CPSC 602 - Assignment 03 - Bruton, Erika

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Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania *

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Information Systems

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Oct 30, 2023

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CPSC - Assignment 03 (55 points) Bruton, Erika Read Chapters 7, 8, & 22 from “Health Informatics Practical Guide” textbook and answer the following questions. In addition to the information from the textbook, make sure to cite other resources in your answers if needed. 1. In your own words, briefly discuss the role of informaticians in analytics (Ch 7. 6 points) (150- 200 words) ∙ An information analytic utilizes design thinking, prototyping, and tools for human computer interaction to design and create safe user-centered information structures for the Web environment. They establish safe digital asset management (DAM) systems dealing with taxonomy, workflow, data security, governance, and digital asset preservation. ∙ Included in their title is identification, control, management, security, and preservation of electronic documents and data. As well as managing project personnel, deadlines, resources, objectives, and results. 2. In your own words, briefly discuss research and application of analytics with respect to electronic health records (Ch 7. 6 points) (150-200 words) 3. In your own words, briefly discuss clinical decision support benefits and goals (Ch 8. 6 points) (150-200 words) ∙ Reduce the risk of medication errors. o Accurate dosage calculations might be difficult, but they are crucial in emergency cases for babies and toddlers. Complex formula calculations can be challenging to remember, and even when the formulae are correctly recalled, mistakes in math can still happen. Variable dosage schedules based on pharmacokinetics and indication offer more room for mistakes. In fact, a wrong dosage or amount accounts for more than 37% of dangerous pediatric pharmaceutical mistakes.1 In the emergency department, CDS may provide doctors and nurses with simple and rapid access to a variety of resources, including entire medication monographs with age, weight, condition, and renal adjustment dosage. A considerable decrease in mistakes can be achieved by using dosage calculators and accurate pharmaceutical information that are conveniently available inside the clinical workflow. ∙ Reduce misdiagnoses. o Diagnostic mistakes account for 10–30% of medical errors.2 Some of the frequent reasons for misdiagnosis include cognitive mistakes, aberrant presentations, provider bias, and rare disease processes. The margin of diagnostic error can be dramatically reduced with decision help. For instance, Isabel Healthcare supplied the correct diagnosis 96% of the time when crucial data from 50 difficult Clinical Pathology Conference cases reported in The New England Journal of Medicine were entered. ED personnel can employ differential diagnosis support tools as a help to quickly discover diagnostic possibilities when the diagnosis is not immediately clear during a care crisis. ∙ Provide the entire care team with consistent, reliable information. o Finding the most pertinent evidence-based knowledge may be challenging, particularly when time is of the essence. Search engines on the internet can provide hundreds of results, all of different quality and reliability. Medline can give users access to article abstracts, but it frequently lacks the information that doctors want at the time of care. It is less probable that inaccurate information will be employed in clinical decision-making by equipping doctors with credible sources.

∙ Improve efficiency and patient throughput. o Clinicians can request pertinent tests and make appropriate referrals if they can quickly establish the right dose, calculation, or diagnosis. This saves patients and the ED time and money by cutting out needless expenses. Of course, integrating CDS into the clinician's workflow, which reduces interruptions and risky diversions, maximizes its effectiveness. Incorporating CDS into providers' workflows in a way that reduces alert fatigue is also crucial. ∙ Access all information in one place. o Reference books typically go out of date by the time they are released, take up valuable ED space, and are frequently lost when required. Electronic CDS systems, on the other hand, may be continuously updated and verified. The necessity for numerous logins or the purchase of extra resources is eliminated by having access to the most recent medical resources in one place. 4. In your own words, discuss the differences between knowledge use and knowledge management (Ch 8. 12 points) (350-400 words) ∙ Knowledge management includes the following activities: 1. Knowledge generation includes authoring blog posts, developing instructional materials, and documenting procedures. 2. Sharing knowledge: Sharing can be done through face-to-face conversations, social media, or knowledge-sharing systems. 3. Applying knowledge to solve issues or make decisions is known as using knowledge. 4. Organizing, categorizing, and retrieving knowledge are all parts of managing knowledge. o The information you keep as knowledge should remain valuable and applicable thanks to your company's knowledge management approach. ∙ A knowledge management system must have procedures and technology that monitor usability and correctness, in contrast to information management systems, which gather, and store structured data based on best practices. 5. In your own words, describe the steps undertaken in data analysis (Ch 22. 12 points) (350-400 words) 1. Ask or Specify Data Requirements o The business job or problem is delivered to the data analyst. The job and the stakeholder's expectations for the solution must be understood by the analyst. Anyone who has contributed money and resources to a project is considered a stakeholder. Finding the best answer to an issue requires the analyst to be able to ask many questions. To completely comprehend the issue, the analyst must identify its underlying cause. The analyst must ensure that no distractions are present when examining the issue. To fully comprehend the root of the issue, effectively communicate with the stakeholders and other team members. 2. Prepare or Collect Data o The preparation or collection of the data is the second phase. Data collection and storage are steps included in this process for later analysis. The analyst must gather information from several sources in accordance with the assignment assigned. The information must be gathered from a variety of sources, whether internal or external. The common sources from where the data is collected are Interviews, Surveys, Feedback, Questionnaires. The collected data can be stored in a spreadsheet or SQL database. 3. Clean and Process

