Reconstruction Era: Challenges and Changes in the South

CHAPTER 15: The Era of Reconstruction 1865– 1877 KEYWORDS:  Radical Republicans: Conservative, moderate republicans that supported Lincoln's program that immediately restored pro union Southern governments.  Freedmen’s Bureau: A group established in 1865 by congress to help millions of former slaves in the south's aftermath of the civil war.  Johnson’s Restoration Plan: Required that each state ratify the 13th amendment ending slavery before the state could be readmitted to the union.  Black codes: Rules the freed slaves had to follow. Could not vote, serve on juries, testify against whites, or attend public schools. Must work or they could be fined.  Fourteenth Amendment (1866): Guaranteed citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. except Native Americans. Also prohibited any effort to violate a person's civil rights.  Congressional Reconstruction: Three crucial new laws. The military reconstruction act, the command of the army act, and the tenure of office act. Abolished new governments in the "rebel states".  Fifteenth Amendment (1870): Gave voting rights to African Americans.  Sharecropping:  Ku Klux Klan: KKK Formed in 1866 in Pulaski Tennessee. Terrorists’ intent on suppressing blacks. Rode at night threatening, killing, and burning.  greenbacks:  Panic of 1873: A financial crisis that triggered an economic depression lasting from 1873- 1877.  Redeemers: Conservative white Democrats who dominated state politics in the South by emphasizing white supremacy, not issues that would divide white voters.  Compromise of 1877: An unwritten deal that settled the presidential election. Ended the reconstruction era. FOCUS QUESTION 1. What major challenges did the federal government face in reconstructing the South after the Civil War?

 Many of the south white men were against the new justice system for black folks. They didn't want change. They wanted to continue to control the slaves. Those who still opposed the idea caused more harm and injustice to the black men who tried to run away in search of their freedom. Black folks who were now free had nowhere to go and America was still recuperating from the after mat of the Civil War. 2. How and why did Reconstruction policies change over time?  The union victory gave 4 million slaves their freedom. This freedom means whites don't have free labor, causing an increase in product prices. Black codes put into place. 3. In what ways did White and Black Southerners react to Reconstruction? 4. What were the political and economic factors that helped end Reconstruction in 1877?  The panic of 1873 and political corruption in the us. Many people began to focus on corruption and less attention towards protecting African Americans 5. What was the significance of Reconstruction on the nation’s future?  6. How did the Military Reconstruction Act reorganize governments in the South in the late 1860s and 1870s?  7. What did the former Confederate states have to do to be readmitted to the Union?  8. Why did “conservative” parties gradually regain control of the South from the Republicans in the 1870s?  CHAPTER 16: Business and Labor in the Industrial Era 1860-1900 KEYWORDS:  Second Industrial Revolution:  Standard Oil Company:  Monopoly:  Trust:

 holding company:  Carnegie Steel Company:  J. Pierpont Morgan and Company:  laissez-faire:  Knights of Labor:  Haymarket Riot (1886):  American Federation of Labor:  Homestead Steel Strike (1892): FOCUS QUESTION 1. What factors stimulated the unprecedented industrial and agricultural growth in the late nineteenth century? 2. Who were the entrepreneurs who pioneered the growth of Big Business? What were their goals, and what strategies did they use to dominate their respective industries? 3. What role did the federal government play in the nation’s economic development during this period? 4. In what ways did the class structure and lives of women change in the late nineteenth century? 5. How did workers use unions to promote their interests during this era? 6. What was the route of the first transcontinental railroad, and why was it built in the North? 7. Who built the railroads? How were they financed? 8. In what ways did the railroads perpetuate inequalities in America? Chapter 17: The New South and the New West, 1865–1900 KEYWORDS:  American Tobacco Company:  crop-lien system:

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 Mississippi Plan (1890):  separate but equal:  Wilmington Insurrection (1898):  Atlanta Compromise (1895):  Exodusters:  Comstock Lode:  Indian wars:  Sand Creek Massacre (1864):  Great Sioux War:  Ghost Dance movement:  Dawes Severalty Act of 1887: FOCUS QUESTION: 1. In what ways did the “New South” emerge in the late nineteenth century? 2. What was the “crop-lien” system in the South? How did it shape the lives of poor farmers after the Civil War? 3. How and why did White southerners adopt “Jim Crow” segregation laws and take away African Americans’ right to vote at the end of the nineteenth century? 4. Who were the various groups of migrants to the West after the Civil War? How did they move there? 5. What were the experiences of miners, farmers, ranchers, cowboys, women, and Mexican Americans in the West in the late nineteenth century? 6. How did the federal government’s post–Civil War policies in the West affect Native Americans? 7. How did the South and West change by 1900? 8. Why was there a dramatic increase in sharecropping and tenancy in the late nineteenth century? 9. Explain why the South had more sharecroppers than other parts of the country. 10. What were the main industries of the New West? 11. How did mining transform the region’s ecology?

12. What was the Great Sioux War? 13. What happened at the Little Bighorn, and what were the consequences? 14. Why were hundreds of Native Americans killed at Wounded Knee? Chapter 18: Political Stalemate and Rural Revolt, 1865-1913 1. What were the effects of urban growth during the Gilded Age? What problems did it create?  urban population skyrocketed due to jobs and immigrants, advances in technology and modern science problems: poverty, unsanitary living conditions, and political corruption division between racial and ethnic groups and social class, disease. 2. Who were the “new immigrants” of the late nineteenth century? How were they viewed by American society?  Southern and eastern Europe, mainly from Russia, Poland, Greece and Italy (Judaism, Eastern Orthodox and Catholics) Nativists saw them as a threat to their jobs and ways of life 3. How did urban growth and the increasingly important role of science influence leisure activities, cultural life, and social policy in the late nineteenth century?  Science: urbanization and technological progress contributed to the prestige of modern science: Leisure activities: mass entertainment Cultural life: realism Social policy: social Darwinism, more political corruption 4. How did the nature of politics during the Gilded Age contribute to political corruption and stalemate?  Politics were controlled by rings who each had a boss who used his machine to govern Party bosses Patronage system. 5. How effective were politicians in developing responses to the major economic and social problems in the aftermath of the Civil War?  Merit system Civil Service Commission Tariff Reform 6. Why did the money supply become a major political issue, especially for small farmers, during the Gilded Age? How did it impact American politics?  Money in circulation decreased by 10%, farmers claimed that sound money lowered prices for their crops and herds and drove deeper into debt. Overproduction and international competition Panic of 1893 Bryan launched the Democratic shift from pro-business conservatism to a liberal reform party 7. Which chronology is correct?  Sand Creek Massacre, Little Big Horn, surrender of Geronimo, Wounded Knee

8. Which of the following accurately describes the near disappearance of the buffalo herds in the West? 9.  A combination of factors, including a drought and competition with other animals, contributed to the buffalo's decline. 10.Which of the following statements accurately describes the Great Sioux War?  It was the largest military campaign since the end of the Civil War. 11. Which of the following statements accurately describes small farmers in the West by the 1890s?  They were almost always supporters of Northeastern Republicans. 1. The New South's creed was an idealized vision of a decentralized, democratic society. 2. The chief accomplishment of the New South movement was the development of the textile industry. 3. Tenantry and sharecropping led to the loss of soil fertility. 4. The native American who surrendered with the "I will fight no more forever" speech was Chief Joseph. 5. The last gasp of the Indian wars came at the so-called battle of The Wounded Knee. 6. The first successful Kansas Cowtown was Abilene . 7. Southern blacks who migrated to Kansas were called Exodusters. 8. The largest sources of immigration to the West during this period were Northern Europe and Canada. 9. The Mississippi Plan of the 1890s was aimed mostly at diminishing the voting rights of African Americans. 10.The concept of "separate but equal" accommodations for blacks and whites was legitimized after the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson. 11. In 1873, the invention of barbed wire predominantly triggered conflict between larger cattle ranchers and smaller ranchers fighting to retain the open range. 12. TRUE: They were almost always supporters of Northeastern Republicans. 13.In southern textile mills, women and children outnumbered men as workers. 14. TRUE: James Buchanan Duke played a key role in the development of the cigarette industry. 15.FALSE: The southern crop-lien system discouraged the growing of cotton and tobacco. 16. TRUE: The expansion of mining helped bring about territorial governments and calls for statehood in the West. 17.FALSE: Soldiers who were hired to guard cattle on the long trail to market were known as "buffalo soldiers."

