criminal justice cheat sheet
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Rutgers University, Newark *
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Course
101
Subject
Law
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
18
Uploaded by ProfLeopardPerson1474
Chapter 1
1. This consists of the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms.
●
social control 2. Instead of prison, an offender may be sentenced to this.
●
probation 3. This social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law.
●
criminal justice 4. Criminal justice officials use this to decide which cases to push further into the criminal justice system.
●
discretion 5. The administration of a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgment.
●
adjudicate 6. This is an action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point that someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed.
●
crime 7. This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system.
●
due process model 8. These offenses are punishable by more than a year in a state prison.
●
felonies 9. This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and/or jail time for up to one year.
●
misdemeanor 10. When law enforcement detains and holds a criminal suspect or suspects.
●
arrest Chapter 2
1. What is the unlawful entry of a structure in order to commit a felony or theft?
●
burglary
2. How does the FBI currently classify arson?
●
violent crime
3. Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?
●
problems of definition
●
problems of resources
●
problems of politics
●
all of the above
4. Which measure of crime uses the hierarchy rule?
●
Uniform Crime Reports
5. Which is one of the problems of attempting to measure crime?
●
Not all crimes are reported.
6. What are crimes that occur but do not get reported?
●
dark figure of crime
7. This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime available.
●
Uniform Crime Reports
8. This is necessary to compare crime across jurisdictions.
●
calculating the crime rate
9. This instrument gathers data on each individual criminal offense committed during the commission of multiple offenses.
●
National Incident-Based Reporting System
10. This is a method for trying to understand the level of unreported crime.
●
victimization surveys
Chapter 3
1. Case law
is another term for this.
●
common law
2. These proscribe criminal behavior.
●
Statutes
3. A case is between an individual and the government in this type of law.
●
Criminal
4. This document dictated protections from the English government.
●
Magna Carta
5. Substantive law covers this offense.
●
Assault
6. Common law is based on this doctrine.
●
Precedent
7. Community service is a likely punishment for an offender who has committed one of these.
●
Misdemeanor
8. Mens rea
refers to this.
●
criminal intent
9. Felons are not allowed to do this.
●
Run for public office.
10. This legal principle binds courts by the decisions of previous courts.
●
stare decisis
Chapter 4
1. As long as human beings have lived in large groups, we have needed this.
●
social control
2. What did English policing contribute to U.S. policing?
●
limited authority
3. "The swift angel of death" was Vollmer's term for what?
●
the patrol car
4. In early England, this was a group of 10 men who ensured that a group member who broke the law would go to court.
●
Tithing
5. The early Chicago police were different from other police organizations in four respects. Which is not one of
these?
●
The city criminal justice system emphasized strict legal procedure.
6. Vollmer's police reform movement focused on six issues. Which is not one of them?
●
Police should be uniformed.
7. Henry and John Fielding developed this.
●
Bow Street Runners
8. Who was the first "Public Enemy Number One" according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation?
●
John Dillinger
9. This U.S. act formed a civil-service system that eliminated patronage and administered employment and promotions based on merit.
●
Pendleton Civil Service Act
10. This was the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force.
●
Metropolitan Police Act
Chapter 5
Which amendment protects citizens from illegal searches and seizures?
●
Fourth Amendment
2. This case established that police have the right to search suspects to ensure their own safety if they think the suspects are armed.
●
Terry v. Ohio
3. This is the most visible function of the police.
●
patrol
4. What other way may search-and-seizure be defined?
●
Stop-and-frisk
5. This is a reason based on known facts to think that a criminal offense has occurred.
●
probable cause
6. One of the four restrictions on police when they arrest a suspect in this place is that they must knock and announce.
●
at home
7. The privacy doctrine, based on this case, holds that people, not places, are protected from government intrusion whenever they have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
●
Katz v. United States
8. The police use this power to decide whether to fully enforce the law in a given situation.
●
Discretion
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9. The structure of law enforcement agencies is similar to that of these things.
