Site Impletation Assignment[326]
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Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology *
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Industrial Engineering
Date
Jun 5, 2024
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STUDENT
[Assignment_VU22484_AT4_Student_27042020]
[4 of 4]
[27/04/2020]
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STUDENT - KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT TASK
Task Number
4 of 4
Task Name
Written Assignment
National unit/s code
VU22484
National unit/s title
Implement
Site
Investigation
Procedures
National qualification code
22479VIC
National qualification title
Advanced Diploma of Engineering
Technology
(Civil
Engineering
Design)
RMIT Program code
C6162
RMIT Course code
CIVE7782
Section A - Assessment Information
Duration and/or due date:
Week 16 (Friday @ 23:59)
Task Instructions
Summary and Purpose of Assessment:
This knowledge assessment task is made of forty-five (45) short answer and problem-solving
questions. These questions will test the knowledge of students to demonstrate their ability to
analyse soil test results after getting the relevant information from the site investigations
.
Instructions to student
1.
This is an individual assessment to be submitted through CANVAS (unless otherwise instructed by the teacher).
2.
You must answer ALL the questions to gain a satisfactory outcome for this task.
3.
You will be given two (2) attempts to complete this task.
Additional Instructions for Students:
Attempt ALL the questions/tasks.
o
Satisfactory (S) performance – answered all questions correctly.
o
Not Yet Satisfactory (NYS) performance - did not answer all questions
correctly.
Students need to achieve satisfactory (S) results in all four (4) assessments to be deemed Competent (CA).
Conditions for assessment
This is an individual assessment task. Student will be assessed individually against all
assessment criteria and student must meet the minimum criteria.
All answers are to be written in blue or black pen only, excluding diagrams, or the answers will not be marked.
Please ensure student’s full and correct name is written on this assessment task (do not use nicknames or abbreviations).
Student can make arrangements with the assessor at least one week prior to the assessment due date if they require special allowance or allowable adjustment to this task.
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Students found in breach of assessment conditions can be charged with academic misconduct,
have their results cancelled, be excluded from the program and receive other penalties.
Penalties can also apply if a student’s test material is copied by others.
Plagiarism is the presentation of the work, idea or creation of another person as though it is
one’s own. It is a form of cheating and is a very serious academic offence that may lead to
expulsion from the University. Plagiarised material can be drawn from, and presented in,
written, graphic and visual form, including electronic data, and oral presentations. Plagiarism
occurs when the origin of the material used is not appropriately cited.
RMIT special consideration is to enable student to maintain their academic progress despite
adverse circumstances. The process for special consideration can be found at
http://www1.rmit.edu.au/students/specialconsideration
Students with a disability or long-term medical or mental health condition can apply for
adjustments to their study and assessment conditions (Reasonable Adjustments and Equitable Assessment Arrangements) by registering with the Equitable Learning Services (ELS) at https://
www.rmit.edu.au/students/support-and-facilities/student-support/equitable-learning-
services
If student already registered with ELS and his /her study plan is approved, please remind the
student to inform the teacher if this assessment task is not adjusted in line with approved study
plan.
Student will be assessed as satisfactory or not yet satisfactory.
Student can appeal the assessment decision according to the RMIT Assessment Appeal
Processes
Instructions on submitting your knowledge assessment
Please submit the assignment Week 16 (Friday @ 23:59) as directed by the assessor.
Equipment/resources students must supply:
Equipment/resources to be provided by RMIT or the workplace:
Pens, pencil, eraser, correction fluid
Non-programmable Scientific Calculator
RMIT University Building/RMIT University
Classrooms/RMIT Internet Access (if applicable)
Microsoft Office Suite (if applicable)
Hard copies of the student version of the
assessment task or access to soft copy
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Section B – Student Answer Sheet
Student Name
ARUN REGMI
Student ID
S3965612
Signature
arun
Section
Students provide your responses in the boxes below each question
Q1: Find out the point load strength index (Is(50)) for both of the Diametral test and Axial test from the following given data as shown in Table 1:
Table 1: Point load testing data
Type of Test
Di (mm)
Df (mm)
Hi (mm)
Hf (mm)
P (kN)
Diametral
48
47.0
75
75.0
22.50
Axial
48
48.0
76
74.0
23.50
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 10)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q2: The dry density and the saturated density of sand are 1650 kg/m
3
and 1760 kg/m
3
respectively and the dry density and the saturated density of clay are 1630 kg/m
3
and
1720 kg/m
3
respectively. Calculate the dry unit weight and the saturated unit weight for
both sand and clay.
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 36)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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STUDENT
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Q3: Determine the moisture contents of the following four samples based on the data given in Table 2.
Table 2: Moisture content data
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 35)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A: Sample designation
A1
A2
A3
A4
Container Number
10
15
20
30
Mass of empty container (g)
24.77
21.89
24.52
22.76
Mass of container + wet soils (g)
28.10
29.98
31.06
27.79
Mass of container + dry soils (g)
27.23
28.22
29.50
26.72
Water content (Moisture content)
(%)
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Q4: In a fill section of a construction site, 1500 m
3
of moist compacted soils is required.