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18. TRUE: Partisan considerations in Congress hampered the creation of new states. 19. TRUE: Hydraulic mining led to terrible economic problems as polluted water made its way to the rich agricultural land in the Central Valley of California. 20.FALSE: George A. Custer lost to the Sioux at the Battle of Wounded Knee. 21.FALSE: The Dawes Severalty Act allowed Native Americans to keep most of their land. 22.FALSE: The Ghost Dance was a new Native American religion that united Christian and native teachings. 23. TRUE: Refrigerated railroad cars were an important factor in the success of the western cattle industry. 24.FALSE: Joseph Glidden's invention of barbed wire in 1873 revolutionized the way in which cotton was farmed. 25.FALSE: Woodruff v. North Bloomfield was a landmark case involving fencing and grazing rights for cattle ranchers. 26. TRUE: A key contributor to making western agriculture profitable was the invention of the sodbuster plow. 27.FALSE: Turner's frontier thesis praised the role of women and Mexicans in the creation of a democratic West Chapter 19: Seizing an American Empire, 1865-1913 KEYWORDS:  Imperialism: the use of diplomatic or military force to extend a nation's power and enhance its economic interests, often by acquiring territory or colonies and justifying such behavior with assumptions of racial superiority.  The influence of Sea Power upon History: ?  U.S battleship Maine: American battleship/warship that exploded in the Cuban port of Havana on January 25, 1898; though later discovered to be the result of an accident, the destruction of the Maine was attributed by war-hungry Americans to Spain, contributing to the onset of the Spanish-American War.  yellow journalism: William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer published sensational stories and used this form of journalism to promote the Spanish-American War. This is a type of journalism that intentionally manipulates public opinion through sensational headlines, illustrations, and articles about both real and invented (fake) events.

 de Lome letter: private correspondence written by the Spanish ambassador to the U.S., Dupy de Lomem that described President McKinley as "weak"; the letter was stolen by Cuban revolutionaries and published in the New York Journal, deepening American resentment of Spain and moving the two countries closer to war in Cuba.  Teller Amendment: denied U.S. intention to annex Cuba.  Rough Riders: the first voluntary Calvary, led in the Spanish-American War by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt; victorious in their only engagement , the Battle of San Juan Hill.  American Anti-Imperialist: (1899) An organization of prominent Americans including Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie, founded to oppose the occupation of the Philippines after the Spanish American War. The group remained active until 1921 opposing most American intervention outside the U.S. 1898.  League: ?  Open Door policy: Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.  Roosevelt Corollary: declaring that it was the responsibility of the U.S. to ensure stability in Latin America and The Caribbean. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (from 1901 to 1909) was a substantial alteration (called an "amendment") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. by acting as an international police power in the region.  Dollar Diplomacy: Taft continued prompting economic interests abroad by using the State Department to help American companies and banks invest in foreign countries and intervene in nations experiencing political and economic turmoil. 1. Which of the following statements accurately describes the typical tenement apartment building?  It housed twenty-four to thirty-two families. 2. Which of the following statements regarding the Gilded Age is true?  No president won a majority of the popular votes. 3. What political party was associated with the temperance movement?  Republican 4. What did the Sherman Silver Purchase Act do?  It increased the amount of silver the government purchased.

5. Which president described himself, near the end of his term, as a president without a party?  Rutherford B. Hayes 6. During the election of 1896, who said, "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns"?  William Jennings Bryan 7. What step did President Cleveland take to address the economic depression that began in 1893?  He returned the nation to the gold standard. 8. What factors motivated America’s new imperialism after the Civil War?  The idea of a manifest destiny to expand territory abroad and the industrialist's desire for new markets for their goods. 9. How and why did the United States expand its influence in the Pacific before the Spanish- American War?  In order to take advantage of the enormous Asian markets, American planters created a booming sugar business, which strengthened commercial ties to the United States. 10.What were the causes of the Spanish-American War? What were its major events?  The U.S.S. Maine, a US navy ship, was blown up, leading to widespread public outrage and accusations of Spanish involvement. The American press blamed Spain, prompting the public to demand war. And the major events are: o Yellow journalism, the de Lôme letter, and the sinking of the /Maine/ o A declaration of war, and the Teller Amendment o Commodore Deway's naval victory at Manila Bay o American victories in Santiago and Puerto Rico o Terms of the peace treaty 11. What were the consequences of the Spanish-American War for American foreign policy?  The consequences of Spanish-America War for American foreign policy are:  America ascends to the world stage and redefines "manifest destiny"

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 American motives for annexation and further expansion in the Pacific  Philippines annexation  Outbreak of War with Filipino nationalists  "Open Door" policy 12.What was behind Theodore Roosevelt’s rapid rise to the presidency? What were the main elements of his foreign policies?  The reason behind Theodore Roosevelt’s rapid rise to presidency are: o the assassination of William McKinley o young and physically robust, he brought a new energy to the White House, and won a second term on his own merits in 1904. o He confronted the bitter struggle between management and labor head-on and became known as the great "trust buster" for his strenuous efforts to break up industrial combinations under the Sherman Antitrust Act. o He was also a dedicated conservationist, setting aside some 200 million acres for national forests, reserves, and wildlife refuges during his presidency. In the foreign policy arena. o won a Nobel Peace Prize for his negotiations to end the Russo-Japanese War o spearheaded the beginning of construction on the Panama Canal.  The main elements of his foreign policies are Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine (and created the Roosevelt Corollary) to prevent European involvement in the affairs in the Caribbean and South America. In the 1880s, the largest source of foreign immigration to the United States shifted from northwestern Europe to southeastern Europe. In 1882, Congress passed the first federal law to restrict the immigration of free people based on race and class. The immigrants this legislation targeted were from China. Social Darwinism had its roots in the work of Herbert Spencer The implications of social Darwinism included a belief in the progress of human societies. the Democratic party generally consisted of Southern whites, Catholics, and those in favor of states' rights.

By the 1880's, the federal government operated at a surplus because of revenues generated by tariffs. All of the following are TRUE of the Sherman cle-Trust Act EXCEPT that it set up the Interstate Commerce Commission. A major problem facing farmers in the late nineteenth century was the overproduction of agricultural products and the subsequent decline in commodity prices. FALSE: After the Civil Wa, populaticon growth was stronger on the rural frontier than in the cities. TRUE: In 1890, a majority of New Yorkers were foreign born. TRUE: By 1900, saloons were popular places of leisure among urban wage workers. FALSE: Nativists believed that immigrants could, and should, be Americanized quickly. TRUE: The Interstate Commerce Commission was the first federal regulatory agency. TRUE: Darwin's On the Origin of Species was shocking to many because, at the time of its initial publication, most people embraced a literal interpretation of the biblical creation story FALSE: In the late nineteenth century, saloons were popular gathering places for both men and women. FALSE: Charles Darwin supported Herbert Spencer's application of his ideas regarding evolution to human social relations. FALSE: During the election of 1892, the Republican party supported an eight-hour workday and sought to protect American jobs by limiting immigration. TRUE: In the post-Civil War period, the Democratic party appealed to southern white voters. TRUE:" Tweed led the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City after the Civil War. TRUE: The Granger movement failed to address issues such as declining crop prices and, thus, led to the rise of the Farmers' Alliance TRUE: Support for civil service reform rose following the assassination of james A. Garfield. FALSE: The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 outlawed corporate actions in "restraint of trade." FALSE: William Jennings Bryan won the election of 1896.

