MIDTERM_BIOS255N.docx
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Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi *
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Course
151
Subject
Mechanical Engineering
Date
Nov 24, 2024
Type
docx
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23
Uploaded by UltraOwlMaster1038
protection against infectious disease
Comments:
O negative
Comments:
BIOS
255
Unit
4
Midterm
Exam Questions with Answers
1.
Question :
(TCO3) Which of the following is a major function of blood?
Student Answer:
production of enzymes production of neurotransmitters
transduction of pressure
contractility
Question 2. Question :
(TCO3) Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood
cells were not agglutinated by anti-A serum, anti-B serum, and anti-Rh serum
Student Answer:
AB negative AB positive
O
positive
A
negative
Question 3. Question :
(TCO3) Which of the following formed elements in blood are
removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after about 4 months in the circulation?
Student Answer:
erythrocytes
thrombocytes
Comments:
megaloblastic anemia
Comments:
plasma without the albumins
monocyte
s basophils eosinophil
s
Question 4. Question :
(TCO3) A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic
acid cause production of large abnormal red blood cells is called
Student Answer:
hemorrhagic anemia aplastic anemia
pernicious anemia iron deficiency anemia
Question 5. Question :
(TCO3) Lymph is
Student Answer:
the same as plasma
plasma without the clotting factors
formed during the first step in blood clotting pulmonary interstitial fluid
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Comments:
proerythroblasts
Comments:
heparin
Comments:
Question 6. Question :
(TCO3) Which of the following precursor cells give rise to granular
leukocytes?
Student Answer:
megakaryobl
ast lymphoblast myeloblast
none of the selections are correct
Question 7. Question :
(TCO3) Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant formed
by mast cells and basophils?
Student
Answer:
fibrinogen thromboxane A2 prostacyclin plasmin
Question 8. Question :
(TCO3) Myeloid stem cells reside in
Student Answer:
the blood
the yellow marrow the thymus gland
the red marrow
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Comments:
pericardium
Comments:
a slower heart rate
Comments:
the spleen
Question 9. Question :
(TCO1) The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called
the
Student
Answer:
pleura myocardiu
m mediastinu
m endocardiu
m
Question 10. Question :
(TCO1) Stimulation of the sympathetic output to the heart would lead to
Student Answer:
a faster heart rate
no effects on cardiac output a ventricular block
formation of new erythrocytes
Question 11. Question :
(TCO1) Which of the following hormones do not increase the heart
rate?
norepinephrine
Comments:
peripheral resistance
Comments:
Student Answer:
thyroid hormone
epinephrin
e acetylcholi
ne
all of the above hormones
Question 12. Question :
(TCO1) The difference between a person’s maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the
Student Answer:
stroke volume
afterload cardiac reserve venous return
Question 13. Question :
(TCO1) The remnant of the foramen ovale in the adult heart is the
Student Answer:
foramen magnum interventricular septum fossa ovalis
sinoatrial node
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a
t
r
i
o
v
e
n
t
r
i
c
u
l
a
r
n
o
d
e
Comments:
Comments:
Question 14. Question :
(TCO1) Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by
the thickest layer of myocardium?
Student Answer:
right atrium
left atrium right ventricle left ventricle right auricle
Question 15. Question :
(TCO1) Which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG)
waves
represents ventricular repolarization?
Student Answer:
R
wave
Q
wave
P
wave
S
wave
T
wave
Comments:
Question 16. Question :
(TCO1) Elevated levels of
in the blood lead to reduced heart
rate.
Student Answer:
potassiu
m calcium
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Comments:
Comments:
epinephrine noradrenalin norepinephri
ne
Question 17. Question :
(TCO1) Which layer of the heart is the major contributor to the pumping
action of the heart?
Student Answer:
myocardiu
m epicardium
endocardiu
m pericardiu
m
serous pericardium
Question 18. Question :
(TCO2) Which of the following categories of hypertensive drugs lower
blood pressure by blocking the formation of angtiotensin II, which results in vasodilation and decreased aldosterone secretion?
Student Answer:
diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Comments:
B
e
t
a blockers
calcium channel blockers anabolic steroids
Comments:
Comments:
Question 19. Question :
(TCO2) Which of the following categories would an individual with a blood pressure of 130/85 be placed in?
Student Answer:
normal high normal
prehypertension stage 1 hypertension
stage 2 hypertension
Question 20. Question :
(TCO2) Which of the following effectors would NOT be activated as
described below in response to hypovolemic shock?
Student Answer:
adrenal cortex releases aldosterone kidneys conserve salt and water heart rate increases
systemic arterioles vasodilate heart contractility increases
Question 21. Question :
(TCO2) Which of the following types of blood vessels have high pulsing
blood pressure?