The design water content of the fill is 15%, and the design unit weight of the compacted
soil is 18.5 kN/m
3
. Necessary soil is brought from a borrow site, with the soil having
12% natural water content, 17.5 kN/m
3
wet unit weight, and Gs = 2.65. How much (in
cubic meters) of the borrow material is required to fill the construction fill section? And
how heavy is it?
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 35, 36)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q5: Determine the soil particle density of the total soil sample based on the data given
in Table 3A, Table 3B and Table 3C. Assume that the fine fraction of the total sample
was 70% and the coarse fraction of the total sample was 30%.
Satisfactory
Y
N
Table 3A: Data from density bottle tests
Table 3B: Data from weighing in water tests
Table 3C: Variation of density of water with temperature (AS 1289.3.5.1 -
2006)
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 36)
Sample number
S1
S2
S3
Temperature (
C)
20
20
20
Density bottle number
1
2
3
Mass of empty bottle, m
1
(g)
62.12
62.25
62.18
Mass of bottle + dry soil, m
2
(g)
83.49
83.49
85.39
Mass of bottle + soil + water, m
3
(g)
264.41
264.27
265.15
Mass of bottle + water, m
4
(g)
251.31
251.15
250.79
The apparent density of the fine fraction (g/cm
3
)
Sample number
S4
S5
S6
Temperature in
C
20
20
20
Mass of dry soil particles, m
5
(g)
5370.12
5180.12
5090.12
Equivalent mass of wire basket immersed in water, m
6
(g)
1032.29
1032.39
1032.49
Equivalent mass of wire basket and soil particles immersed in water, m
7
(g)
4280.67
4190.67
4145.67
The soil particle density of coarse fraction (g/cm
3
)
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A:
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Q6: Classify the following soil by the Unified Soil Classification System based on the following information.
Soils passing through 2.36 mm sieve = 60.40% Soil passing 75
m sieve = 1.20%
D
10
0.19 mm
D
30
0.70 mm
D
60
2.20 mm
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 32, 33)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q7: The Table 4 shows the results of a Standard Proctor Compaction test. Based on the information provided, determine the following values.
The maximum dry unit weight and the OMC.
The degree of saturation at the maximum dry density if Gs = 2.70.
What is the dry unit weight and the moisture range at 95% relative compaction (RC)?
The degree of saturation at the maximum dry density if Gs = 2.70.
Satisfactory
Y
N
Table 4: Results of a standard Proctor compaction test
Trial No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Moisture content, w (%)
6.2
8.1
9.8
11.5
12.3
13.2
Bulk unit weight (kN/m
3
)
16.9
18.7
19.5
20.5
20.4
20.1
Dry unit weight (kN/m
3
)
15.9
17.3
17.8
18.4
18.2
17.8
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 35, 37)
A:
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Q8
: In a sample of clay, the void ratio is 0.73 and the specific gravity of the particles is
2.71. If the voids are 92% saturated, find the bulk density, the dry density and the
percentage water content. What would be the water content for complete saturation,
the void ratio being the same? Use the volume of solids as 1 m
3
.
We know,
= G
S
eS r
b
1
e
W
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 34, 35, 36)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q9: If the liquid limit of a soil is 33%, plastic limit is 15% and its natural water content at
in-situ was 32.5%. Determine the following values:
(a) Plasticity index of the soil
(b) Liquidity index of the soil
(c) Classify the soil based on the modified Casagrande Chart
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 31)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q10: The following values were found from the corrected load versus penetration curve after completing a CBR test.
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 2.5 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≈ 5.40 𝑘𝑁
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 5 𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≈ 8.20 𝑘𝑁
Based on the above values find the following values
.
Find CBR values for 2.5 mm penetration and 5.0 mm penetration and Find the reported CBR value.
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 39)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q11: A silty sand of density index (I
D
or D
r
) = 59% was subjected to standard
penetration tests at a depth of 3 m. Groundwater level occurred at a depth of 1.5 m
below the surface of the soil which was saturated throughout and had a unit weight of
19.3 kN/m
3
. The average N count was 15.
During calibration of the test equipment, the energy applied to the top of the driving
rods was measured as 350 Joules. Determine the (N
1
)
60
value for the soil.
(PC 3.5, 4.2, RS 6, RK 3, 14, 33)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q12: Discuss site investigation that should include the sequences of site investigation, costs of site investigation and terrain classifications. (300 - 500 words)
(RK 1)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
Statistic shows that 80% of problems arises on construction projects are due to unforeseen
ground conditions that could have been avoided if a suitable site investigation were to be carried
out. Site investigation is grouped into different stages:
∙ Soil investigation
Geologic investigation
Preliminary investigation
Detailed investigation
Supplementary investigation and construction control.
The purpose of doing a site investigation is to make sure that the field is ready for work. The
objective of site investigation is gathering information about the risk assessment, to be able to
sort out all that contamination of land.