●
military units
10. What is the difference between the police and the military that makes supervising the police a different, and in many ways more difficult, job than supervising the military?
●
all of the above
Chapter 6
1. The expectation of how much and what type of force an officer will use in a given situation varies according
to several factors. Which is one of these factors?
●
time of day
●
size and sex of the suspect
●
local environment
●
all of the above
2. This Supreme Court case set forth that deadly force may be used only if the suspect poses a threat to the lives of police officers or bystanders.
●
Tennessee v. Garner
3. What do we not know with substantial confidence about police use of force?
●
How often wrongful force is used
4. Which is a key element of the policeman's working personality?
●
symbolic assailant
5. The first time that people of color worked as police officers in the U.S. was in 1805 in this city.
●
Birmingham
6. This term refers to the multiple outsider status of women and minority police officers.
●
double marginality
7. How is excessive use of force by the police problematic?
●
legal liability
●
physical injury or death
●
negative community reaction
●
all of the above
8. The socially constructed roles, behaviors, actions, and characteristics that a society considers appropriate for
males and females.
●
Gender
9. Which is not one of the four federal law enforcement agencies in which officers are most likely to be killed or assaulted?
●
Secret Service
10. Which is a typical event for a police officer?
●
car chase
●
Gunfight
●
meticulous detective work
●
none of the above
Chapter 7
1. This early court was infamous for its lack of due process.
●
Court of the Star Chamber
2. Which is a provision of the Sixth Amendment?
●
speedy trial
3. This series of ordinances established the beginnings of the grand jury system.
●
Assize of Clarendon
4. This is a brief in which someone who is not a part of a case gives advice or testimony.
●
amicus curiae
5. This is a formal statement of the criminal offense the defendant is accused of.
●
charge
6. This is a schedule of cases in a court.
●
docket
7. How many cases per year does the U.S. Supreme Court hear?
●
100
8. What type of trial was a trial by hot water?
●
Ordeal
9. These kinds of courts are generally divided according to a hierarchy of trial courts, appeals courts, and supreme courts.
●
state courts
10. This is the authority of a court to hear a case based on where the case is located in the system.
●
hierarchical jurisdiction
Chapter 8 1. The appeals of cases that went against the federal government in the lower courts are coordinated by this person.
●
solicitor general
2. Who is the most powerful person in the criminal justice system?
●
chief prosecutor
3. These criminal justice system professionals defend the United States in civil suits.
●
U.S. attorneys
4. This court officer prepares transcripts of court proceedings.
●
court reporter
5. In jurisdictions that have these systems, a full-time staff of attorneys represents indigent offenders.
●
public-defender system
6. This court officer keeps the court records and provides a pool of jurors for cases that go to trial.
●
clerk of the court
7. This agency is at the top of the federal hierarchy of prosecution.
●
U.S. Department of Justice
8. What do probation officers do besides supervise probationers?
●
write pre-sentence investigation reports
9. The decision in this case set forth that the accused has the right to an attorney, whether the offense is a misdemeanor or a felony, if the offense is punishable by incarceration.
●
Argersinger v. Hamlin
10. This participant in the criminal justice system helps those who cannot afford bail to get out of jail while awaiting trial.
●
bail agent
Chapter 9
1. This is the first step in a criminal trial.
●
indictment
2. In this type of trial, a judge decides on guilt or innocence and passes sentence.
●
bench trial
3. By pleading guilty or nolo contendere
to a lesser included charge, the defendant can reduce a potentially harsh sentence. What kind of plea is this?
●
vertical plea
4. How might an attorney attempt to exclude a juror?
●
peremptory challenge
5. The defense may file this to obtain documents and a list of witnesses that the prosecution plans to call.
●
motion for discovery
6. What is the jury pool called?
●
venire
7. A defendant can use this to plead guilty to a charge in exchange for other charges being dropped.
●
horizontal plea
8. A jury in which some of the members vote for guilt and some vote for innocence is called a _____.
●
hung jury
9. This is when the defense asks the judge to rule that the prosecution has not presented a compelling case against the defendant.
