OPS102 - Week 3 - Aditya Mahesh Tambe
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Course
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Date
Dec 6, 2023
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Uploaded by DrQuail3570
OPS102 – Week 3 – File Systems - Sample Lab
Student Name Aditya Mahesh Tambe
Student ID: 171969223
Activity 1: File Globing
When issuing Linux or Windows commands, it may be
more efficient
(less typing) to use
filename expansion symbols
also called
File Globing
to match files that share similar
characteristics (e.g. same file extension) when issuing Linux commands.
Example
:
You can use a special character to indicate to the Bash shell to match all files that end
with the extension ".txt" in your current working directory:
ls *.txt
a.txt b.txt c.txt 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt abc.txt work.txt
Below are the most common Filename Expansion symbols and how they are used for filename
expansion:
Filename
Expansion
Symbol
Purpose
*
Asterisk (*) to represent
0 or more characters
?
Question mark (?) to represent
exactly one character (any character)
[ ]
Square brackets ([ ]) to represent and match for the
character enclosed within the square brackets
.
It represents ONLY ONE character - it's like a
Question Mark (?)
but with
conditions or restrictions.
[! ]
Square brackets containing an exclamation mark immediately after
the open square bracket ([! ]) to represent and match and
OPPOSITE
character for the character enclosed within the square brackets.
Consider following file hierarchy for the activities in this section. This applies to both of Linux
and Windows.
You will now get practice issuing file management commands using
filename expansion
symbols
. We will be using the directory structure given above.
A great way to practice filename expansion, use the
touch
command on Linux to create a lot of
empty filenames (for windows use any preferred way to create such files.), write the
ls/dir
commands that use
filename expansion
, predict the filenames that will be display, and finally
run the command to check your work.
Perform the following steps for Linux and repeat them for windows using equivalent
commands learnt previously:
1.
Issue a Linux command to move to the
examples
directory
(i.e. under
practice
directory as shown in diagram to the right).
2.
Issue a Linux command to confirmed that you have moved to the
examples
directory.
3.
Issue the
touch
command to create the following empty text files in the
examples
directory:
(note
upper
and
lowercase
letters)
abc.txt
def.text
hij.TxT
1a4.txt
123.TXT
456.txt
6u9.txt
ab2.html
1234.txt
abcdef.txt
abcde.txt
4.
If you encounter errors, then make corrections (eg.
viewing directory contents
,
check
for correct filename syntax
,
case sensitivity
,
missing files
,
files in the wrong location
,
etc.)
no error was seen in the linux ubuntu as afterwards in the listing scenario, it shows the
files not sure if it will work the same as the extensions I have provided with the
questions.
5.
Issue the
ls
command to get a listing of files in your
examples
directory.
The output should look identical to the diagram displayed below.
You can refer to this listing to see all files so you can then predict the output from Linux
commands that use filename expansion symbols.
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6.
What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls ???.txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.
ls command helps us to list the directories, folders, sub-folders, files present in a
particular directory or root folder.
In this very case it is listing the .txt file only which as three characters before the .txt
as
we gave a command to do so.
7.
What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls ?????.txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.
In this case the .txt file which has file character before it is needed to listed not the
others.
8.
What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls ??????.txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.
In this it is listing a file which has 6 characters before the .txt extension.
9.
What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls [0-9].txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.br>Did the command work?
What does this teach you about the character class [ ] symbol?
It doesn’t work, I expected that it will list the files in one to nine order, but it didn’t.
10. What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls [0-9][0-9][0-9].txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.
Yeah it did work, it listed 456.txt.
11. What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls [a-z][a-z][a-z].txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.
It did listed the lowercase file name which consists a-z characters.
12. What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command (using
character class with UPPERCASE letters)?:
ls [A-Z][A-Z][A-Z].txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.
Firstly, it did not listed anything as no UPPERCASE character file was present, but then I did
created a file which had UPPERCASE character and it did listed it.
13. What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command (using
character class using alpha-numeric characters)?
ls [a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9].txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer.
It did mention the files which had numbers, characters & mixture of it so that was listed.
14. What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls *.txt
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer. Did ALL text files get listed? Why not?
Yes all the files get listed and all of them were txt only.
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15. What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command?
ls *.[tT][xX][tT]
Write down the expected output
on paper, then
issue the command
to check your
answer. Did ALL text files get listed this time? If so, why?
Yes it did, listed because after the dot we asked to list those file which have .txt or .TXT so
the ones which are listed have them .
NOTE:
We have just been using filename expansion symbols just with the ls command.
Filename expansion symbols can be used for ANY Linux file management command (e.g.
cat
,
more
,
less
,
cp
,
mv
,
rm
,
ls
, etc.).
Let's get some practice issuing these other Linux file management commands.
16. Issue the following Linux command:
file *.[tT][xX][tT]
What is the purpose of this command? Which files are contained in this output?
Right now, the files doesn’t contain any data in it since we have just created and not
inserted any data in it. But this helps us to know if the file has data in it or not if not it
will display empty.
17.Change to the
commands
directory using an
absolute
pathname
(use the diagram on right-side for reference).
18. Issue a Linux command to confirm that you are now in the
commands
directory.
19. Issue the following Linux command (lowercase "l" NOT the number "1"):
cp /bin/l* .
View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?
20. Issue the following Linux command:
rm *
View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?
Basically it says that it cannot remove listed files. And rm on the other hand we use it for
removing file or directory.
21. Issue the following Linux command (lowercase "l" NOT the number "1"):
cp /bin/l? .
View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?
Basically it did take the command but don’t know what it did.
22. Issue the following Linux command:
rm l[!s]
View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?
23. Use a text editor (nano or vi) to create the file called
ab
in the
commands
directory that
contains the line of text below,
and then save editing changes to this file:
This is file ab
24. Use a text editor (nano or vi) to create the file called
cd
in the
commands
directory that
contains the line of text below,
and then save editing changes to this file:
This is file cd
25. Use a text editor (nano or vi) to create the file called
ef
in the
commands
directory that
contains the line of text below,
and then save editing changes to this file:
This is file ef
26. Issue the following Linux command:
cat ??
View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do? Why does the
output look strange?
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The cat command basically helps to view the content within the file and displays it on
the terminal.
NOTE:
Press the keys
ctrl-c
to return to the shell prompt.
27. Issue the following Linux command:
cat [!l][!s]
View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do? Does the
output look better? If so, why?
Basically this will display the directories or files which have l and s characters in it.