The nature and sequence strata
The ground water conditions at the site
The physical properties of soil and rock underlying the site
The mechanical properties such as strength of different rocks or soil strata.
A site investigation is consisting of collation of desk study information, appraisal of data,
assessment of the ground conditions, and the provision of an interpretative report. A standard
minimum soil testing price is around $390.00 to $490.00 (plus GST) for greater Melbourne.
Terrain classification is mostly categorized as vision based, reaction based or a combination of
vision and reaction-based methods. Vision based terrain classification is performed through
using cameras or laser range finders.
The duration of site investigation is up to 3 to 4 weeks. Because it takes time to perform the
laboratory tests to be done.
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Q13: Briefly discuss geological classification that should include geophysical methods, sampling, drilling and collecting samples. (200 - 300 words)
(RK 2)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q14: Explain the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) related to field and laboratory testing. (150 - 200 words)
(RK 3, 33)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
The USCS is identifying the soils based on their textures and plasticity qualities and on their grouping with respect to behaviors. The USCS is based on those characteristics of soils that indicate how it will behave as an engineering construction material. The USCS is also used by geologist to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. This test method describes the engineering properties of a soil based on the size of the particles, the number of various sizes and the characteristics of the very fine grains. It can either be carried out in field examination or laboratory testing. In order to study how the field soil analysis compares with ASTM standardized laboratory soil analysis, soil samples have been analysed using ASTM standard procedures in order to classify each sample according to the USCS while concurrently performing the field soil analysis tests on the samples.
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Q15: Briefly discuss geoscience geology that should include origins of the earth,
structure of the earth, plate tectonics, volcanism, palaeontology and petrology (30 - 80
words each).
(RK 4)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A: Primary minerals are formed in a sequence or in sequential groups as
dictated by the chemistry and physical conditions under which the magma
solidifies
re an igneous rock and any mineral that is formed during the original solidification of
the rock. Primary rock includes both essential minerals used to assign classification
name to the rock. When a primary mineral is present but is not essential to the
naming of the rock it is termed as accessory minerals. Accessory mineral mostly
occurs in minor amounts; in sedimentary rocks they are mostly heavy minerals.
∙
A secondary mineral is a mineral formed by the subsolid us alternation of a pre-
existing primary mineral in an igneous rock.
Most secondary minerals are hydrated silicates.
Different minerals containing a particular metal occur together in a deposit and are referred to as ore forming minerals. Ore mineral form as a result of special geologic possesses and often occur in isolated, small, localized rock masses.
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Q16: Explain the following minerals, exploration and engineering terms (30-80 words for each):
primary minerals
accessory minerals
secondary minerals
ore-forming minerals
(RK 5)
Satisfactory
Y
N
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A:
Q17: Explain the following rock mechanics and engineering terms (30-80 words for Satisfactory
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each):
igneous rocks
sedimentary rocks
metamorphic rocks
(RK 6)
Y
N
A:
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Q18: Describe the following structural geology and mapping terms (30-80 words for each):
folds
faults
engineering problems
interpretation of maps
(RK 7)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q19
: Describe the following wining of rocks and mineral terms (30-80 words for each):
Winning of mines and quarries
(RK 8)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
Q20: Describe the following quarry products and their uses:
stone
gravel
sand
limestone
other quarry products such as aggregates
(RK 9)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
Stones are used as a building material and for decorative purposes. Stones are also derived from the rock which are naturally occurred as the portion of earth’s crust. Each rock has a different chemical composition and exhibits different properties.
Gravel is a loose aggregation of small, variously sized fragments of rock. It has a wide range of applications in the construction industry. Gravel, along with sand, is used for the manufacture of concrete, as well as for mixing with asphalt as part of road construction.
Sand is a loose, fragmented, naturally occurring material consisting of very small particles of decomposed rocks, corals, or shells. Sand is used to provide bulk, strength, and other properties to construction materials like asphalt and concrete. ...
Other sand is used as an abrasive in sandblasting and to make sandpaper.
Limestone is the raw material in manufacture of cement. Cement is key in construction industry as it is used in various construction mixtures, to meet specific needs such as manufacture of composite concrete block, in holding building blocks in place over and above finishing such as flooring.
Aggregate, in building and construction, material used for mixing with cement, bitumen, lime, gypsum, or
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other adhesive to form concrete or mortar. The aggregate gives volume, stability, resistance to wear or erosion, and other desired physical properties to the finished product.
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STUDENT
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Q21: Describe the following terms regarding testing of rock products (30-80 words for each):
in-situ testing
sampling
individual tests
(RK 2, 10)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
In situ tests are tests conducted on or in the soil at the site. The most used in situ tests are the standard penetration test (SPT), the field vane tests, the cone penetration test (CPT), the pressure meter test, and the dilatometer test (DMT). A single rock sample is used to characterize a section of a well or formation, while a collection of rock samples can be used to determine if there are sufficient reservoir properties to sustain a power generation or heat utilization facility. individual testing corresponds to an independent team, who involve
in testing activities other than developer to avoid author bias and is often more effective at finding defects and failures.
