping system being widely employed in Alberta's oil sands, which is in line with the industry's desire for economical and sustainable solutions. Challenges of the Non-Metallic High-Pressure Piping Systems It is evident that non-metallic high-pressure piping systems gained prominence in a number of industries because of their unique properties like corrosion resistance, lightweight design and ease of installation. As per research by Shokri and Sanavi Fard (2022), it is analyzed that one of the significant challenges related to non-metallic high-pressure piping systems is an intrinsic Page 4 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 4 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

constraint of the material employed. However, materials with good corrosion resistance, like high- density polyethylene and fiberglass-reinforced plastics, can have a temperature and pressure rating, which is limited. Due to this limitation, there are adverse effects in terms of material failure. On the other hand, Zhong (2016) stated that handling extreme pressure and temperature conditions are also challenging factors while working with non-metallic piping systems. Particular material's mechanical qualities can be affected by high temperatures, which can result in a decrease in strength and overall performance. Moreover, the author also stated that with non-metallic piping systems, changes in pressure can affect the joint and connection integrity, demanding careful consideration of such problems throughout the design and installation phases. Another research by Cai et al. (2021) also explained that due to the fluctuation in the temperature and pressure, there is a disturbance in the performance of non-metallic pipes. According to Beaumont (2017), the larger coefficient of thermal expansion and contraction of non-metallic materials, in contrast to metals, presents a major difficulty. This becomes especially significant for situations where there are large temperature fluctuations. The researcher analyzed that engineers must consider the dimensions changes brought on by thermal expansion and contraction in order to resolve these challenges. The author found out that it is critical to use techniques like expansion joints, appropriate material selection, and thermal insulation to avoid problems like joint separation, leakage, and stress on system components. Moreover, the prediction and mitigation of thermal challenges can be facilitated by the combination of advanced modeling and simulation approaches. As per research by Narayanaswamy (2017), a number of factors must be considered while selecting material for non-metallic pipelines, including design, construction, processes, maintenance, risks, dangers, safety, and cost. Standards and regulations offer required and voluntary specifications and recommendations for the choice of material. The lifetime and reliability of high-pressure piping systems depends on the section of non-metallic material with necessary chemical resistance. Certain chemicals can lead to material degradation over time, impacting the structural integrity of the piping. It is underscored in the research that thorough testing and compatibility assessment are crucial to ensure that non-metallic materials can withstand exposure to particular chemicals found in the operating environment. Furthermore, continuous material science research and development helps to recognize and enhance material that can tolerate a wider variety of chemical reactions. However, Cao et al. (2022) explained that non-metallic piping systems are installed outdoors so that they are exposed to ultraviolet radiations and some environmental factors, which can Page 5 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 5 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

eventually weaken the surface qualities of non-metallic piping systems. The author stated that manufacturers use UV-resistant chemicals and protective coating during the process of production in order to reduce this challenge. Nevertheless, the research figured out that in order to evaluate the impact of UV exposure and environmental factors on non-metallic high-pressure piping systems, continuous maintenance and monitoring are essential. In outdoor applications, regular inspection, surface treatment, and preventative actions can be helpful in extending the lifespan of these systems. Future Trends in Non-Metallic High-Pressure Piping Systems A piece of research by Ge et al. (2021) evaluated that due to the development in material science, non-metallic pipelines are increasingly becoming popular in urban infrastructure, demanding a constant evolution in detection and placement techniques. While the traditional methods of detecting metallic pipelines have evolved, non-metallic create unique challenges. Tracer line methods, tracer probe approaches and improved electromagnetic induction are some of the future trends in detection and location. It is planned to resolve issues with signal-to-noise ratio, incorporate new technologies such as GIS and in-pipe robots, establish standards and merge many detection techniques. The research further stated that in order to properly address the changing issues caused by the growing usage of non-metallic pipelines in underground urban infrastructure, R&D has to stay on top priority. The future trend in non-metallic high-pressure piping systems can also be extracted from Cai et al. (2021) research which introduces the sophisticated test and assessment technologies for non-metallic composite continuous pipes in the field of oil and gas. Anticipations include continuous progress in assessment techniques to thoroughly assess product excellence and functionality, addressing current deficiencies in testing technology. Customized solutions with better resistance to corrosion, temperature fluctuations, and gas leakage are expected to develop, meeting the needs of diverse oil field environments. It is projected that the incorporation of even more advanced materials with modern characteristics will boost the lifetime and overall performance of non-metallic high-pressure pipe systems. As the oil and gas sector adopts more non-metallic pipes, a potential trend is the creation of industry-wide norms and regulations to ensure consistency in product quality, inspection procedures, and performance expectations. Another research by Badeghaish, Noui-Mehidi and Salazar (2019) suggests a strategic change toward the usage of non-metallic materials in upstream oil and gas processes. The Page 6 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 6 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