Chapter 20: The Progressive Era (1890-1920) KEYWORDS  Muckraker: Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public.  Social gospel: Protestant belief that Christians should help the poor to bring out the Kingdom of God on earth.  Women’s suffrage : The fight for women to have the same rights as men.  Seventeenth Amendment: Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures).  Taylorism: subdivision of tasks to speed up production, makes workers more interchangeable.  Sixteenth Amendment: Allows the federal government to collect income tax.  Square Deal: Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers.  Progressive party: a new political party created by Theodore Roosevelt.  New Freedom: Aimed to restore economic competition by eliminating all trusts rather than simply regulating them.  Federal Reserve Act: a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to oversee the money supply.  Federal Trade Commission (FTC): a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices.  Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Declared that labor unions were not to be viewed as monopolies in restraint of trade.  Big Stick Diplomacy: Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.  1. What were the motives of progressive reformers?  The various motives of progressive reformers were that they wished to restrict the powers of local political machines and establish an honest, efficient government.

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2. Which sources of thought and activism contributed to the progressive movement?  The various sources of thought and activism that contributed to the progressive movement were the women's suffrage movement, the reformers, the socialist movement, and the muckrakers. 3. What were the specific goals of progressive reformers, and how did they advance them?  The specific goals of progressive reformers were focusing on stopping corruption in politics, and legislation oversight to control and eliminate trusts and other forms of monopolies. 4. What contributions did Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft make to the progressive movement? How and why did these men come to disagree about the best ways to advance progressive ideals?  The contributions that Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft made to the progressive movement were their promotion of the Square Deal, the Meat Inspection Act, and the Pure Food and Drug Acts. They came to disagree about how best to advance progressive ideals because Taft angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. 5. Which policies of President Woodrow Wilson were influenced by the progressive movement? How and why did they differ from the policies of Roosevelt and Taft?  His new freedom program which included a low tariff and anti-trust regulation were influenced by the progressive movement. He also established a central banking system with the Federal Reserve Act. These were different from the policies of Presidents Roosevelt and Taft because they were more idealistic. 6. Which states first gave women the right to vote?  Wyoming. 7. Why did it take fifty-one years—from Wyoming's grant of full suffrage to women until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment—for women to receive the right to vote in both state and national elections?  8. How was suffrage part of a larger women's reform movement?  9. Why was Taft so unpopular?  10. How did the division between Roosevelt and Taft give Wilson the presidency? 11. Why was Wilson's victory in 1912 especially significant? 12. 1. "Big Stick Diplomacy" refers to Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy.

2. "Seward's folly" involved the purchase of Alaska. 3. Albert J. Beveridge, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Theodore Roosevelt agreed on the benefits of obtaining overseas possessions. 4. In the 1890s, anti-imperialists included Samuel Gompers, Andrew Carnegie, and William James. 5. Put the following events in the correct chronological order de Lôme letter, sinking of the Maine, Teller Amendment, battles around Santiago. 6. The Platt Amendment placed restrictions on the Cuban government's independence. 7. The Spanish-American War occurred during the presidency of William McKinley. 8. The Treaty of Portsmouth resulted from American intervention in the Russo-Japanese War. 9. The latest evidence suggests the sinking of Maine was caused by an accidental explosion and fire on the ship. 10.Theodore Roosevelt became president as a result of the death of William McKinley. TRUE: Emilio Aguinaldo at first aided George Dewey against the Spanish in the Philippines. FALSE: In 1887, the United States bought Alaska from Britain for $7.2 million. TRUE: In the Spanish-American War, more American armed forces personnel died from disease than in combat. FALSE: The Open-Door policy described America's approach to Cuba after 1900. TRUE: The Teller Amendment denied interest in annexing Cuba. TRUE: The United States built the Panama Canal on land that had previously belonged to Colombia. TRUE: Under the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the United States assumed the right to interve ne in Latin America. Chapter 21: America and the Great War 1914-1920 Among the catalysts for progressivism were all of the following EXCEPT the "Old Guard" Republicans.

Jane Addams was a pioneer in the settlement house movement. The first state to grant woman suffrage east of the Mississippi was New York. One of the muckrakers' major achievements was to stir up popular support for reform. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Seventeenth Amendment? It inaugurated the popular election of senators. The progressives' emphasis on efficiency drew on the ideas of Frederick W. Taylor. During the Progressive Era, the U.S. Supreme Court did which of the following? It ruled in favor of some labor laws and against others. The Triangle Shirtwaist fire spurred interest in laws to protect workers from accidents. In the case against the Northern Securities Company, Theodore Roosevelt sought to break up a major railroad company. Passed in 1906, the Hepburn Act did which of the following? It expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission's power over railroad rates. To conserve the nation's natural resources, Theodore Roosevelt relied first and foremost on using federal power to protect natural areas and manage the nation's natural resources. Which of the following statements accurately describes the 1912 presidential election? The Socialist candidate, Eugene V. Debs, had a surprisingly strong showing. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914? It exempted labor unions from anti-trust laws.

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Which of the following pieces of legislation created a national banking system with twelve regional districts? the Federal Reserve Act. Around 1916, Wilson renewed his support for progressive reforms because He needed to build a coalition for reelection. TRUE: From 1880 to 1910, the number of women reported in the workforce tripled. TRUE: Writing a series of muckraking articles, Ida Tarbell investigated the practices of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust and sought to promote industrial reform. False: Progressives rejected the use of initiatives and referendums. False: The role of city manager was devised in an attempt to make local government more democratic. The Women's Christian Temperance Union also advocated for women's right to vote and the regulation of child labor. TRUE The social gospel movement united religious belief and social reform TRUE False: As president, Theodore Roosevelt focused on achieving reform through congressional action. Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle helped bring about regulation of the meatpacking industry. TRUE During his presidency, Taft protected more public lands than Roosevelt had. TRUE False: The Sixteenth Amendment outlawed the sale of alcoholic beverages. In the 1912 election, Woodrow Wilson defeated Theodore Roosevelt and William Taft because the Republican vote was split. TRUE

All of the candidates in the election of 1912 shared the progressive assumption that government intervention should be used to address social problems. TRUE During Wilson's presidency, some women turned to forms of civil disobedience to protest their inability to vote. TRUE False: Alice Paul was arrested for opening the first birth control center in the United States. False: Woodrow Wilson was sensitive to the rights of African Americans and opposed racial segregation.

Chapter22: Which of the following figures declared that the "world must be made safe for democracy"? Woodrow Wilson Which of the following is TRUE of the United States before 1916? The Allies' need for food and other materials led to an economic boom. For thirty months after the war began in Europe, the Wilson administration pursued a policy that stressed neutrality despite disproportionate financial assistance to the Allies. William Jennings Bryan resigned as secretary of state following the sinking of the Lusitania.

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Which of the following statements accurately describes the opponents of the preparedness movement before World War I? They included pacifists and progressives. The culmination of Wilson's progressive legislation to strengthen his chances at reelection was the passage of the Revenue Act of 1916. American troops played a crucial role in the fighting around Sedan, France in 1918. Which of the following statements accurately describes the wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts? They outlawed public criticism of government leaders and policies. The War Industries Board had the authority to ration raw materials and set prices. Wilson's refusal to take a major Republican to the postwar peace conference was a mistake because the Republicans controlled Congress. Wilson's Fourteen Points included all the following EXCEPT an end to racial discrimination. The "irreconcilables" were primarily midwestern and western isolationists. After World War I, the Senate did which of the following? It defeated the Treaty of Versailles and refused to join the League of Nations. The First Red Scare was aimed at Bolsheviks, radicals, and aliens. All of the following statements about post-World War I America are correct EXCEPT most of the working class joined the Communist Party. The Great War began soon after a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. TRUE

False: The Great War was fought largely with nineteenth century weaponry on flat, open fields. False: "He kept us out of war" was the 1916 Republican campaign cry against Wilson. False: The Zimmerman telegram revealed Germany's intention of beginning unrestricted submarine warfare immediately. The sinking of the cruise ship the Lusitania by German submarines was a catalyzing event that helped lead to America's entry into the war. TRUE False Women who began working during the Great War typically retained their positions after the war was over. The War Industries Board was the most important agency mobilizing the nation for war. TRUE Eugene V. Debs was sentenced to prison for violating the Espionage Act. TRUE In 1918, the United States sent troops to fight the Bolsheviks in Russia. TRUE False German delegates to the Paris Peace Conference formed an alliance with delegates from Communist Russia. False With the Fourteen Points, Wilson hoped to keep Russia in the war and to create disunity between the people and the governments of the Central Powers. False Wilson convinced the Senate to approve the Treaty of Versailles by suggesting fourteen changes to it. False Wilson thought Germany's admission of war guilt was the most necessary part of the peace negotiations.