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Q22: Describe the following field work of rock products (30-80 words for each):
visual impact of operations environmental considerations
quality control of products
flow chart of operations for quality control
(RK 11)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
The visual impact is defined as adverse when the modification represents a discordant intrusion in the original landscape and thus contributes to the reduction of its visual quality.
Factors may include, but are not limited to, environmental compliance, pollution prevention, conservation, protection of historical and cultural sites, and protection of flora and fauna.
Quality control (QC) is a process through which a business seeks to ensure that product quality is maintained or improved. Quality control involves testing units and determining if they are within the specifications for the final product.
A flowchart is a diagram that shows the step-by-step flow of operation to get a solution of a problem or to figure out the correct sequence of
the process. Flowchart is used in designing and documenting complex program
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Q23: Explain the following geotechnical engineering terms (30-80 words for each):
o
soil development processes
o
weathering -physical and chemical
o
residual and depositional soils
o
variability within the soil mass
o
soil constituents
o
particles
o
size, shape and mineral type
o
cohesive, non-cohesive soils
o
fine and coarse grained soils
o
voids
o
water, salts and air
o
organics
o
soil behaviour
o
influence of particle size and shape, void size and proportion
o
permeability and capillarity
o
strength of soils
o
cohesive and cohesionless soils
o
role of confinement
(RK 12, 40)
Satisfactory
Y
N
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A:
Soil development processes, weathering, physical and chemical, residual and depositional soils o
variability within the soil mass, soil constituents, particles size, shape and mineral type cohesive, non cohesive soils, fine and coarse, grained soils, voids o water, salts and air, organic soil behaviour, influence of particle size and shape, void size and proportion, permeability and capillarity, strength of soils o cohesive and cohesionless soils o role of confinement
Soil develops through a process involving weathering, fracturing and comminution of rock into mineral soil particles. These processes evolve at varying speeds, depending on the intensity of the factors that are brought to bear.
"Weathering involves two processes that often work in concert to decompose rocks. ... Chemical weathering involves a chemical change in at least some of the minerals within a rock. Mechanical weathering involves physically breaking rocks into fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within it.
Soils are formed from residual material or from material transported and deposited by water, wind, ice, or gravity. The productivity of residual soils is influenced by rock and mineral type and the rate at which they weather.
Soil variability is the reason sampling procedures are so important. Soils vary continuously within fields and between farms. Surface variation may be easily seen, but nutrient variability is usually not obvious.
The inorganic material of soil is composed of rock, which is broken down into small particles of sand (0.1 to 2 mm), silt (0.002 to 0.1 mm), and clay (less than 0.002 mm).
The classification of igneous rocks is based on texture and composition. Texture is the description of the size, shape, and arrangement of the mineral grains in a rock. Composition refers to the types of minerals that make up the rock.
Cohesive soils are fine-grained, low-strength, and easily deformable soils that have a tendency for particles to adhere. Examples of cohesive soils include sandy clay, silty clay, clayey silt, and organic clay.
Non-cohesive soils are mineral soils that exhibit granular characteristics in which the grains remain separate from each other and do not form clods or hold together in aggregates of particles. Noncohesive soils also may be called cohesionless soils or granular soils. Clean sand and gravel are non-cohesive soils.
Coarse-grained soil is described on the basis of its gradation (well or poor), particle shape (angular,
sub-
angular, rounded or sub-rounded) and mineralogical components.. .Fine-grained soil is
impermeable due to its small particles size.
The void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids (open spaces, i.e. air and water) in a soil to volume of solids. The void ratio is thus a ratio which can be greater than 1. It can also be expressed as a fraction.
The branch of civil engineering concerned with the construction of canals, reservoirs, embankments, aqueducts, water-supply infrastructure, etc.
Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound
"Cell engineering
method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signalling probes and flow cytometry".
"Effect of longer-term
modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials".
Airflow, or air flow, is the movement of air. Air behaves in a fluid manner, meaning particles
naturally flow from areas of higher pressure to those where the pressure is lower. Atmospheric air pressure is directly related to altitude, temperature, and composition.
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The drainage of these soils increases the release of CO2 and N2O
The engineering definition is essentially
based on the mechanical properties of the soil
Soil Improvement for Construction on Organic Soils and
Peats.
Soil behaviour (that is, strains induced by changes in stresses, suction, or physico-chemical conditions) has been a recurring theme of contributions to Géotechnique throughout its 60 years.
Individual solid particle in a soil can have different sizes and this characteristic of soil can have a significant effect on its engineering properties.
Particles finer than 0.075 constitute the finer
fraction of soils. Coarse fractions of soil consist of gravel and sand. Silt and clay are the fine fractions of soils.