o Process is step three. Cleaning the data is the next step once it has been gathered from various sources. Clean data is information that is devoid of typos, repetitions, and irrelevant information. The redundant data is eliminated and cleaned since there may be duplicates or the data may not be in the proper format. Both SQL and Excel offer a variety of tools for cleaning up data. One of the most crucial processes in data analysis, clean, structured data is essential for identifying trends and finding solutions. Checking to see if your data is skewed is the most crucial component of the Process phase. While gathering the data, the data analyst must take care to include every group. 4. Analyze o The analysis stage is the fourth. The cleansed data is utilized to conduct analysis and spot trends. To get better results, it also makes computations and merges data. Excel or SQL are the programs utilized to make computations. These tools offer built-in functions for doing computations, or example SQL code is supplied to do so. While SQL generates temporary tables to execute calculations, Excel allows us to build pivot tables and perform computations. Another means of problem-solving is through programming languages. 5. Share o Share comes in at step five. It is now necessary to create a visual representation of the data (chart or graph). Making data visualizations is necessary since non- technical stakeholders, who make up the majority of users, may be present. Visualizations are created to make difficult data easier to comprehend. The data findings are presented in a presentation. Making better decisions would be facilitated by sharing the insights with the team and stakeholders. It facilitates improved decision-making and produces better results. 6. Act or Report o Act is the sixth and last phase. Following a presentation of your results, the stakeholders debate whether to proceed or not. If they accepted your suggestions, they proceeded with your remedies. If they disagree with your conclusions, you will need to look farther to uncover additional potential answers. 6. In your own words, discuss the challenges facing healthcare data analytics (Ch 22. 7 points) (150- 200 words) ∙ The exponential increase of healthcare data has led to new challenges and issues that have been brought about by big data. Big data analysis, storage, and data recovery face several obstacles due to its rapid development. Due to their large bulk, conventional or traditional database systems cannot be utilized to process, store, or take information. The four primary kinds of big data concerns that often affect healthcare companies are as follows: Big clinical data includes a significant quantity of unstructured information, such as handwritten notes and natural language, and its analysis, integration, and storage pose certain challenges. exchanging structured data among agencies is insufficient, while exchanging unstructured data between organizations is more difficult. ∙ Data processing speed is highly valued in the medical sector, especially when patients' conditions are rapidly getting worse. Challenges and disagreements with these real-time applications, including cloud computing, used to analyze data, have an impact on the data privacy and security of patients and sick people. Recently, new opportunities for mining and sharing large data in medicine have been made available via cloud computing. Several obstacles must be addressed before cloud computing can become even more useful. First, resource mining is made easy and versatile by cloud computing. It does, however, increase the danger of privacy exposure. It is a truth that clinical informatics

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makes clinically clear. Second, moving a petabyte's worth of data related to medicine into or out of the cloud. 7. In your own words, briefly discuss the difference between data warehouses and relational database systems (Ch 22. 6 points) (150-200 words) ∙ Database Warehouse o Unlike databases, which employ row-oriented storage, data warehouses use columnar databases, which are arranged, stored, and indexed according to column values. In order to efficiently collect data from across all aggregated rows in a table at once for reporting, they employ column store indexes, which are complicated to design but easy to comprehend. ∙ Database Systems o Data is traditionally stored and retrieved via database systems. Processing queries is a database system's main responsibility. Online transaction processing systems are the broad term used to describe these systems. Every company uses these systems daily.