Student Answer:
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a
r
t
e
r
i
o
l
e
s
c
a
p
i
l
l
a
r
i
e
s
v
e
n
ules
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
veins
vena cavae
Question 22. Question :
(TCO2) During embryonic development, blood cells are formed from
Student Answer:
endodermal cells pluripotent stem cells angioblasts fibroblasts osteoblasts
Question 23. Question :
(TCO2) Fenestrated capillaries that have small pores are commonly
found in the
Student Answer:
kidneys
small intestines
choroid plexuses of the neural ventricular system all of the above
none of the above
Question 24. Question :
(TCO2) Which of the following structures are found in veins but NOT in
arteries?
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Student Answer:
tunica externa tunica media tunica interna valves
lumen
Question 25. Question :
(TCO2) The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is:
Student Answer:
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid osmotic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure blood hydrostatic pressure glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Question 26. Question :
(TCO3) What is the pulse pressure of a person that has a diastolic
pressure of 60 mm Hg with a systolic pressure of 125 mm Hg?
Student Answer:
65 mm HG
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Question 27. Question :
(TCO3) Determine the mean arterial pressure for a patient with an
average systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg with a mean diastolic pressure of 60 mm Hg:
Student Answer:
80
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Question 28. Question :
(TCO3) What is the resting cardiac output (in liters) of an athlete with a
stroke volume of 75 ml and a resting heart rate of 60 beats/minute?
Student Answer:
CO= SV x HR 4.500 L/Min
Question 29. Question :
(TCO3) The same athlete during exercise has a heart rate of 180
beats/minute with an increase of stroke volume to 125 ml. What
is their cardiac output during exercise?
Student Answer:
22.500 L/min
Question 30. Question :
(TCO3) What is the cardiac cycle for a person with a resting heart rate
of 66 beats per minute?
Student Answer:
Question 31. Question :
(TCO3) What is the name of the blood vessel that supplies the face
and head (except the brain) with oxygenated blood?
Student Answer:
supperior sagital sinus
Question 32. Question :
(TCO3) What is the name of the blood vessel that is the distal
extension of the external iliac artery as it enters the leg?
Student Answer:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Comments:
Question 33. Question :
(TCO3) What is the name of the blood vessel that drains
deoxygenated blood from the medial aspect of the forearm?
Student Answer:
Question 34. Question :
(TCO3) What is the name of the vein that is found behind the kneecap
on the posterior surface of the leg?
Student Answer:
Right popliteal
Question 35. Question :
(TCO3) What is the name of this blood vessel that is highlighted?
Student Answer:
common carotid
Question 36. Question :
(TCO3) List and briefly describe the three mechanisms used to reduce blood loss from a damaged blood vessel.
Student Answer:
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting (coagulation). vascular spasm is a prompt constriction of a broken vessel. Most immediate protection against blood loss. platelet plug formation They are broken vessels exposes collagen fibers in its walls. Platelet pseudopods stick to damaged vessel and other platelets; pseudopods contract and draw walls of vessel together forming a platelet plug. coagulation-most effective defense against bleeding. This involves the conversion of plasma protein, fibrinogen, into insoluble fibrin threads to form a framework of clot
Question 37. Question :
(TCO1) Define arrhythmia and discuss different categories of
arrhythmias.
Student Answer:
Arrhythmias are generally divided into two categories: ventricular and supraventricular. Ventricular arrhythmias occur in the lower chambers of the heart the ventricles. Supraventricular arrhythmias occur in the area above the ventricles, usually in the upper chambers of the heart, called the atria. Bradycardia is a very slow heart rate of
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Comments:
less than 60 beats per minute. This happens when the electrical impulse that signals the heart to contract is not formed in your hearts natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node or it is not sent to the heart's lower chambers through the proper channels Ventricular tachycardia is a condition in which
the SA node no longer controls the beating of the ventricles. Since the new signal does not move through your heart muscle along the regular route, the heart muscle does not beat normally. Your heartbeat quickens, and you feel as if your
heart is "skipping beats." This rhythm may cause severe shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting.
Question 38. Question :
(TCO2) What is a portal vein? Describe the hepatic portal circulation
and its functional significance
Student Answer:
Portal vein The portal vein or hepatic portal vein is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.