Volume change tendency control. If void ratio is high (loose soils) voids in a soil skeleton tend to minimize under loading - adjacent particles contract. The opposite situation, i.e. when void ratio is relatively small (dense soils), indicates that the volume of the soil is vulnerable to increase under loading - particles dilate.
Permeability, as the name implies (ability to permeate), is a measure of how easily a fluid can flow through a porous medium. In geotechnical engineering, the porous medium is soils and the fluid are water at ambient temperature. Generally, coarser the soil grains, larger the voids and larger the permeability.
Capillary rise or capillarity is a phenomenon in which liquid spontaneously rises or falls in a narrow space such as a thin tube or in the voids of a porous material. The meniscus is the curve
in the upper surface of a liquid close to the surface of the container or another object, caused by surface tension.
Q24: Briefly discuss the compression and expansion of soils with a special emphasis on the following engineering terms (30 - 150 words each):
properties of clay minerals
consolidation
expansive soils
Satisfactory
Y
N
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(RK 13)
A: Clay minerals all have a great affinity for water. Some swell easily and may double in thickness when wet. Most can soak up ions (electrically charged atoms and molecules) from a solution and release the ions later when conditions change. Water molecules are strongly attracted to clay mineral surfaces.
To consolidate (consolidation) is to combine assets, liabilities, and other financial items of two or more entities into one.Consolidation also refers
to
the union of smaller companies into larger companies through mergers and acquisitions.
Expansive Soils are soils that could shrink and/or swell, and thus change in volume, in relation to changes in their moisture content. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases
Q25: Explain the soil in-situ (50 - 150 words).
(RK 14)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
The archaeologists were able to date the vase because it was found in situ. Medicine/Medical.
in place or position; undisturbed. (Especially of a malignant tumor) in a localized state or condition: carcinoma in situ.
Situ soil -This soil is formed when the parent rock is broken into small fragments. This type of soil is formed near its parent rock. This soil is comparatively less fertile. For example, black soil, desert soil etc
Q26: Discuss the different modes of failure of soils and structures (100 - 250 words).
(RK 15)
Satisfactory
Y
N
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A: The three types of failure described above were observed by Vesic (1963) during tests
on model footings. It may be noted here that as the relative depth/width ratio increases, the
limiting relative densities at which failure types change increase. The main failure modes
are tension, compression, and compression-shear failure. Pile Failure due to excessive
bending moment and shear force at the interface between soft and hard soil layer.
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Q27: Give two (2) examples of different types superstructures, substructures, footings and foundations.
(RK 16, 17, 18)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
The superstructure is the portion of a building which is constructed above the ground level and it serves the purpose of the structure's intended use. It includes columns, beams, slab upwards including all finishes, door and window
schedules, flooring, roofing, lintels, and parapets.
The substructure is the lower part of a building which is constructed below the ground level. The function of substructure is the transfer of loads from the
superstructure to the underlying soil. So, the substructure is in direct contact with supporting soil. Substructure
involves footing and plinth of a building.
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Q28. Discuss the different types of shear strength failures (100 - 250 words).
(RK 19)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
∙
General Shear Failure.
a general shear failure involves total rupture of the underlying soil.
For
actual failures in the field, the soil is often pushed up on only one side of the footing with subsequent tilting of the structure. A general shear failure occurs for soils that are in a dense or hard state.
∙
Local Shear Failure.
Failure in which the ultimate shearing strength of the soil is mobilized only locally along the potential surface of sliding at the time the structure supported by the soil is
impaired by excessive movement.
∙
Punching Shear Failure of foundation soils.
This type of failure occurs in a soil of very high compressibility. Failure pattern is not observed. Bulging of soil around the footing is absent. Failure is characterized by very
large settlement.
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Q29: Explain the following terms (
40 - 150 words each):
differential settlements
total allowable settlement
design criteria
(RK 20)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
Differential settlement is the term used in structural engineering for a condition in which a building's support foundation settles in an uneven fashion, often leading to structural damage. Differential settlements are uneven foundation settlements that can be the result of numerous causes.
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The allowable settlement is defined as the acceptable amount of settlement of the structure and it usually includes a factor of safety. Pile settlement analysis showed that the total expected maximum settlement value was 15.6 mm. It includes 2.1
mm settlement of pile deformation from vertical compressive loads. For such structure, foundation settlement should not be more than 2% of pile diameter.
Design criteria are the explicit goals that a project must achieve to be successful. In recommendation and feasibility reports, especially, the design and
decision criteria determine the document's final recommendation for action.
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Q30: Discuss the different types of defects in the soil masses (150 - 250 words).
(RK 21)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q31: What do you understand by zero-air-void density? What is the use of zero-air-
void density curve in the analyses of laboratory compaction test data? (300 - 500
words).