●
directed verdict of acquittal
10. This is the questioning of prospective jurors to determine whether they have the necessary qualifications to serve.
●
voir dire
Chapter 10
1. This penal system allowed inmates to eat and work together but prohibited speaking and face-to-face contact.
●
congregate-and-silent system
2. The era of retribution changed incarceration in these ways.
●
determinate sentencing; voluntary treatment; abolition of parole
3. Inmates could earn release, as well as privileges, goods, and services, with this system.
●
marks-of-commendation system
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4. The Supreme Court halted execution of the insane with this case.
●
Ford v. Wainwright
5. According to this method of control, individual offenders are prevented, by either imprisonment or death, from breaking more laws.
●
specific deterrence
6. Which U.S. Supreme Court case reinstated the death penalty?
●
Gregg v. Georgia
7. Around 1790, this jail was converted into the first U.S. penitentiary.
●
Walnut Street Jail
8. This Supreme Court decision established limits for the execution of the intellectually disabled.
●
Atkins v. Virginia
9. This system isolated inmates so that they would not contaminate one another with antisocial thoughts.
●
separate-and-silent system
10. Sir Walter Crofton invented this system in which inmates received conditional release and were supervised by local police.
●
ticket-of-leave system
Chapter 11
1. Inmates' lawyers used these two amendments to convince the courts to reconsider their stance toward prisons.
●
Eighth and Fourteenth
2. This amendment guards against "cruel and unusual punishments."
●
Eighth
3. This Supreme Court decision defined the processes required for prison disciplinary proceedings.
●
Wolff v. McDonnell
4. This is the most prevalent and problematic prison career.
●
correctional officer
5. According to this amendment, states cannot restrict rights granted by the federal government.
●
Fourteenth
6. This case allowed inmates to sue for civil rights violations.
●
Cooper v. Pate
7. Deprivation of liberty and deprivation of security are two _____.
●
pains of imprisonment
8. The equal protection clause of this amendment has been used to help define inmates' rights.
●
Fourteenth
9. Sociologists use this term to explain how the actions of an individual are transmitted into group actions.
●
collective behavior
10. Here, the inmates' ability to influence the conditions of their confinement is limited.
●
total institution
Chapter 12
1. A probation officer who suspects criminal activity does not need this Fourth Amendment provision to search
a probationer's residence, car, or person.
●
probable cause
2. In this case, the Supreme Court stated that felony defendants must be allowed an attorney during hearings when probation may be revoked or a deferred sentence imposed.
●
Mempa v. Rhay
3. The probation officer collects information about this during a pre-sentence investigation.
●
legal history of the incident and social history of the offender
4. To ensure adequate supervision, this management technique may be used for dangerous probationers.
●
intensive supervision probation
5. These three activities define the probation officer's job.
●
investigation; supervision; service
6. In 1983, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in this case that courts cannot revoke probation for the inability to pay a fine.
●
Bearden v. Georgia
7. Diversion programs are based on this theory.
●
labeling theory
8. Inmates may be granted this for behaving in prison, which can significantly reduce their sentences.
●
good time
9. The multiple goals of the criminal justice system are
●
incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation
10. These are two of the obstacles that inmates face when returning to society.
●
prisonization and stigmatization
Chapter 13
1. These behaviors are considered legitimate for adults, but deviant if committed by children.
●
status offenses
2. Two parties to a lawsuit decide to make an agreement instead of continuing the case through a trial and accept a judge's order based upon this agreement. This is called a _____.
●
consent decree
3. This case set forth that a case against a juvenile must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt if incarceration or loss of freedom is possible.
●
In re Winship
4. This allows a juvenile's case to be diverted without formal charges as long as the juvenile meets prescribed conditions.
●
informal parole
5. This 2012 case set forth that mandatory life-without-parole sentencing for juvenile homicide offenders
violates the Eighth Amendment' prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment.
