JF504

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Apr 3, 2024

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JF-504 Army Forces (ARFOR) Doctrine, Capabilities, and Limitations 10 Study Questions: THESIS The US Army is the nation's decisive land and combat force with the missions of defeating enemy land forces and securing terrain. The capabilities and resources of US Army forces, combined with the capabilities and resources of other services and other nations in joint and multinational operations, can produce overwhelming military power. Moreover, to operate efficiently in the joint and multinational environment, planners must understand how army forces are organized, how they accomplish their missions, and how they execute their roles as part of the joint military team. LESSON OBJECTIVES (LO): JF 504.1 Comprehend the capabilities, limitations, and missions of the different army brigade combat teams (BCT). JF 504.2 Comprehend how US Army forces were employed in recent conflicts. JF 504.3 Comprehend the US Army's concept of full spectrum operations. LESSON MATERIALS: 1. Army Comprehensive Guide to Modularity , extracts from Army Comprehensive Guide to Modularity (Version 1), US Army Training and Doctrine Command [TRADOC Publication] Ch 1 and 8-10, JF CB, pp 153-167 (JF-504.1) 2. Headquarters Army, " Fundamentals of Full Spectrum Operations ," June 2001, JF CB, pp 168-192 (JF-504.3) 3. Field Manual 71-100, " Division Operations ," 28 August 1996, JFCB, pp 193-212 (JF- 504.1) 4. Video: The Army Lecture, LTC Myers , January 2006, Audio , Slides . JF DVD. (ALL) 5. Video: Army Capabilities Lecture, LTC Myers , January 2006, Audio , Slides . JF DVD. (ALL) 6. Geibel, " Operation ANACONDA, Shah-i-Khot Valley, Afghanistan 2-10 March 2002 ," 2002, JF CB, pp 213-223 (JF-504.2) 7. Murray and Scales, "The Ground Campaign in Southern Iraq" , JF CB, pp 224-248 (JF-504.2) 8. Lieutenant Colonel Myers, " Practical Exercise, Division Capabilities ", JF DVD. (Optional) (ALL) 1

LESSON MATERIALS RATIONALE: TRADOC Publication, Army Comprehensive Guide to Modularity reading describes the roles of combat teams. The Fundamentals of Full Spectrum Operations reading discusses doctrine fundaments for full spectrum operations. Full Spectrum Operations are the building blocks of combat power. Understanding these fundamentals is important for the efficient and effective employment and sustainment of army forces employed across the range of military operations. The Division Operations FM 71-100 reading gives a brief history of the role of the Army and discusses how the Army is organized. The two video lectures discuss the US Army's units of execution (UEs) and Combat Brigade Teams (BCT) as well as their capabilities and limitations. The "Operation ANACONDA, Shah-i-Khot Valley, Afghanistan 2-10 Mary 2002" reading provides an overview of Operation ANACONDA, a classic light-infantry operation. This allows the student to better appreciate the differences between heavy- force and light-force ground operations. The Murray and Scales reading provides an excellent account of the ground campaign in Southern Iraq during Operation IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF). Additionally, this reading will demonstrate the importance of Joint Interdependence and heavy forces in high intensity, fast moving operations. The Practical Exercise is an optional exercise designed to assist students apply their knowledge of Army capabilities and limitations to a fictitious scenario. Using a series of questions, this exercise requires students to determine the Army unit or units that should be employed to meet mission objectives. The key to this exercise is to understand which Army units would be most effective and efficient to employ for this fictitious scenario. This exercise is recommended to students who may need extra assistance in understanding different types of Army units as well as their capabilities and limitations. LESSON INTEGRATION & RATIONALE: This lesson is focused on comprehending Army roles, functions, and core competencies as well as the capabilities and limitations of Army forces. This lesson is the cornerstone for understanding the proper planning and employment of Army forces during joint operations to achieve a JFC's objectives. 2

JF-504 Army Forces (ARFOR) Doctrine, Capabilities, and Limitations 10 Study Questions – Pre test handwritten note taking guide. 1.Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of a heavy brigade combat team. 2. Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of an infantry brigade combat team. 3. Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of a Stryker brigade combat team. 4 Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of an airborne brigade combat team. 5. Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of an air assault brigade combat team. 6. Explain Army operations in support of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM in Afghanistan. 3

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7. Explain Army operations in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM? 8. Explain the US Army's concept of theater organization as it applies to full spectrum operations. 9. Explain the US Army's concept of operational framework as it applies to full spectrum operations. 10. Describe the US Army's concept of the operational framework as it applies to battlespace. 4