(RK 37)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A: Zero Air Voids - is the relationship between dry density and corresponding moisture contents, for a specific particle density, assuming that all the voids are filled with water. The default density for soil testing is 2.67 t/m3 but should be checked if anomalies are suspected. It means
the soil is fully saturated, with the air is not present in the pores of the soil mass. It is obtained from the compaction test. A compaction test is carried out using the mold attached with the base plate and hammer. The soil sample is mixed with the water to the varying amount, and then the soil layer will be compacted as three equal parts. This is done with the use of the hammer, by delivering the 25 blows in each layer. The hammer weight of 2.5 kg must be dropped from the height of 304.8 mm. First two layers of soil is compacted without the collar attached to it. While doing tamping for third layer, the collar must be attached. After tamping the third layer, the collar must be detached. Then, soil is trimmed using the straight edge. Take
the weight of the compacted soil with mold. Take the compacted sample from the center of the mold to determine the moisture content.
Q32: Discuss the following three field density measurement (50 - 150 words each):
sand replacement
balloon densometer
nuclear density meter
(RK 37)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
The sand replacement method is used to determine in-place density.
The sand replacement method of determination of in situ density uses a
sand-pouring cylinder, cylindrical calibrating container, tray with a
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central circular hole, and a chisel.
At 1 atm and 300 K, this gives n/V = 0.0406 mol/l. For air, which has a molar mass of 29.0 g/mol, this gives a density of 1.18 g/l. Helium, which has a mass of 4.00 g/mol, has a density of 0.164 g/l. Thus, a one-litre balloon of helium can lift a mass of (1.18- 0.164) = 1.02 g.
The gauge works by counting the radiation that is received over a given period, usually one minute. When you push the button to take a test the gauge counts the radiation for one minute and calculates the density based on the depth of measurement.
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Q33: Define the following terms and answer the following questions as mentioned below:
Void ratio
volume of voids
moisture content
degree of saturation
dry, partially saturated and saturated soil
dry, saturated and buoyant densities
maximum dry density and wet density
soil particle density
What is the relationship between buoyant and saturated densities? (150 - 250 words).
What is the influence of voids in soils on magnitude of potential compressibility, permeability and rate of compressibility? (150 - 250 words).
(RK 34, 35, 36)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A: Void ratio is defined as the void volume to the solids volume existing in the soil. It is denoted by the term e;Here, the term V s is soil solids volume and V V is voids volume. Void ratio is closely related with porosity.
Void ratio is defined as the void volume to the solids volume existing in the soil.
Here, the term V
s is soil solids volume and V V is voids volume. Void ratio is closely related with porosity. Porosity n is defined as percent of void volume to the total volume.
The moisture content is defined as the mass of water which can be removed from the soil, usually by heating at 105-110degreesC, expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of soil.
The degree of saturation is the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids. It is denoted by 'S'. S=Vw/Vv. The degree of saturation is generally expressed as a percentage. It is equal to zero when the soil is
dry and 100% when the soil is fully saturated.
Generally, the soil is made up of three phases, which are called soil solid, water and air. If the pore or void space in the soil is fully occupied by the water, then it is fully saturated. If the voids space in the soil is partially occupied by water, the pore is said to be partially saturated.
Dry steam, or saturated steam, is characterized by the vapor quality, which is equal to unity. When the vapor quality is equal to 0, it is referred to as
the saturated liquid state (single-phase). ... Saturated liquid water, which has no latent heat and
therefore 0%
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quality, will therefore only contain sensible heat. A measure of the tendency of a substance to float in some other substance; large
molecules are distinguished by their differing buoyant densities in some standard fluid. Measured by density-
gradient ultracentrifugation.
Wet bulk density = mass of soil plus liquids/ volume. The dry bulk density of a soil is inversely related to the porosity of the same soil: the more pore space in a soil the lower the value for bulk density. The dry density obtained by the compaction of soil at its optimum moisture content.
The particles that make up soil are categorized into three groups by size – sand, silt, and clay. Sand particles are the largest and clay particles the smallest. Most soils are a combination of the three. The relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay are what give soil its texture.
Q34: Briefly discuss the following parameters (30 - 150 words each):
Coulomb's law, shear strength parameters
cohesive and cohesionless soil
role of confinement
direct shear test
Effective stress
positive and negative pore pressures and effect of pore pressure on shear
strength
influence of seepage on effective stress
o
soil suction
o
direction of seepage
o
quick conditions
(RK 12, 27, 28, 40)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A: Mohr–Coulomb theory is a mathematical model (see yield surface) describing the response of brittle materials such as concrete, or rubble piles, to shear stress as well as normal stress. In geotechnical engineering it is used to define shear strength of soils and rocks at different effective stresses
Cohesive soils, which contain silt and clay, behave much differently from cohesionless materials. The term cohesion refers to the attractive forces between individual clay particles in a soil. The index properties that apply to cohesionless soils refer to the size and distribution of particles in the soil.
Longitudinal reinforcement that is well distributed and laterally supported around the perimeter of a column core provides more effective confinement than a cage with larger, widely spaced longitudinal bars. Confinement effectiveness is a key parameter in determining the behaviour of confined concrete (Mander et al.