This blood is rich in nutrients that have been extracted from food, and the liver processes these nutrients; it also filters toxins that may have been ingested with the food. 75% of total
liver blood flow is through the portal vein, with the remainder coming from the hepatic artery proper. The blood leaves the liver to the heart in the hepatic veins. The portal vein is not a true vein, because it conducts blood to capillary beds in the liver and not directly to the heart. It is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of only two portal venous systems in the body - with the hypophyseal portal system being the other. The portal vein is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal system is the system of veins comprising the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries. It is responsible for directing blood from the region of the gastrointestinal tract between the esophagus and rectum and also includes venous drainage from the supplementary organs
such as the spleen and pancreas. Function The portal venous system is responsible for directing blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to the liver. Substances absorbed in the small intestine travel first to the liver for processing before continuing to the heart. Not all of the gastrointestinal tract is part of this system. The system extends from about the lower portion of the esophagus to the upper part of the anal canal. It
also includes venous drainage from the spleen and pancreas. Many drugs that are absorbed through the GI tract are
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substantially metabolized by the liver before reaching general circulation. This is referred to as the first pass effect. As a consequence, certain drugs can only be taken via certain routes. For example, nitroglycerin cannot be swallowed because the liver would inactivate the medication, but it can be taken under the tongue or transdermal (through the skin) and thus is absorbed in a way that bypasses the portal venous
system. Inversely, dextromethorphan, a cough suppressor, is best taken orally because it needs to be metabolised by the liver into dextrorphan in order to be effective.
This latter principle is that of most pro drugs. The use of suppositories is a way to by-pass partially the portal vein: the upper 1/3 of the rectum is drained into the portal
vein while the lower 2/3 are drained into the internal iliac vein that goes directly in the inferior vena cava (thus by-passing the liver). Blood flow to the liver is unique in that it receives both oxygenated and (partially) deoxygenated blood. As a result, the partial gas pressure of oxygen (pO2) and perfusion pressure of portal blood are lower than in other organs of the body. Blood passes from branches of the portal vein through cavities between "plates" of hepatocytes called sinusoids. Blood also flows from branches of the hepatic artery and mixes in the sinusoids to supply the hepatocytes with oxygen. This mixture percolates through the sinusoids and collects in a central vein which drains into the hepatic vein. The hepatic vein subsequently drains into the inferior vena cava.
The hepatic artery provides 30 to 40% of the oxygen to the liver, while only accounting for 25% of the total liver blood flow. The rest comes from the partially deoxygenated blood from the portal vein. The liver consumes about 20% of the total body oxygen when at rest. That is why the total liver blood flow is quite high, at about 1 litre a minute and up to two litres a minute. That is on average one fourth of the average cardiac output at rest. Large veins that are considered part of the portal venous system are the: Hepatic portal vein Splenic vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein The superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein come together to form the actual hepatic portal vein. The inferior mesenteric vein connects in most people on the splenic vein, but in others, it is known to connect on the portal vein or the superior mesenteric vein. The portal venous system corresponds to areas supplied by the celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric artery, and the inferior mesenteric artery
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- I need answers to questions 7, 8, and 9 pertaining to the print provided. Note: A tutor keeps putting 1 question into 3 parts and wasted so many of my questions. Never had a issue before until now, please allow a different tutor to answer because I was told I am allowed 3 of these questions.arrow_forwardPlease answer the 4th questionarrow_forwardCathy Gwynn for a class project is analyzing a "Quick Shop" grocery store. The store emphasizes quick service, a limited assortment of grocery items, and higher prices. Cathy wants to see if the store hours (currently 0600 to 0100) can be changed to make the store more profitable. Time Period Daily Sales in the Time Period 0600-0700 $40 0700-0800 70 0800-0900 120 0900-1200 400 1200-1500 450 1500-1800 500 1800-2000 600 2000-2200 200 2200-2300 50 2300-2400 85 2400-0100 40 The cost ofthe groceries sold averages 65% of sales. The incremental cost to keep the store open, including the clerk's wage and other operating costs, is S23 per hour. To maximize profit, when should the store be opened, and when should it be closed?arrow_forward
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- Full Answer PLEASE!. Answer Q 3 and 4 PLease Don't copy from the internet. PLEASE WRITE YOUR OWN WORDS THANK YOUarrow_forwardHelp!!! Please answer part b correctly like part A. Please!!!!arrow_forwardTRUE OR FALSE Directions: Choose true is the statement is correct, otherwise choose false. 1. Literature is not related to a certain region’s culture, tradition, history and people. 2. All written, oral, and multimedia forms of work are considered literature. 3. Poetry commonly utilizes rhymes and figures of speech while prose uses formal sentence structures. 4. Drama is delivered on a theatrical stage with actors and actresses. 5. Fictional works have the same elements of non-fictional works. 6. Facts, information, and statistics are focused on non-fictional works. 7. Human history and advancements were possible without the role literature. 8. The standard of universality conveys that literature must be perpetual and timely. It is forever relevant and it appeals to one and all, anytime, and anywhere. 9. Intellectual beauty expresses that a literary piece must stimulate thought about life and human nature, while suggestiveness pertains to how it evokes emotion of the reader. 10. All…arrow_forward
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