●
Miller v. Alabama
6. Although not considered a criminal proceeding, this is the equivalent of a trial in the adult criminal court.
●
adjudicatory hearing
7. This is when a judge sends a juvenile to adult court.
●
judicial waiver
8. This concept established the government's protection of children's welfare.
●
parens patriae
9. This 1988 case set forth that the execution of a person under the age of 16 is unconstitutional.
●
Thompson v. Oklahoma
10. What is a child who has broken the law called?
●
bad kid
●
juvenile delinquent
●
pre-adult offender
●
minor
Chapter 14
1. The United States has the largest penal population in the world with over _____ incarcerated adults.
●
2.2 million
2. How is the rate of ex-offenders who commit new offenses and are returned to prison described?
●
recidivism rate
3. Which is typically true of prison inmates?
●
They have less than 12 years of schooling.
4. In 2016, Illinois lessened and/or removed some penalties for the possession of small amounts of marijuana. Which term best describes this?
●
decriminalization
5. In 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Jones that placement of a GPS tracking device by law enforcement constitutes a search and thus requires this.
●
a warrant
6. What is the official title of the USA PATRIOT Act?
●
The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act
7. Issues related to the individual right to privacy in this constitutional amendment has raised concerns about the use of technology by police departments to gather and evaluate information.
●
Fourth Amendment
8. This legislation limits the government's ability to collect information that cannot be directly connected to terrorism.
●
USA FREEDOM Act
9. Which is not a target-hardening technique?
●
improving education
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10. What effect does the high incarceration rate have on society?
●
Thousands of people are denied full citizenship rights.
●
Former inmates are socially marginalized.
●
Former inmates are subject to greater unemployment and poverty.
●
all of the above
True/ False 1. In a democracy, citizens are not responsible for ensuring that the laws are enforced.
False
2. Crime is a straightforward problem that responds to simple solutions.
False
3. Sometimes the work of local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies conflicts.
True
4. Offenders serve sentences less than a year in a local jail, and longer than a year in prison.
True
5. As a society, we simply cannot afford to spend the money and resources necessary to have a totally crime-
free society.
True
6. The goals and missions of law enforcement are always identical to those of the judicial system or the corrections system.
False
7. An offender may have to pay a sum of money as part of his or her punishment.
True
8. Crime is crime and is generally not divided into different types.
False
9. The emphasis on street crime is problematic because it drains resources from the prevention of other types of crime.
True
10. Serial murderers are common.
True
1. The National Incident-Based Reporting System does not account for successfully completed drug transactions because buyers consider themselves satisfied customers, not crime victims, and thus do not report these offenses in victimization surveys.
False
2. The National Incident-Based Reporting System gathers data on all offenses committed in a multi-crime incident.
True
3. Considering victimization is not a way to understand crime.
True
4. All crimes involve a discernible victim.
False
5. Victimization surveys do not provide a comprehensive account of crime.
True
6. Burglary is different from larceny-theft.
True
7. Measuring crime is easy.
False
8. The Uniform Crime Reports provide a useful picture of crime in the United States.
True
9. The stigma of being a victim of rape or sexual assault is so strong that many victims do not want to go through the trauma of dealing with the criminal justice system.
True
10. One study found that hate crimes are disproportionately directed "downward," that is, the offenders typically belong to a majority or powerful social group, and the victims to a minority social group.
True
1. Parole agencies may not enact rules limiting the freedom of parolees.
False
2. A defendant who loses a civil case may go to prison.
False
3. Cases decided in one judicial circuit are not necessarily influential in all circuits.
True
4. Misdemeanants sometimes receive alternative sentences.
True
5. Common law is not based on the doctrine of precedent.
False
6. The law not only defines socially unacceptable behaviors, but also regulates how behavior is punished.
True
7. The Bill of Rights specifies the freedoms of U.S. citizens.
True
8. Tort law is a form of criminal law.
False
9. Statutes are published in penal codes.
True
10. The Code of Hammurabi is a quite recent development in the law.
False
1. English policing contributed the tradition of limited police authority to U.S. policing.
True
2. The move toward police professionalism involved removing functions not normally concerned with crime control.
True
3. The business of apprehending suspects constitutes a small fraction of local police officers' time.
True
4. The law enforcement function has existed in one form or another for thousands of years.
True
5. Federal law enforcement agencies have nationwide jurisdiction and pursue all offenses.
False
6. There is little variation in how state law enforcement agencies are organized because the federal government
decides how each state is administered.