More people worldwide died in the flu pandemic of 1918-1919 than during World War I. TRUE Racial violence erupted after the end of the Great War, with riots and lynchings occurring in both the North and South TRUE Chapter23: The rise of advertising and marketing campaigns led to standardization of Americans purchases and interests The movement known as modernism included experimental writing such as that of Gertrude Stein The American aviation industry experienced significant growth after the signing of the Kelly Act, which subsidized the industry through airmail contracts Marcus Garvey's Negro Nationalism promoted black separation from white society which of the following statements regarding american women in the 1920s is accurate Electrical appliances made housework easier for many women Made possible by mass production, the most significant economic and social development of the early twentieth century was the automobile Almost a million African Americans left the South for the "promised land" up North during the Great Migration. During the 1920s, which of the following was TRUE of the flappers? They seemed a shocking example of the "new feminism" to the older generation. The Harlem Renaissance featured the works of Zora Neale Hurston. Which of the following statements accurately describes the 1920s? Consumerism and abundant spending came to be viewed as positive. In the 1920s, the NAACP sought to solve racial problems by focusing on legal challenges to discrimination.

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Einstein's general theory of relativity maintained that fundamental concepts of space, time, matter, and energy are interacting elements that change each other. The leading American advocates of modernism lived in England and Europe. Which of the following statements accurately describes Margaret Sanger? She advocated for birth control to alleviate poverty caused by the burden of too many children. FALSE: During the 1920s, consumer spending by the wealthy soared, while the middle and lower classes continued to live simply. The Wright brothers flew the first "flying machine." TRUE The message of the Universal Negro Improvement Association resonated most with poor blacks in northern cities. TRUE FALSE: Sigmund Freud's work was rigorously censored in America in such a way that his ideas were absent from books, plays, and movies. FALSE: A 1919 Supreme Court ruling legalized interracial marriage. The Armory Show of 1913 exhibited many artists who went on to become world-renowned for their innovative approach to painting. TRUE The "Lost Generation" referred to a group of young people who had lost faith in the values and institutions of Western civilization. TRUE FALSE: Basketball was the most popular spectator sport in America in the 1920s FALSE: Ezra Pound dubbed the twenties the "Jazz Age." By 1930, the New York City neighborhood of Harlem contained the greatest concentration of blacks than any other urban neighborhood in America. TRUE

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FALSE: Women's gains in employment during World War I resulted in more gender equality in the professions in the 1920s. FALSE: The modernists believed rationality was orderly and obvious and stressed their belief in God. Modernists were artists, writers, and thinkers eager to "make it new" and were often, in part, responding to the horrors of the Great War. TRUE Chapter24: 1. Which of the following is TRUE of the Warren G. Harding administration?  It enacted a reduction in income taxes and hike in tariffs. 2. Harding was more progressive than Wilson in matters dealing with race 3. The Sacco and Vanzetti case became a public spectacle because of the defendants' Italian and anarchist backgrounds amid a time of "Red hysteria." 4. Which of the following was TRUE of life in America during the Great Depression?  Mexican Americans became targets of deportation. 5. Of all the third-party presidential candidates up through the 1924 election, the one who received the largest vote was Robert M. La Follette. 6. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?  It raised tariff rates to all-time highs but ended up hurting international trade. 7. McNary-Haugenism sought to solve the problems of agriculture by dumping surpluses on the world market. 8. Organized labor in the 1920s was weakened by the use of "yellow-dog" contracts. 9. Which of the following statements accurately describes the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s?  It was a force in national politics. 10.Which of the following statements accurately summarizes Calvin Coolidge's governing style as president?  It was deliberately inactive and unambitious. 11. What was the significance of the trial of John T. Scopes in 1925?  It underscored the tension between fundamentalism and modernism. 12.Which of the following actions did President Herbert Hoover take in response to the Great Depression?  He gave upbeat messages but failed at reassuring the people.

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13.The many scandals in Harding's administration involved all of the following EXCEPT the Bonus Expeditionary Force. 14.One segment of the economy that stagnated throughout the 1920s was agriculture 15.The purpose of the 1924 immigration law was to limit immigration from eastern and southern Europe. 16. TRUE: Alfred E. Smith, the Democrat candidate for president in 1928, was a "wet" (anti- Prohibition) and a Catholic. 17.TRUE: The Great Depression was, in part, a result of a combination of overproduction and underconsumption. 18.TRUE: Former secretary of state and presidential contender William Jennings Bryan was a fundamentalist. 19. FALSE: In addition to African Americans, the Ku Klux Klan targeted Protestants and the upper class. 20. FALSE: In the spring of 1932, the Bonus Expeditionary Force sought to block payment of bonuses to Wall Street tycoons. 21.TRUE: A major challenge to European countries during the 1920s was repaying their war debts to the United States. 22. FALSE: The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 declared that the United States would finally join the League of Nations. 23. FALSE: Coolidge became president when Harding resigned in the midst of the Teapot Dome scandal. 24.TRUE: The chaotic state of the European economy after the Great War was one factor that contributed to the Great Depression in America.

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25.TRUE: Crime leader Al Capone rose to prominence during the Prohibition era. 26.TRUE: During the Great Depression, minority groups were typically the ones who lost their jobs due to a "last hired, first fired" approach. 27. FALSE: Buying stocks "on margin" helped restrain speculation in the stock market. 28.TRUE: During Harding's presidency, Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon called for reducing federal spending and lowering tax rates 29.TRUE: In 1922, delegates of five nations signed a treaty limiting the size of their navies. 30. FALSE: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation assisted struggling farmers. Chapter 25: IN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC MATTERS, FDR WAS A.) bound to follow southern Democratic leaders B.) pragmatic C.) a dogmatic liberal D.) conservative THE FIRST LARGE-SCALE EXPERIMENT WITH FEDERAL WORK RELIEF WAS THE A.) Civil Works Administration B.) National Youth Administration C.) Works Progress Administration D.) Civilian Conservation Corps WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ACCURATELY DESCRIBES THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS A.) It provided funding to start environmental conservation programs in colleges B.) It provided environmental education for farmers C.) It created jobs for unemployed men aged 18-25 D.) It paid farmers to reduce production IN THE UNITED STATES V. BUTLER, THE SUPREME COURT OVERTURNED AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ADMINISTRATION BECAUSE

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A.) the programs discriminated against black sharecroppers and tenant farmers B.) agriculture was not considered interstate commerce C.) the plan failed to help raise farm incomes D.) the tax on food processors was deemed unconstitutional THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT PROVIDED FOR A.) emergency loans to struggling banks and companies B.) the elimination of corporate taxes C.) the lowering of tariffs on the products of key industries D.) $3.3 billion in spending on public works projects THE GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR A POOR REGION OF THE COUNTRY WAS THE MAJOR PURPOSE OF THE A.) Civilian Conservation Corps B.) Atomic Energy Commission C.) Federal Power Commission D.) Tennessee Valley Authority MANY FARMERS RESPONDED TO THE CRISIS OF THE DUST BOWL BY A.) changing their agricultural practices to focus on soil conservation B.) abandoning their farms and migrating to California C.) moving to protest camps outside of the white house D.) selling their farms and buying property in the Northeast WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ACCURATELY DESCRIBES AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE DURING THE GREAT DEPRESSION A.) going to the movies was reserved for only the wealthiest class of Americans B.) the popularity of radio decreased, as many families were forced to sell their sets C.) romantic comedies and slapstick humor were popular and provided a sense of escape D.) movies explored the experiences of white and black Americans during hard times. ELEANOR ROOSEVELT BUILT A REPUTATION AS A.) a dedicated & tireless nurse for her disabled husband B.) a charismatic and fashionable beauty C.) an expert hostess and effervescent conversationalist D.) an outspoken activist