JF-504 Army Forces (ARFOR) Doctrine, Capabilities, and Limitations 10 Study Questions: 1.Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of a HEAVY brigade combat team. The Solution—Modular Organizations The Army is developing new organizations to meet the challenges of the 21st century operation: units of execution (UEs) X and Y, and brigade combat teams (BCTs). BCTs are stand-alone combined arms organizations. There are three types of BCTs : heavy, light, and Stryker. UExs exercise command and control of Army forces at the tactical- and operational-levels. Army components at theater level are organized as UEys. In addition, specialized brigades may be assigned to both UExs and UEys when the situation requires their capabilities. Heavy Brigade Combat Team Organization : The heavy brigade combat team (HBCT) is a versatile organization. While HBCTs are optimized for high-tempo offensive operations against conventional and unconventional forces in mixed and open terrain, they are also highly capable in defensive operations, urban combat, screen, guard, and cover missions, and most stability operations, with the possible exception of stability operations in mountainous jungle environment. The HBCT is a balanced combat organization built around a brigade special troops battalion (BSTB), two combined arms maneuver battalions, a fires battalion, a reconnaissance squadron, and a brigade support battalion (BSB). These battalions are organized to accomplish the missions based upon recent operational experience. 2. Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of an infantry brigade combat team. Infantry Brigade Combat Team Organization : The infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) is a balanced combat organization built around a brigade special troops battalion (BSTB) two infantry battalions, a fires battalion, a reconnaissance squadron, and a brigade support battalion (BSB). IBCTs are more deployable, more versatile, and contribute more to the joint team than the organizations they replace. They have greater capacity for offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations in all mission environments. Technology allows Soldiers in IBCTs to gather more information faster and more reliably than their predecessors. They also fight as a networked team of teams internally and with teammates in the other services. Thus enabled, they will secure and retain the initiative, and exercise it aggressively to defeat conventional or unconventional enemies. Their operations will throw enemy forces off balance with powerful initial blows from unexpected directions and then following up rapidly to prevent their recovery. 5

3. Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of a Stryker brigade combat team. The Solution—Modular Organizations The Army is developing new organizations to meet the challenges of the 21st century operation: units of execution (UEs) X and Y, and brigade combat teams (BCTs). BCTs are stand-alone combined arms organizations. There are three types of BCTs: heavy, light, and Stryker . UExs exercise command and control of Army forces at the tactical- and operational-levels. Army components at theater level are organized as UEys. In addition, specialized brigades may be assigned to both UExs and UEys when the situation requires their capabilities. 4 Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of an airborne brigade combat team. The division is a large Army organization that trains and fights as a tactical team. Largely self-sustaining, it is capable of independent operations. The division is a unit of maneuver, organized with varying numbers and types of combat, combat support (CS), and combat service support (CSS) units. It may be armored, mechanized, medium, light infantry, airborne , or air assault; each can conduct operations over a wide range of environments. The success of Army operations depends on the success of its divisions. 5. Explain the capabilities, limitations, and missions of an air assault brigade combat team. It may be armored, mechanized, medium, light infantry, airborne, or air assault ; each can conduct operations over a wide range of environments. The success of Army operations depends on the success of its divisions. 6

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6. Explain Army operations in support of Operation ENDURING FREEDOM in Afghanistan. Can’t find shit… 7