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The purpose of a direct shear test is to determine the shear strength of a soil; this is done by forcing the soil to shear along an induced horizontal plane of weakness at a constant rate
Test Effectiveness can be defined as how effectively testing is done or a goal is achieved that meets the customer requirement. ... Test effectiveness starts right at the beginning of the development and execution of test cases and after development is completed to count the number of defects.
The soil below the groundwater table is fully saturated and hence the value of pressure is
greater than atmospheric pressure called a positive for water pressure. Thus, the pore
water pressure is negative. A buoyancy effect is achieved, and the shear strength of the
soil is reduced.
Effect of Seepage on Effective Stress:
-
Flow of water through a soil mass changes the effective stress of the soil mass
-
With downward flow, the current drags soil particles down and increases intergranular pressure
With upward flow, the current tends to lift the grains and reduce intergranular contact pressure Soil suction is defined as the state of the soil when it is under reduced pressure. It is measured in terms of the height of the water column (h) suspended in the soil. Direction of seepage is always perpendicular to equipotential lines.
The quick condition of soil is the condition when the upward water pressure gradient and water flow reduce the effective stress, i.e., cohesiveness of the soil.Cohesive soils may produce cracks with water seepage. Q35: Briefly describe the method of describing soils. (30-100 words)
(RK 29)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
Q36: Briefly discuss the following geotechnical terms related to grain size (30 - 100 Satisfactory
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words each).
o
sieve and hydrometer analysis
o
grading, packing and maximum density
(RK 30)
Y
N
A:
: Grain size analysis is a typical laboratory test conducted in the soil mechanic’s field. The purpose of the analysis is to derive the particle size distribution of soils. The analysis is conducted via two techniques. Sieve Grain Size Analysis can determine the particles' size ranging from 0.075 mm to 100
mm. The hydrometer analysis of soil, based on Stokes' law, calculates the size of soil particles from the speed at which they settle out of suspension from a liquid. Results from the test show the grain size distribution for soils finer than the No. 200 (75µm) sieve.
Soil gradation is a classification of a coarse-grained soil that ranks the soil based on the different particle sizes contained in the soil. ... A poorly graded soil will have better drainage
than a well graded soil, if it is not high in clay quality. Soil is graded as either well graded or poorly graded.
Granular materials in geotechnical engineering are generally considered to be mixtures of clay, sand, and gravel that commonly appear in slopes, valleys, or riverbeds, and they are especially
used for the construction of earth-rock-filled dams. The complexity of the constitution of granular materials leads to the complexity of their properties. Particle size distribution (PSD) has a great influence on the strength, permeability, and compaction behaviour of granular materials, and some implicit correlation may exist between the PSD and the compaction properties of granular materials.
Q37: Briefly discuss the following geotechnical terms related to influence of fines (20
- 100 words each).
o
plasticity, Atterberg Limits
o
shrinkage, plastic and liquid limits
o
plasticity index
(RK 31)
Satisfactory
Y
N
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A:
The Atterberg limits consist of the following key values of moisture content: The Liquid Limit (LL) is the moisture content at which a fine-grained soil no longer flows like a liquid. The Plastic Limit (PL) is the moisture content at which a fine grained soil can no longer be remoulded without cracking.
The shrinkage factor helps in the design problems of structures made up of this soil or resting on such soil. It helps in assessing the suitability of soil as a construction material in foundations, roads, embankments, and dams. The state of the given soil can also be found from the shrinkage limit.
The Liquid Limit (LL) is the moisture content at which a fine-grained soil no longer flows like a liquid. The Plastic Limit (PL) is the moisture content at which a fine grained soil can no longer be remoulded without cracking.
In general, the plasticity index depends only on the amount of clay present. It indicates the fineness of the soil and its capacity to change shape without altering its volume. A high PI indicates an excess of clay or colloids in the soil. Its value is zero whenever the PL is greater or
equal to the LL.
Q38: Explain the following engineering terms) regarding classification of soils. (20 - 150 words each)
o
classification tests
o
particle size distribution, plasticity
o
visual examination (colour, texture, moisture etc.)
(RK 32)
Satisfactory
Y
N
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A:
It can be seen how to test the soil using three of the most common methods: the plasticity test, the thumb penetration test, and the pocket penetrometer test. OSHA uses a measurement called "unconfined compressive strength" to classify each type of soil. The distribution of particle size determines the texture of soil/sediment - whether it is predominantly sandy, loamy, or clayey. The procedure of determining the proportion of mineral particles in each of these classes is called particle size analysis or mechanical analysis of the soil. Fine-grained soils are those for which more than 50% of
the material has particle sizes less than 0.075 mm. Clay particles have a flaky shape to which water adheres, thus imparting the property of plasticity. Record visual classification of the soil in the following order: colour, major constituent, minor constituents, particle distribution and particle shape (if major constituent is coarse-grained), plasticity (if major constituent is fine-grained), moisture content, soil symbol (if major constituent is fine-grained).