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THE SHARE-THE-WEALTH SOCIETY WAS PROPOSED BY A.) franklin roosevelt B.) francis e townsend C.) father charles e coughlin D.) huey p long THE NEW DEAL'S "CORNERSTONE" AND "SUPREME ACHIEVEMENT" ACCORDING TO FDR, WAS/WERE A.) the National Labor Relations Act (or the Wagner Act) B.) the Tennessee Valley Authority C.) social security D.) the PWA and WPA THE "COURT-PACKING" PLAN OF 1937 WAS ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT A.) FDR's attempt to stop the Supreme Court from declaring New Deal legislation unconstitutional B.) an unprecedented attempt to add to the number of justices on the Supreme Court C.) an action that cost FDR some of his popularity D.) a successful attempt to gain popularity among progressives WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TENDED TO BE CRITICS OF ROOSEVELT'S NEW DEAL A.) Winston Churchill and John Nance Garner B.) WPA artists C.) American business leaders D.) Harry Hopkins and Coralie Perkins WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WAS NOT AN ACHIEVEMENT OF THE NEW DEAL A.) full employment B.) improved working conditions C.) a compulsory retirement system D.) a system of unemployment insurance THE NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION LABOR CODES INCLUDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT: A.) a minimum wage B.) a maximum work week of 40 hours C.) the guarantee of retirement pensions for all workers D.) the prohibition of child labor

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TRUE FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT SURROUNDED HIMSELF WITH ABLE, INTELLIGENT ADVISORS TRUE THE AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ADMINISTRATION OF 1933 TRIED TO HELP FARMERS BY PAYING THEM TO REDUCE PRODUCTION FALSE: THE "FIRST HUNDRED DAYS" REFERS TO THE PERIOD BETWEEN ROOSEVELT'S ELECTION AND HIS INAUGURATION TRUE THE TWENTY-FIRST AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION BROUGHT AN END TO PROHIBITION FALSE: FDR ENDED THE CIVIL WORKS ADMINISTRATION BECAUSE IT WAS POLITICALLY UNPOPULAR TRUE STEINBECK'S THE GRAPES OF WRATH DEPICTS DUST BOWL REFUGEES KNOWN AS "OKIES" TRUE THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION INCLUDED FUNDING FOR ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL PROGRAMS FALSE: THE 1931 SCOTTSBORO CASE INVOLVED EFFORTS TO ORGANIZE WORKERS IN THE SOUTHWEST FALSE: AS HEAD OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, JOHN COLLIER HOPED TO ELIMINATE TRIBES AND FULLY ASSIMILATE NATIVE AMERICANS INTO THE NATIONAL CULTURE TRUE RICHARD WRIGHT WROTE NATIVE SON AND WAS ONE OF THE LEADING BLACK NOVELISTS OF THE DEPRESSION

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FALSE: THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT GUARANTEED WORKERS THE RIGHT TO ORGANIZE UNIONS TRUE THE ELECTION OF FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT TO HIS SECOND TERM WAS NOTABLE BECAUSE THE BLACK VOTE SHIFTED TO THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY FALSE: THE NEW DEALS PROGRAMS ENDED THE GREAT DEPRESSION FALSE: BY THE END OF 1936, THE SUPREME COURT HAD SUPPORTED NEW DEAL PROGRAMS MORE OFTEN THAN IT HAD RULED AGAINST THEM TRUE A RECESSION OCCURRED IN 1937 WHEN FDR ORDERED SHARP CUTS IN FEDERAL EXPENDITURE Chapter26: FALSE: BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY AFTER HITLER'S TROOPS INVADED THE SUDETENLAND FALSE: IN 1942, THE AXIS POWERS INCLUDED THE SOVIET UNION FALSE: ITALIAN AMERICANS AND GERMAN AMERICANS WERE INTERNED IN RELOCATION CAMPS FOR THE DURATION OF THE WAR FALSE: THE WAR REFUGEE BOARD RESCUED MORE THAN 1 MILLION JEWS FROM EUROPE FALSE: THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED ON THE JAPANESE ISLAND OF OKINAWA TRUE: BENITO MUSSOLINI HAD ESTABLISHED HIMSELF AS THE VIRTUAL DICTATOR OF ITALY BY 1925 FALSE: THE INVASION OF SICILY CAME ONLY SIX WEEKS AFTER THE NORMANDY INVASION

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TRUE: V-E DAY CELEBRATED THE END OF THE WAR IN EUROPE WHILE FIGHTING CONTINUED IN THE PACIFIC TRUE: AFRICAN AMERICAN PILOTS WERE TRAINED IN A SEGREGATED FACILITY AT TUSKEGEE IN ALABAMA FALSE: THE END OF WWII LED TO ANOTHER PERIOD OF ISOLATIONISM IN THE UNITED STATES TRUE : IN WORLD WAR II, THE GREATEST NUMBER OF ALLIED CASUALTIES WERE SUFFERED BY THE SOVIET UNION FALSE: NATIVE AMERICANS WERE PUT INTO SEGREGATED UNITS IN THE MILITARY TRUE: WWII CAUSED THE DEATHS OF 50 MILLION CIVILIANS WORLDWIDE TRUE: THE NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1935 FORBADE THE UNITED STATES FROM SELLING WEAPONS TO NATIONS AT WAR TRUE: ONE OF THE REASONS THE NORMANDY LANDINGS WERE SUCCESSFUL WAS THAT GERMAN COMMANDERS THOUGHT THEY WERE A DIVERSION FROM A "REAL" ATTACK AT PAD-DE-CALAIS IN 1940, ROOSEVELT RAN FOR A THIRD TERM AS PRESIDENT AGAINST A.) Wendell L Willkie B.) Thomas E Dewey C.) Robert A Taft D.) Alf Landon THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY WAS THE TURNING POINT OF THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC BECAUSE IT A.) stopped the eastward advance of the Japanese

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B.) destroyed most of what was left of the American fleet after Pearl Harbor C.) destroyed the Japanese fleet so that they were unable to pursue naval war after this D.) placed the United States Air Force close enough to the mainland of Japan to carry out bombing raids there. BEFORE THE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR, JAPAN HAD A.) control of Manchuria, as the Axis was expanding B.) captured all of southeast Asia C.) not expanded beyond its national boundaries as of 1870 D.) already attacked other locations in the United States THE NYE COMMITTEE INVESTIGATIONS CONCLUDED THAT A.) the United States should back down from its dispute with Japan over China B.) appeasing Hitler was the best way to secure peace in Europe C.) the United States was partly responsible for Japan's success in the Pearl Harbor attack D.) munitions manufacturers pushed the United States into WWI THE DECISIONS MADE AT THE YALTA CONFERENCE INCLUDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT THAT A.) Berlin would be jointly occupied by the Soviets and Americans B.) Russia would have an occupation zone in East Germany C.) going forward, regular organizational meetings would be held at the United Nations D.) both the Soviet Union and the United States would reduce their armaments by half after the war ended WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ACCURATELY DESCRIBES THE JAPANESE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR A.) It missed vital shore installations and oil tanks B.) It killed 25,000 Americans C.) It sank or severely damaged all U.S. aircraft carriers in the Pacific D.) It was a complete success

