Christopher Guerrero Module 5 Unmanned Aerial Systems- SWOT Analysis (PLG1)
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SWOT - Analysis of UAS, AAM, and Air Traffic Control Integration Challenges
Christopher W. Guerrero
Worldwide, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
ASCI 254: Aviation Legislation
Richard Ham
Nov 19, 2023
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To thoroughly analyze potential upgrades for air traffic control systems in the context of
unmanned aerial systems/vehicles (UAS/UAVs), it is essential first to comprehend the essence of
UAS/UAVs, their current functionalities, and their anticipated evolution within the aviation
industry. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) encompass air vehicles and associated equipment
designed for operation without human intervention. These systems can be either remotely piloted
or endowed with autonomous flight capabilities, constituting a unique category of aircraft called
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones. Various companies in the industry are actively
developing UAS for diverse applications, ranging from military defense to air taxis, deliveries,
and beyond.
Strengths:
Enhanced Safety
Increased Efficiency
Scalability
Technological Innovation
Weaknesses:
Technological Complexity
Regulatory Compliance
Opportunities:
Market Growth
Integration with Traditional
Air Traffic Management
(ATM):
Threats:
Potential for cyberattacks
Noise and Enironmental
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Having established a comprehensive understanding of UAS/UAVs, the focus shifts to the
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) role. As the guardian of airspace regulations and safety in
the United States, the FAA systematically analyzes risks associated with technological
advancements and formulates new regulations to ensure public safety. Key FAA initiatives
include the implementation of Unmanned Aircraft Registration and the introduction of Part 107,
which encompasses the Remote Pilot Certificate (Federal Aviation Administration, 2023) and
now the Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) plan, which will govern AMM aircraft under the Part
135 that should go in to affect 2028. These measures underscore the FAA's commitment to
creating a regulatory framework that facilitates the secure and responsible integration of UAS
into the national airspace.
The Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) system is revolutionizing transportation by
facilitating the aerial movement of individuals and cargo between two locations within the
United States. Powered by cutting-edge technologies such as electric aircraft or electric vertical
takeoff and landing (EVTOL) aircraft, AAM operates effortlessly in both controlled and
uncontrolled airspace. However, it is important to note that AAM is narrowly defined to cover
operations that involve transporting passengers or cargo with a pilot on board (Federal Aviation
Administration, 2023). Even though AAM aircraft must have a pilot on board, the technology
used is similar to that used in UAS, making integration easier. AAM aircraft are designed to
operate within Class B and C airspace from the surface to 4000’ in urban areas. To navigate this
airspace, a pilot must obtain ATC clearance, and the aircraft must be equipped with a functioning
two-way radio, Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) Out, appropriate
navigation capabilities, and a functioning transponder with altitude reporting capability.
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Typically, initial AAM aircraft operations are anticipated to adhere to Visual Flight Rules (VFR)
weather minima within visual meteorological conditions (VMC) (Federal Aviation
Administration, 2023). One of the most reassuring aspects of AAM is that it requires the same
equipment as any other aircraft, ensuring that safety is always a top priority. Additionally, charted
routes will allow the FAA to expand on existing plans to accommodate a high volume of AAM
aircraft operating, enabling the FAA to scale operations since AAM aircraft will always have a
predetermined routing. This will allow controllers to be more focused and efficient since there
will be designated routes for AAM, and they will still have to communicate with controllers
when leaving or entering the airspace.
Some of the weaknesses of the integration of this new technology will be regulatory
compliance factors. A significant factor is that many AAM aircraft are still in the design and
experimental phase, where the FAA grants a special airworthiness certificate. Because many of
these systems still need to be proven, there is no regulation to govern them. The primary example
is that most AAM aircraft will have vertical take-off and electric propulsion, with no regulations
yet, set. (Unit Government Accountability Office, 2022). The integration of these technologies
with the existing infrastructure is another hurdle. There will have to be additional parking and
upgraded power grids. These two things are necessary because even if AAM aircraft are allowed
to operate in the airspace, they cannot park and recharge.