Q39: Discuss the investigation techniques should include the drilling, sampling of
disturbed and undisturbed samples, test pits and in-situ evaluation such as probes,
vanes, penetrometers, water level and piezometer. (200-500 words)
(RK 2, 41)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
The in-situ tests can be mainly divided into three types as follows: bore hole
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method, direct push method and rock test method. The standard penetration
test and vane shear test belongs to the borehole methods that are widely used as in- situ tests.
Disturbed soil samples may not be able to show the in-situ properties of the soil due to the collection process. They cannot be representative of underground soils. They are determined to know about the soil type and texture, moisture content, nutrient and contaminant analysis.
Vane shear test
∙
Used to estimate shear strength and sensitivity of clay and silts
∙
The instrument has a four-sided blade which is pushed to the soil deposit at an interval of 1 m.
∙
After the insertion of this blade, a moment to twist the road is applied (0.1 degree per second) to cut the cylindrical section of clay
∙
The maximum torque is taken to determine maximum shear stress on soil cylinder called vane undrained shear strength
∙
This test is done on clays mainly where the undrained shear strength is less than 200 kPa
∙
The standard vane is rectangular with height to width ratio = 2
Dynamic Penetrometer
∙
Used for compaction control and site investigation
∙
Portable method for evaluating soil strength
∙
Immediate repeatable results so that on-site decisions can be made straight away
∙
Good for testing in challenging conditions (e.g. remote, soft, marshy, over water or confined spaces).
∙
NF
P
94-105
standard
in-situ or field testing and sampling techniques to supplement our site investigation ... out to obtain samples for laboratory testing or to monitor the water levels.
Piezometers are used to measure the pore water pressure in soil. ...
The piezometer tip is equipped with an electronic device known as a pressure transducer that can measure the water pressure. The piezometer tip is backfilled with a filter sand.
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Q40: Explain the following geotechnical terms in relation to the permeability of soils (20-150 words each):
o
rate of permeability
o
permeable soils and seepage
anisotropy, aquifers, aquitards
o
permeable soils and lack of drainage
( RK 23)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
-
The coefficient of permeability (K) is the velocity in meters or centimetres per second of water through soils. Fine-grained soils such as clays might have values of around 10- 8 meters/sec or lower, or a sand and gravel formation could be 10-4 meters/sec or higher.
-
-
Soil permeability is the property of the soil to transmit water and air and is one of the most important qualities to consider for fish culture. A pond built in impermeable soil will lose little water through seepage. The more permeable the soil, the greater the seepage
-
-
Anisotropy is the property of being directionally dependent, as opposed to isotropy, which means homogeneity in all directions. Anisotropic soil does not have the same physical properties when the direction of measurement is changed.
-
-
Water movement in aquifers is highly dependent on the permeability of the aquifer material.
Permeable material contains interconnected cracks or spaces that are both numerous enough and large enough to allow water to move freely.
-
-
Aquifers are underground layers of very porous water-bearing soil or sand and most
important anthropogenic greenhouse gas linked to global warming. Low permeability
materials, known as aquitards
-
Poor drainage often occurs when contractors remove topsoil during construction of new homes, leaving only subsoil. The amount of topsoil reapplied may be unknown. Also, during construction, heavy equipment may compact the soil reducing air space.
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Q41: Explain the following geotechnical terms in relation to the role of water in soils
(20-150 words each):
o
water table
zone of saturation
o
horizontal and sloping
hydrological gradients
o
above and below ground surface
surface flows and near surface flows
o
aquifers
o
perched water table
o
well points
( RK 24)
Satisfactory
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N
A:
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Q42: Explain the following geotechnical terms in relation to the conditions of flow of water or permeability of soils (30 - 150 words each):
o
static (equilibrium) conditions
o
seepage (climatic effects) conditions
o
artesian conditions
( RK 25)
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N
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A:
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Q43: Explain the following geotechnical terms in relation to modification of soil properties (40 - 150 words each):
Water as lubricant
compaction
influence on shear strength, compressibility and permeability
standard and modified compaction
brief outline of rollers and tampers
dry density/moisture content curves for:
o
field and laboratory tests
o
different compactive efforts
o
different types of soils
optimum moisture content, maximum dry density
(RK 22, 26, 37)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Q44: Explain the following topics related to stabilisation (25 - 150 words each):
o
drainage-surface, sub-surface drains
o
(interceptor, table and french drains)
o
slopes and retaining walls
o
grading
o
additives-cement, lime
o
geofabrics
(RK 38)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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STUDENT
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Q45. Discuss the following terms regarding flexible pavements/pavement geotechnics (25 - 150 words each):
o
California Bearing Ratio
o
laboratory test
o
dynamic cone penetrometer
o
surface course, base course, sub-base materials
o
CBR, PI, Grading
o
traffic load in Equivalent Standard Axles (ESA),
o
design life
o
use of graph of thickness versus ESA for different CBR values
(RK 39)
Satisfactory
Y
N
A:
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Additional pages
Section C – Feedback to Student
Has the student successfully completed the task?
Yes
No
Feedback to student:
Assessor Name
Date
STUDENT
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