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FASCISM IS A RADICAL FORM OF TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENT IN WHICH A DICTATOR A.) is allowed unlimited power but must regularly win reelection B.) uses propaganda and brute force to control all aspects of national life C.) shares power with elected officials D.) controls the medial and the arm, while elected officials control the legal system WARTIME RATIONING IN THE UNITED STATES INCLUDED A.) alcoholic beverages B.) cars and washing machines C.) private housing construction D.) sugar, coffee, and gasoline GERMANY LOSE THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC BECAUSE A.) the Allies had radar B.) the Allies had broken the Germans' secret code C.) it lost all of its U-boats D.) it withdrew its navy to fight in the Mediterranean ONE OF THE MAIN REASONS THE ALLIES OPENED A SECOND FRONT IN WESTERN EUROPE WAS TO A.) ensure that France would be liberated as quickly as possible B.) take advantage of Germany's weaknesses there C.) be able to land an army on defended beaches D.) relieve pressure on the Soviet Union ONE REASON OPERATION OVERLORD SUCCEEDED WAS THAT A.) the Germans were completely unprepared for an invasion B.) Eisenhower surprised the Germans by attacking at Normandy C.) there was perfect weather--clear skies and calm seas D.) the Allies attacked at the narrowest point in the English Channel

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THE LEND-LEASE ACT SUPPORTED THE UNITED STATES' GOAL OF A.) keeping the Soviet Union out of the United Nations B.) maintaining neutrality C.) ending the Spanish Civil War D.) supporting the Allies ROOSEVELT DECIDED HITLER HAD TO BE STOPPED AFTER A.) the battle of Britain in 1940 B.) the blitzkrieg of 1940 C.) Germany invaded North Africa in 1937 D.) Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in 1939 AT THE CONFERENCE IN CASABLANCA, CHURCHILL AND ROOSEVELT DECIDED TO A.) launch the normandy invasion B.) assault sicily C.) open up a second front in north africa D.) use the atomic bomb against japan Chapter27: AS PRESIDENT, HARRY TRUMAN WANTED TO A.) eliminate many New Deal programs that were unfriendly to business. B.) cut taxes to stimulate economic growth C.) extend and expand many New Deal programs D.) combat inflation by stopping wage increases for labor. THE MOST SERIOUS ECONOMIC PROBLEM THAT TRUMAN FACED WAS A.) inflation B.) unemployment C.) depression D.) strikes & labor stoppages TO DEAL WITH LABOR STRIKES AFTER WORLD WAR II, TRUMAN DID WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING A.) he drafted strikers into the army B.) he nationalized the railroads C.) he took control of the coal mines D.) he supported the Taft-Hartley act

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ACCURATELY DESCRIBES THE TAFT-HARTLEY ACT A.) it provided educational and vocational benefits for veterans B.) it created the central intelligence agency C.) it curbed the power of labor unions D.) it provided aid to rebuild postwar Europe POSTWAR DISAGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION ESPECIALLY CONCERNED A.) the reconstruction of Japan B.) governments in Eastern Europe C.) the formation of the United Nations D.) the Nuremberg trials WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING OCCURRED FROM APRIL 1948 TO MAY 1949 A.) the Soviets blockaded Berlin B.) the United Nations debated the formation of Israel C.) Joseph R. Mccarthy held hearings on Alger Hiss D.) a North Korean advance nearly defeated South Korea TRUMAN'S PROGRAM FOR THE ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF EUROPE WAS CALLED A.) the Truman Doctrine B.) the Marshall Plan C.) containment D.) NATO IN 1948, REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE THOMAS E DEWEY DID WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING A.) He objected to Truman's cold war foreign policies B.) He called for the repeal of most New Deal programs C.) He denounced Truman's civil rights initiatives D.) He proposed to run the government more efficiently IN 1948 THE STATES' RIGHTS DEMOCRATIC PARTY STOOD FOR A.) civil rights for blacks B.) black voting rights C.) racial integration D.) racial segregation

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING OCCURRED DURING THE 1948 ELECTION A.) Strom Thurmond was the Progressive candidate B.) Dewey defeated Truman C.) Black voters gave their vote to Wallace D.) the New Progressive party received over a million votes IN RESPONSE TO TRUMAN'S FAIR DEAL PROPOSALS, CONGRESS DID WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING A.) it enacted major civil rights legistlation B.) it provided for national health insurance C.) it repealed the taft-hartley act D.) it approved the Employment Act of 1946 THE COMMUNISTS GAINED CONTROL OF CHINA IN A.) 1955 B.) 1949 C.) 1945 D.) 1942 ONE OF THE MOST CRUCIAL MILITARY MANEUVERS IN THE KOREAN CONFLICT INVOLVED A.) using nuclear weapons against China B.) a surprise paratrooper assault of Seoul C.) an invasion of China D.) an amphibious landing at Inch'on IN THE HISS-CHAMBERS CASE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WAS TRUE A.) Chambers was convicted of espionage B.) Chambers denied being a communist C.) Hiss was convicted of perjury D.) Hiss accused Chambers of espionage JOSEPH R MCCARTHY WAS A A.) top foreign policy adviser to president truman during the korean war B.) Russian spy caught in 1951 C.) former State Department employee who exposed Communist agents D.) Republican senator from Wisconsin who led an anti-communist crusade

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FALSE: THE GI BILL OF RIGHTS GUARANTEED A JOB TO EVERY FORMER SOLIDER WHO HAD SERVED IN WORLD WAR 11 FALSE: IN THE ELECTIONS OF 1946, THE DEMOCRATS WON MAJORITIES IN BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS FALSE: TRUMAN COINED THE PHRASE "IRON CURTAIN" FALSE: THE SOVIET UNION BLOCKADED BERLIN IN RETALIATION FOR THE FORMATION OF NATO TRUE NATO MEMBERS INCLUDED BOTH GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE FALSE: THE COMMITMENTS AGREED TO AT THE YALTA CONFERENCE SUCCEEDED IN ESTABLISHING FREE GOVERNMENTS IN EASTERN EUROPE TRUE THE UNITED STATES EXTENDED ECONOMIC AID TO GREECE AND TURKEY IN 1947, IN THE HOPE THAT IT WOULD CONTAIN THE SPREAD OF SOVIET INFLUENCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN TRUE IN 1947, GEORGE F KENNAN ADVOCATED A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT TOWARD THE SOVIET UNION'S EXPANSIONIST AIMS TRUE IN 1948, TRUMAN BANNED RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT TRUE JACKIE ROBINSON BECAME THE FIRST BLACK MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL PLAYER AS A MEMBER OF THE BROOKLYN DODGERS

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FALSE: J STROM THURMOND RAN FOR PRESIDENT IN 1948 ON THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY TICKET FALSE: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MEMORANDUM NUMBER 68 (NSC-68) CALLED FOR THE CREATION OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) FALSE: THE KOREAN WAR WAS PROMPTED BY THE INVASION OF NORTH KOREA BY CHINESE COMMUNISTS FALSE: GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR LED THE U.S. MILITARY ACTION IN THE KOREAN CONFLICT UNTIL HE WAS FIRED BY PRESIDENT DWIGHT EISENHOWER TRUE JOSEPH R MCCARTHY ACCUSED A NUMBER OF PROMINENT AMERICANS OF BEING COMMUNIST TRAITORS, INCLUDING OFFICERS OF THE ARMY. Chapter28: THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION'S POLICY OF BRINKSMANSHIP CALLED FOR RELIANCE ON A.) solely a large army B.) the policing United Nations C.) the president's personal diplomatic skills D.) nuclear weapons AFTER WORLD WAR II, A SIGNIFICANT MIGRATION OCCURRED FROM A.) cities to suburbs B.) the South, Southwest, and West to the Northeast C.) rural areas to central cities D.) the rural South to the rural North and Midwest WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WAS A FACTOR IN THE POSTWAR SUBURBAN BOOM A.) government-backed integration efforts B.) the rise of the two-income family C.) affordable, Levitt-style houses D.) an increase in the rural population