In 2018, London's Gatwick Airport faced a 24-hour closure due to the presence of drones
near the airport (Frąckiewicz, 2023). Seizing the opportunity presented by such incidents, several
companies have developed anti-drone systems. These systems vary in complexity, from
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straightforward approaches like launching nets to more sophisticated solutions like Radio
Frequency (RF) jamming systems. The latter emits a signal that disrupts the communication link
between the drone and its operator, rendering the drone nonfunctional and compelling it to land
or return to its initial takeoff point. The market for anti-drone solutions has witnessed significant
growth, with various enterprises tailoring RF jamming systems specifically for airport security
applications. Notably, some of these systems can target multiple drones simultaneously
(Frąckiewicz, 2023). The FAA is responsible for ensuring the integration of Advanced Air
Mobility (AAM) into the National Airspace System (NAS) with an unwavering commitment to
operational safety, aligning with the stringent standards of commercial aviation. Airport
operators are increasingly cognizant of the potential impacts of the burgeoning air transport
sector on their facilities in the future. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM)
capabilities are poised to revolutionize the industry by assisting Air Traffic Controllers in
managing airspace alongside the existing Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, enabling
controllers to enhance vigilance and operational efficiency.
Along with other security concerns, there is also the risk of cyber attacks. The increasing
use of technology and connectivity in airports has made it more vulnerable to cybersecurity
threats. Airports have numerous access points that hackers can exploit, and the constant flow of
diverse individuals and organizations creates a complex surface for cyberattacks. Furthermore,
integrating electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) into airport systems has
intensified the need for cybersecurity measures to prevent cyber vulnerabilities. (National Safe
Skies Alliance, 2023). An additional aspect to contemplate is the environmental consequences of
advanced air mobility operations, encompassing elements like noise disturbances to individuals
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and wildlife. Since these aircraft will be flying in and around urban areas, a significant threat is
the noise concern. If they disrupt people’s daily lives, they might be too keen to allow them to be
flying overhead.
In conclusion, the integration of unmanned aerial systems/vehicles (UAS/UAVs) and
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) presents a complex landscape that requires a comprehensive
understanding and collaboration. The FAA's role in regulating UAS operations, exemplified by
initiatives like Unmanned Aircraft Registration and Part 107, emphasizes safety standards.
However, challenges persist, including regulatory uncertainties for experimental AAM aircraft
and infrastructure needs. The Gatwick Airport drone incident propelled anti-drone system
development, underlining security concerns. Environmental considerations, particularly noise
disturbances, challenge AAM acceptance in urban areas. Striking a balance between
technological advancements and environmental impact is crucial. The collaboration between
Unmanned Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM) and Air Traffic Management (ATM)
systems holds promise for enhanced airspace management. A collective approach is essential for
addressing regulatory, technological security, and environmental considerations, ensuring these
technologies' successful, safe, and sustainable integration into the national airspace system.
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Reference:
Federal Aviation Administration (2023, July).
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Implementation
Plan
. FAA.
https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/AAM-I28-Implementation-Plan.pdf
Federal Aviation Administration (2020, October 6).
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Regulations (Part 107)
. FAA.
https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/small-unmanned-aircraft-
systems-uas-regulations-part-107
Federal Aviation Administration (2023, July 7).
Become a Drone Pilot
. FAA.
https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot
Frąckiewicz, M. (2023, June 8).
How Anti-Drone Technology is Revolutionizing Airport Security
.
TS2.
https://ts2.space/en/how-anti-drone-technology-is-revolutionizing-airport-
security/#gsc.tab=0
(Frąckiewicz, 2023)
National Safe Skies Alliance (2023, June ).
Security Considerations for Advanced Air Mobility
(AAM) Operations at Airports
. Sskies.
https://www.sskies.org/images/uploads/subpage/PARAS_0041.AAMOperations_.FinalRe
port_.pdf
(National Safe Skies Alliance, 2023)
Pard, J. S. (2023, March 23).
How Airports are Seizing Opportunities to Incorporate Drones into
their Ecosystem
. ACI World Insights.
https://blog.aci.aero/how-airports-are-seizing-
opportunities-to-incorporate-drones-into-their-ecosystem/
(Pard, 2023)
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United States Government Accountability Office (2022, May).
Stakeholders Identified Issues to
Address for 'Advanced Air Mobility'
. Gao.
https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-105020.pdf
(United States Government Accountability Office, 2022)