False
7. Most of the country's crime is handled by local law enforcement agencies.
True
8. Little local police work is concerned with order maintenance and problem-solving.
False
9. The frankpledge system is still in use in England today.
False
10. History demonstrates that, as an institution, law enforcement has been plagued by political interference, corruption, and lack of resources.
True
1. The Fourth Amendment extends to abandoned property.
False
2. The analogy of the police as soldiers is inexact and faulty because there is a fundamental difference between
how military organizations and police agencies deal with decision-making.
True
3. Police officers are usually not among the first responders to natural disasters, accidents, emergencies, and criminal offenses.
False
4. Evidence that the police acquire by illegal seizures may be presented in court, according to the Fourth Amendment.
False
5. Enforcing traffic laws is among the least dangerous aspects of police work.
False
6. One way to consider substantive law is to think of it as the rules by which the government must play.
False
7. The law is a changing set of rules that is adjusted to the demands of society.
True
8. The procedural law that controls the activities of law enforcement is derived from the Fourth Amendment.
True
9. Most searches are conducted with a warrant.
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False
10. The police do not make an arrest every time they are legally authorized to do so.
True
1. In the distant past, people of color never worked as law enforcement officers.
False
2. Gender and race are important issues in the study of law enforcement.
True
3. Most police contacts require the use of force.
False
4. Determining the lawfulness of the use of force is usually easy to do.
False
5. Job stress and the policing subculture are not related to alcohol abuse in police officers.
False
6. Some studies have shown that suicide is an occupational hazard for police officers.
True
7. Police departments usually have no policies to help individual officers.
False
8. Family members of police officers usually do not experience stress.
False
9. Police may use physical force whenever they feel like it.
False
10. There are no legitimate reasons to have SWAT teams because police agencies are rarely required to perform dangerous tasks.
False
1. The U.S. court system is very orderly and easy to understand.
False
2. The Supreme Court can review any case it wishes.
True
3. Appellate courts are responsible for ensuring correct application of substantive law.
False
4. The U.S. criminal court system is not an adversarial process.
False
5. Unlike other countries, the United States has no centralized court system.
True
6. Juvenile courts operate differently than state criminal courts.
True
7. The jury trial developed in the 13th century because the Roman Catholic church forbade priests to participate in trials by ordeal.
True
8. The development of English courts between the 11th and 18th centuries provided the foundation for the courts of the United States.
True
9. The courts are in a supremely powerful position within the criminal justice system.
False
10. Trials by ordeal depended on divine intervention to demonstrate the innocence of the accused.
True
1. There is no limit to the prosecutor's powers.
False
2. Defense attorneys are not expected to share evidence of their clients' guilt.
True
3. Judges act as a check and balance to the discretion of prosecutors.
True
4. Nearly half of the states elect judges.
True
5. The president appoints the U.S. attorney general.
True
6. Courts are required by law to provide victimâwitness services and programs.
False
7. The Justice Department is responsible for many activities that are not connected to the prosecution of criminal cases.
True
8. The defense attorney acts as a gatekeeper in deciding which cases enter the criminal justice system.
False
9. The defense attorney ensures that the prosecution adequately proves the charges.
True
10. Members of the courtroom work group usually do not cooperate.
False
1. Plea bargaining does not focus on determining guilt or innocence.
True
2. Defendants with identical charges, similar records, and equal culpability who appear before the same judge can receive drastically different sentences.