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JOHN KEAT'S THE CRACK IN THE PICTURE WINDOW WAS A STINGING CRITIQUE OF A.) television B.) suburban life C.) rock 'n' roll D.) the quality of American housing in the 1950s ROCK 'N' ROLL MUSIC WAS DIRECTLY RELATED TO A.) British folk music B.) the musical compositions of the Beats C.) rhythm and blues D.) traditional dance movements and values THE ELECTION OF 1952 WAS A TURNING POINT IN POLITICS BECAUSE A.) Republicans gained control of Congress B.) Eisenhower won several southern states C.) Democrats won the presidents D.) the popular vote was extremely close TWO ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE EISENHOWER PRESIDENCY WERE A.) building the interstate highways and the St. Lawrence Seaway B.) the passage of the 24th amendment and the establishment of NATO C.) his Nobel Peace Prize of 1957 and the construction of the Pentagon D.) the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority and landing a man on the moon. EISENHOWER SAID THAT THE "BIGGEST DAMN FOOL MISTAKE I EVER MADE" WAS A.) appointing Earl Warren chief justice of the Supreme Court B.) running for political office C.) helping Senator Joseph Mccarthy D.) deciding not to use atomic weapons against the Communists in Korea SENATOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY LOST HIS POLITICAL INFLUENCE WHEN HE A.) charged that the army was "soft" on communism B.) questioned Eisenhower's patriotism C.) attacked Adlai Stevenson as a Communist sympathizer D.) called for arresting all members of the Communist party THE SUEZ WAR OF 1956 OCCURRED AT THE SAME TIME AS THE A.) shooting down of a U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union

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B.) launching of Sputnik C.) Soviet repression of an uprising in Hungary D.) battle of Dien Bien Phu WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ACCURATELY DESCRIBES THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 A.) it outlawed segregation in schools and on buses B.) it guaranteed equal access to restaurants and hotels C.) it was vetoed by president Eisenhower D.) it had the support of Texas senator Lyndon B Johnson AFTER FIDEL CASTRO CAME TO POWER IN CUBA, EISENHOWER DID WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING A.) he organized a united nations force to overthrow Castro B.) He loaned the Cuban government money to rebuild the nation C.) he suspended diplomatic relations with Cuba D.) he traveled to Cuba to meet with Castro IN BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, THE SUPREME COURT RULED THAT A.) Kansas must provide a free college education to Native American Children B.) the policy of "separate but equal" in public education was unconstitutional C.) all children under the age of 18 had to attend school D.) racial segregation was unconstitutional EISENHOWER'S FAREWELL ADDRESS DEALT WITH A.) the need for a better highway system B.) the need for greater military spending C.) the dangers of a military-industrial complex D.) how to solve problems of civil rights FALSE: THE GI BILL OF RIGHTS HELPED ELIMINATE DIFFERENCES IN THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR BLACKS AND WHITES IN HIGHER EDUCATION TRUE WILLIAM LEVITT'S HOMES WERE NOT INITIALLY AVAILABLE TO BLACKS TRUE THE BEATS ORIGINATED IN GREENWICH VILLAGE IN NEW YORK CITY

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FALSE: THE IDEAL WOMAN IN THE 1950S, ACCORDING TO LIFE MAGAZINE WAS ONE WHO BALANCED HOME AND CAREER TRUE THE U-2 INCIDENT REVEALED THAT EISENHOWER HAD LIED TO NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV ABOUT THE TRUE NATURE OF A SPY PLANE OVER THE SOVIET UNION FALSE: CHURCH ATTENDANCE IN THE UNITED STATES DROPPED OFF DURING THE CONSUMERIST 1950'S TRUE ACCORDING TO PRESIDENT DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, "DYNAMIC CONSERVATISM" MEANT "BEING CONSERVATIVE WHEN IT COMES TO MONEY AND LIBERAL WHEN IT COMES TO HUMAN BEINGS" FALSE: EISENHOWER LED A FAILED ATTEMPT TO ABOLISH THE SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAM FALSE: IN DECEMBER 1954, A MAJORITY OF THE SENATE VOTED TO EXPEL SENATOR JOSEPH MCCARTHY TRUE SECRETARY OF STATE JOHN FOSTER DULLES ADVOCATED THE LIBERATION OF EASTERN EUROPE TRUE THE LEADER OF THE NORTH VIETNAMESE WAS HO CHI MINH TRUE A SIGNIFICANT CATALYST FOR THE SUEZ WAR IN 1956 WAS THE CANCELLATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF A MAJOR DAM PROJECT IN EGYPT TRUE CHALLENGES TO THE PLESSY DECISION'S SEPARATE-BUT-EQUAL DOCTRINE WERE LED BY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP) FALSE: DURING HIS PRESIDENCY, EISENHOWER FOUGHT TIRELESSLY FOR CIVIL RIGHTS CAUSES, MAKING IT A MORAL CRUSADE

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TRUE THE GOVERNOR OF ARKANSAS CLOSED THE LITTLE ROCK HIGH SCHOOLS TO AVOID HAVING TO INTEGRATE THEM Chapter 29: A CRUCIAL FACTOR IN THE 1960 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN INVOLVED THE A.) shooting down of a U-2 spy plane B.) failed Bay of Pigs invasion C.) decision to send troops to Vietnam D.) jailing of Martin Luther King Jr. IN MIRANDA V. ARIZONA, THE SUPREME COURT RULED ON A.) the rights of a person accused of a crime B.) illegal immigration C.) state-sanctioned prayer in public schools D.) the reapportionment of state legislatures THE FREEDOM RIDES WERE ORGANIZED BY A.) Martin Luther King Jr. B.) the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee C.) the Congress of Racial Equality D.) the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People IN THE BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN IN 1963, MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. FOCUSED ON A STRATEGY OF A.) nonviolent civil disobedience B.) threats of violence C.) seeking new federal laws D.) migrating to Liberia THE SOVIET UNION BUILT THE BERLIN WALL IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE A.) Cuban missile crisis B.) election of John F. Kennedy C.) arrival of American combat troops in Vietnam D.) Vienna Summit

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DURING THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, PRESIDENT KENNEDY ORDERED A.) the removal of U.S. missiles from Turkey B.) a quarantine of Cuba C.) the Bay of Pigs invasion D.) surgical air strikes on Cuba PRESIDENT JOHNSON SAID THAT "WE HAVE JUST DELIVERED THE SOUTH TO THE REPUBLICAN PARTY FOR A LONG TIME TO COME" AFTER A.) the enactment of the voting rights act of 1965 B.) the passage of the civil rights act of 1964 C.) the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. D.) he defeated Barry Goldwater for president in 1964 MICHAEL HARRINGTON'S THE OTHER AMERICA INFLUENCED THE A.) Civil Rights Act of 1964 B.) black power movement C.) war on poverty D.) Supreme Court's 1960s decisions on criminal justice THE JOB CORPS, HEAD START, AND VOLUNTEERS IN SERVICE TO AMERICA WERE ALL PART OF A.) Kennedy's New Frontier B.) Barry Goldwater's platform in 1964 C.) the war on poverty D.) Martin Luther King Jr.'s proposals for Birmingham "I WOULD REMIND YOU THAT EXTREMISM IN THE DEFENSE OF LIBERTY IS NO VICE," SAID A.) John F Kennedy B.) Lyndon Johnson C.) Barry Goldwater D.) Martin Luther King Jr AS A RESULT OF THE IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY SERVICES ACT OF 1965, THE MAJORITY OF FUTURE IMMIGRANTS WERE A.) Arabs B.) Canadians C.) western Europeans D.) Hispanics and Asians