7. Explain Army operations in support of Operation IRAQI FREEDOM? In less than a week the Americans had achieved a stunning advance deep into enemy territory, setting the scene for the final chapter of the Baath regime. Nevertheless, a number of disturbing issues confronted them as the shamal blew itself out on March 26. On that day a crucial meeting took place at General Conway’s I MEF headquarters. McKiernan and Wallace both flew in to determine what the next move would be. While theshamal had provided a brief respite to some of their soldiers and marines, the logistical situation was serious for everyone. Blount’s 3rd Infantry Division had consumed virtually all of its supplies over the course of the campaign thus far. Moreover, the lead army and marine units were engaged in a series of nasty fire fights in An Nasiriyah, As Samawah, and An Najaf that were distracting the focus of V Corps and I MEF. The need to protect lengthy logistical lines was dissipating combat power in a number of meaningless engagements. Fierce attack by fedayeen along the Euphrates was having a significant impact on the conduct of operations. Blount’s 3rd Infantry Division, spread out over the entire length of the lines of communications, was highly vulnerable. Its 3rd Brigade Combat Team extended from As Samawah to An Najaf. The 2nd BCT was isolating An Najaf with a portion of the 7th Cavalry, while the 1st BCT was fighting for control of the river crossing site outside the city. Wallace argued that unless these brigades were freed from their current missions, V Corps and 3rd Infantry Division would barely be able to scrape together two brigades for the attack on the Karbala Gap. McKiernan agreed. Consequently, with Franks’ consent, Third Army released its reserve brigade from the 82nd Airborne to take over the fight at As Samawah and the protection of the 3rd Infantry Division’s lines of communications, aided by the 101st Airborne Division. Once this was sorted out, 3rd Infantry Division would regain full control of its combat power for the job of driving through the Karbala Gap and on to Baghdad. But that was only one of the steps that needed to be taken. The second was the establishment of a fully functioning forward supply base at Objective Rams near An Najaf. Wallace estimated that the corps needed to stockpile at least three to four days of supplies—and probably five to six days—in order for the 3rd Infantry Division to have the legs to push through to Baghdad. Before the meeting broke up, the senior commanders agreed that they had to create three basic conditions before launching the final offensive against the capital. First, they needed to clear up the lines of communications, so that supplies could flow smoothly forward. Second, they needed to establish three to four days of supplies in the forward supply dumps, so they could sustain significant fighting as they surrounded Baghdad. And third, they needed a clearer idea of the strength and position of the Republican Guard on the other side of the hill. In the coming four days their troops would establish these conditions and set the stage for the battle of Baghdad. 8

8. Explain the US Army's concept of theater organization as it applies to full spectrum operations. The operational framework for Army forces rests within the combatant commander’s theater organization. Combatant commanders with geographic responsibilities conduct operations within an area of responsibility (AOR) (theater) assigned by the Unified Command Plan. When warranted, they designate theaters of war, theaters of operations, combat zones, and a communications zone (COMMZ). Joint force commanders (JFCs) at all levels may establish subordinate operational areas (see figure 4-3). Joint doctrine discusses the assignment and responsibilities associated with theater operational areas. A theater of operations is a subarea within a theater of war defined by a combatant commander required to conduct or support specific combat operations. Different theaters of operations within the same theater of war will normally be geographically separate and focused on different enemy forces. Theaters of operations are usually of significant size, allowing for operations over extended periods of time. 9. Explain the US Army's concept of operational framework as it applies to full spectrum operations. The Operational Framework The operational framework consists of the arrangement of friendly forces and resources in time, space, and purpose with respect to each other and the enemy or situation. It consists of the area of operations, battlespace, and the battlefield organization. The framework establishes an area of geographic and operational responsibility, and provides a way for commanders to visualize how to employ forces against the enemy. Commanders design an operational framework to accomplish their mission by defining and arranging its three components. They use the operational framework to focus combat power. The operational framework consists of the arrangement of friendly forces and resources in time, space, and purpose with respect to each other and the enemy or situation. It consists of the area of operations, battlespace, and the battlefield organization. 9

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10. Describe the US Army's concept of the operational framework as it applies to battlespace. The operational framework consists of the arrangement of friendly forces and resources in time, space, and purpose with respect to each other and the enemy or situation. It consists of the area of operations, battlespace, and the battlefield organization. The framework establishes an area of geographic and operational responsibility, and provides a way for commanders to visualize how to employ forces against the enemy. Commanders design an operational framework to accomplish their mission by defining and arranging its three components. They use the operational framework to focus combat power. An AO is an operational area defined by the JFC for land and naval forces. AOs do not typically encompass the entire operational area of the JFC but should be large enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions and protect their forces. Commanders typically subdivide some or all of their AO by assigning AOs to subordinate units. Figure 4-4 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Areas of Operations Battlespace is conceptual—a higher commander does not assign it. Commanders determine their battlespace based on their concept of operations, accomplishing the mission, and protecting the force. Commanders use their experience, professional knowledge, and understanding of the situation to visualize and change their battlespace as current operations transition to future operations. 10

Battlespace is the environment, factors, and conditions commanders must understand to successfully apply combat power, protect the force, or complete the mission. This includes the air, land, sea, space, and the included enemy and friendly forces, facilities, weather, terrain, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the information environment within the operational areas and areas of interest (see Figure 4-5). Figure 4-4 Contiguous and Noncontiguous Areas of Operations Figure 4-5 Battlespace Components 11

JF504

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