True
3. The prosecution is first to make an opening argument.
True
4. Ideally, determinate sentencing assigns a fixed sentence to each offender convicted of a particular crime.
True
5. Mandatory minimum laws are very amenable to probation and alternative sentencing.
False
6. Plea bargaining benefits no one.
False
7. Trials can last months for complicated cases.
True
8. Motions are important in a trial.
True
9. Many states allow a jury of six for some types of cases.
True
10. Criminal trials happen relatively often.
False
1. The penitentiary originated in the United States.
True
2. Maconochie believed that brutality and cruelty debased societies that used such methods for social control.
True
3. Brockway was often known as "Paddler Brockway."
True
4. The philosophy that work is healthy for both the inmate and the society is relatively recent.
False
5. Courts maintain a "hands-off" policy regarding prisons.
False
6. The idea of incarceration as the only punishment for offenders is relatively recent.
True
7. During the retributive era, the primary function of parole moved from treatment to supervision.
True
8. The Pennsylvania and Auburn systems emphasized vigorous social interaction.
False
9. Death has been a common form of punishment throughout history.
True
10. Penal reform progressed smoothly from brutality to humane treatment.
False
1. Little is required to upset the prison's delicate social system.
True
2. Prison inmates have some legal rights.
True
3. Without proper vigilance, gangs can take partial control of a prison.
True
4. Prison reform began in the 1930s.
False
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5. Discrimination that is prohibited in society may sometimes be permitted in prisons.
False
6. Few prisons are closed institutions where everything is tightly controlled.
True
7. An inmate's cell may be searched without warning.
False
8. "Contact" visits are a constitutional right of prison inmates.
True
9. Prisons may employ many specialist officers.
True
10. U.S. prisons and jails rarely have to deal with inmates who are mentally ill, intellectually disabled, and/or physically disabled.
False
1. The determination of probation risk is a legal issue in which offenders are protected by the court and is not the responsibility of probation departments.
False
2. Community corrections account for a minor portion of the correctional efforts of the criminal justice process.
False
3. Probation officers are able to ensure that all the conditions of probation are being followed at all times.
False
4. All violations of the technical conditions of probation do not result in revocation of probation.
True
5. Everyone who violates the law is incarcerated.
False
6. Fines are sometimes combined with other types of sanctions.
True
7. Criminal cases are usually settled by plea bargaining.
True
8. Offenders may be diverted to alternative programs at a number of points in the criminal justice system.
True
9. The probation officer spends little time gathering information for criminal justice system decision-makers.
False
10. There are more offenders on probation than in prison or on parole.
True
1. Juveniles never go to adult prisons.
False
2. The juvenile court system may share personnel with the adult court system.
True
3. The juvenile justice system has little or no focus on rehabilitation.
False
4. Juvenile court decisions may affect entire families.
True
5. Because of the legal reforms of the 1960s and 1970s, juvenile delinquents enjoy many of the rights afforded adults in the criminal court.
True
6. Juveniles are never diverted from the justice system.
False
7. There are no major differences between criminal court and juvenile court.
False
8. Each state has its own structure and method of processing juvenile justice cases.
True
9. In an adjudicatory hearing, the judge also acts as jury.
True
10. As far as the criminal justice system is concerned, children may do whatever adults do.
False
1. A significant percentage of American citizens are incarcerated.
True
2. Overcrowded prisons mean that more resources are available for the rehabilitation and re-entry of inmates into society.
False
3. Prison inmates come from all walks of life with evenly distributed socio-economic statuses.
False
4. Children are not allowed to visit their parents in prison.
False
5. In the 1970s, the United States gathered mentally ill offenders into secure mental health facilities.
False
6. Prisons and jails are not equipped to deal with infectious and chronic diseases and do not provide adequate dietary and exercise programs to keep inmates healthy.
True
7. The "war" approach to crime considers criminals the enemy.
False
8. The tension between protecting the public and safeguarding the constitutional and civil rights of individuals is a major challenge of policing.
True
9. "Smart policing" relies on the experience and intuition of individual police officers to roughly predict where crime will happen.
False
10. The USA PATRIOT Act reduces judicial oversight of telephone and Internet surveillance.
True
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