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non-metallic composite substances, which are designed for drilling, tubular, and finishing applications in harsh environments, surpass many metallic options in terms of low weight, superior strength, improved fatigue resistance, and exceptional corrosion resistance. Economic analyses demonstrate significant life cycle cost cuts, particularly by eliminating workover procedures, despite obstacles such as more initial raw material costs and complex production processes. Through ongoing research and development, the industry hopes to broaden the usage of non- metallic materials beyond secure situations, focusing on high-pressure, high-temperature underground applications. The plan for the future calls for enhancing the operations package, choosing material optimally, and carrying out affordable solutions, ultimately contributing to enhanced reliability well-integrated and efficient upstream oil and gas processes. Furthermore, Kavi and Halabe (2023) explained that the future of non-metallic piping systems seems bright, with continuous improvements addressing current issues in the oil and gas sector. A key trend is the increasing use of composite tubular, which wishes to resolve the problems associated with metallic pipes in downhole procedures. Advances in lining technologies, like thermoplastic and poly-liners, highlight a path toward better corrosion resistance, with future development mainly emphasizing intensifying their temperature ranges. As smart sand management operations become more prevalent, sand control systems are changing to incorporate shape memory polymers. Page 7 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 7 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

References Badeghaish, W., Noui-Mehidi, M. and Salazar, O. (2019). The Future of Nonmetallic Composite Materials in Upstream Applications. [online] onepetro.org. doi:https://doi.org/10.2118/198572- MS. Beaumont, J. (2017). Non-Metallic Piping Systems for Corrosive Fluid Handling. [online] OnePetro. Available at: https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings-abstract/CORR17/All- CORR17/125438 [Accessed 1 Dec. 2023]. Bukhari, A.O., Bashar, M., Aladawy, A.S., Goh, S.L.M. and Sarmah, P. (2022). Review of Non- Metallic Pipelines in Oil & Gas Applications - Challenges & Way Forward. [online] onepetro.org. doi:https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-22301-MS. Cai, X., Shao, X., Zhang, Z., Ding, H., Qi, G. and Li, H. (2021). Discussion on New Evaluation Technology of Non-Metallic Composite Continuous Pipe for Oil and Gas Field. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, [online] 9(12), pp.1 – 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2021.912001. Cao, Q., Pojtanabuntoeng, T., Esmaily, M., Thomas, S., Brameld, M., Amer, A. and Birbilis, N. (2022). A Review of Corrosion under Insulation: A Critical Issue in the Oil and Gas Industry. Metals, 12(4), p.561. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/met12040561. Ge, L., Zhang, C., Gui Yun Tian, Xiao, X., Ahmed, J., Wei, G., Hu, Z., Xiang, J. and Robinson, M. (2021). Current Trends and Perspectives of Detection and Location for Buried Non-Metallic Pipelines. Chinese journal of mechanical engineering, 34(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033- 021-00613-z. Kavi, J. and Halabe, U.B. (2023). An Approach for Easy Detection of Buried FRP Composite/Non- Metallic Pipes Using Ground-Penetrating Radar. Sensors, [online] 23(20), p.8465. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208465. Lambrych, K. and Bennett, L.J. (2023). Non-Metallic Materials for Design and Construction of Mineral Extraction Equipment. [online] onepetro.org. Available at: https://onepetro.org/amppcorr/proceedings-abstract/AMPP23/All-AMPP23/527114 [Accessed 1 Dec. 2023]. Page 8 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 8 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

Narayanaswamy, R. (2017). The Process of Materials Selection for Pipeline Systems Optimization for Life Cycles. doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2017-2404. Orlov, M.V. and Badeghaish, W.O. (2020). Advanced Non-Metallic Coatings and Composite Materials for O & G Industry. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1990/1/012001. Schmidt, R.H. and Piotter, H.M. (2020). The Hygienic/Sanitary Design of Food and Beverage Processing Equipment. Food engineering series, pp.267 – 332. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 030-42660-6_12. Shokri, A. and Sanavi Fard, M. (2022). Corrosion in seawater desalination industry: A critical analysis of impacts and mitigation strategies. Chemosphere, 307, p.135640. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135640. Shokri, A. and Sanavi Fard, M. (2022). Corrosion in seawater desalination industry: A critical analysis of impacts and mitigation strategies. Chemosphere, 307, p.135640. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135640. Wolodko, J., Fotty, B. and Perras, T. (2016). Application of Non-Metallic Materials in Oil Sands Operations. [online] onepetro.org. Available at: https://onepetro.org/NACECORR/proceedings- abstract/CORR16/All-CORR16/123560 [Accessed 1 Dec. 2023]. Zhong, A. (2016). Challenges for High-Pressure High-Temperature Applications of Rubber Materials in the Oil and Gas Industry. Conference proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, pp.65 – 79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21765-9_10. Zubail, A., Traidia, A., Masulli, M., Vatopoulos, K., Villette, T. and Taie, I. (2021). Carbon and energy footprint of nonmetallic composite pipes in onshore oil and gas flowlines. Journal of Cleaner Production, 305, p.127150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127150. Page 9 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255 Page 9 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2768671255

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