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THE MARCH FROM SELMA TO MONTGOMERY EMPHASIZED A.) integrated public transportation B.) voting rights C.) desegregation of public schools D.) equal access to public accommodations such as restaurants and hotels PRESIDENT JOHNSON DECIDED TO ESCALATE THE WAR IN VIETNAM A.) to take advantage of renewed public support for the war after the Tet offensive B.) to follow through on a request from China C.) to help America's ally, North Vietnam D.) to contain communism in the Far East IN 1968, THE CORRECT ORDER OF EVENTS WAS A.) LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the Tet offensive, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, and the Democratic convention in Chicago B.) the Tet offensive, LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the assassination of Robert Kennedy C.) LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the Tet offensive, the assassination of Robert Kennedy, and the Democratic convention in Chicago D.) the Tet offensive, LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr, and the Democratic convention in Chicago IN 1968, THE CANDIDATE WHO CLAIMED TO SPEAK FOR THE "SILENT MAJORITY" AND "MIDDLE AMERICA" WAS A.) Richard Nixon B.) George Wallace C.) Robert Kennedy D.) Hubert Humphrey TRUE: JOHN F KENNEDY WAS THE NATIONS FIRST ROMAN CATHOLIC PRESIDENT TRUE: IN THE 1960 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, NIXON CARRIED MORE STATES THAN KENNEDY DID FALSE: THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION WAS BOTH A TACTICAL AND PUBLIC RELATIONS SUCCESS FALSE: AS PRESIDENT, JOHN F KENNEDY WAS A STRONG AND PROACTIVE ADVOCATE FOR FULL CIVIL RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

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TRUE: THE FIRST SIT-INS IN 1960 TARGETED SEGREGATED RESTAURANTS AND LUNCH COUNTERS FALSE: IN HIS "LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL", "POLICE COMMISSIONER", "BULL" CONNOR CRITICIZED CIVIL RIGHTS PROTESTERS TRUE: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR DELIVERED HIS "I HAVE A DREAM" SPEECH AT THE LINCOLN MEMORIAL DURING THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON FOR JOBS AND FREEDOM TRUE:AS PRESIDENT, LYNDON B JOHNSON WAS A STRONG AND PROACTIVE ADVOCATE FOR FULL CIVIL RIGHTS FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS TRUE: THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 BARRED RACIAL SEGREGATION IN HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS TRUE: ALTHOUGH ATTRACTING ONLY A MINORITY OF AFRICAN AMERICANS, THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT LED MARTIN LUTHER KING JR, AND OTHER ACTIVISTS TO GIVE MORE OF THEIR ATTENTION TO THE INNER-CITY NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE NORTH AND WEST FALSE: MALCOLM X ADVOCATED FOR THE IDEA OF A "NONVIOLENT REVOLUTION" AND A "GRADUALIST" APPROACH TO ADDRESSING RACIAL INEQUALITY TRUE: THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION SANCTIONED AMERICA'S ESCALATION OF THE VIETNAM CONFLICT FALSE: THE TET OFFENSIVE BOLSTERED PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR THE VIETNAM WAR FALSE: THE 1968 REPUBLICAN CONVENTION IN CHICAGO WAS THE SCENE OF TUMULTUOUS RIOTS TRUE: AFTER VIOLATING THE LOGAN ACT, RICHARD NIXON NARROWLY WON THE POPULAR VOTE FOR THE PRESIDENCY Chapter30: THE FREE-SPEECH MOVEMENT ATTACKED A.) congressional support for the Vietnam War B.) Nixon's dishonesty over Watergate C.) movie and book censorship D.) the modern university.

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ACCURATELY DESCRIBES A WAY THAT THE NEW LEFT DIFFERED FROM THE OLD LEFT A.) The New Left embraced an orthodox Marxism B.) The New Left did not support workers' rights C.) The New Left's goal was to remake the United States into a more democratic society D.) The New Left supported reform exclusively in universities SUPPORTERS OF THE COUNTERCULTURE IN THE 1960S AND 1970S WERE MAINLY A.) Yippies B.) African Americans fighting for civil rights C.) college dropouts D.) middle-class whites alienated by the Vietnam War and political corruption. NIXON SOUGHT TO LESSEN CRITICISM OF THE VIETNAM WAR BY A.) rapidly increasing the number of American troops there in a process called "Vietnamization." B.) creating a lottery to determine who would be drafted and eventually ending the draft C.) withdrawing all troops immediately, without gradually decreasing them in number first D.) replacing the leading American general and throwing American support behind the Viet Cong. IN ROE VS. WADE, THE SUPREME COURT RULED THAT A.) busing for school integration was unconstitutional B.) the Watergate cover-up was sufficient cause to impeach Nixon C.) Native Americans were to receive 4 million acres in Wyoming D.) abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy was legal A MAJOR ACTIVITY OF THE UNITED FARM WORKERS WAS A STRIKE AGAINST A.) the enforcement of the Supreme Court's decision in Chavez Vs. Arizona ( 1966) B.) the drafting of illegal immigrants to fight in Vietnam C.) corporations that traded with Castro's Cuba D.) grape farmers in California THE STONEWALL RIOTS SPARKED A MOVEMENT FOR A.) Native American rights B.) Reform in American prisons C.) gay rights D.) desegregation of public facilities

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IN 1968, NIXON'S "SOUTHERN STRATEGY" INVOLVED A.) promising to raise taxes on the rich to pay for a social welfare programs B.) naming Strom Thurmond, a southerner, his vice-presidential running mate C.) promising to support Supreme Court justices who would undermine civil rights laws D.) greater reliance on fighting by the South Vietnamese army CAUSES OF THE ECONOMIC MALAISE OF THE 1970S INCLUDED A.) competition in international markets B.) major tax increases under LBJ to finance the Great Society C.) an oil glut and crash in the price of oil D.) labor shortages caused by the Vietnam War THE SECOND WAVE OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT FOCUSED ON ISSUES A.) in the workplace B.) outside of the United States C.) pertaining to forced marriages D.) surrounding women's health THE WATERGATE WAS A.) an office building in New York City where Nixon used to work before he became president B.) the scene of Vice President Spiro Agnew's arrest on corruption charges C.) the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee headquarters during the 1972 election. D.) a metaphor for the collapse of public support for the Vietnam War UNDER THE NIXON DOCTRINE, THE UNITED STATES A.) advocated the eventual breakup of NATO B.) pulled back from the containment policy C.) followed a slower process of desegregating public schools D.) escalated tensions with Communist China DURING THE WATERGATE CRISIS, NIXON WAS ACCUSED OF ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT A.) stealing funds from the reelection campaign. B.) defying congress by withholding the tapes C.) obstructing justice through paying witnesses to remain silent D.) using federal agencies to deprive citizens of the rights

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PERHAPS GERALD FORD'S MOST MEMORABLE ACT AS PRESIDENT WAS A.) preventing the fall of South Vietnam B.)pardoning Richard Nixon C.) rescuing U.S. hostages in Nicaragua D.) achieving peace in the Middle East JIMMY CARTER'S 1976 VICTORY CAN BE ATTRIBUTED IN PART TO A.) his support for "tax and spend" liberalism B.) the high voter turnout in the election C.) his long career as a national politician D.) his strong support among southern African Americans FALSE: THE BABY BOOMERS TYPICALLY OPPOSED THE REBELLIONS OF THE 1960S TRUE: THE PORT HURON STATEMENT LAUNCHED THE STUDENTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY, WHICH ADOPTED THE TERM "NEW LEFT" FOR THEIR EFFORTS AT GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY TRUE :DENNIS BANKS WAS THE HARVARD PROFESSOR WHO HELPED POPULARIZE HALLUCINATORY DRUGS AND URGED PEOPLE TO "TUNE IN, TURN ON, DROP OUT" TRUE : BETTY FRIEDAN WAS A LEADING FEMINIST AND A FOUNDER OF THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN TRUE : TITLE IX OF THE EDUCATIONAL AMENDMENTS ACT DEALT WITH AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR WOMEN TRUE :THE FOUNDER OF THE UNITED FARM WORKERS WAS CESAR CHAVEZ TRUE :IN THE 1960S, NATIVE AMERICANS HAD A LIFE EXPECTANCY TWENTY YEARS LESS THAN THE NATIONAL AVERAGE TRUE : THE CAMBODIAN "INCURSION" LED TO WIDESPREAD RIOTING ON U.S. COLLEGE CAMPUSES FALSE: TWO YEARS AFTER THE VIETNAM WAR ENDED, SOUTH VIETNAM TOOK CONTROL OF THE NORTH FALSE: THE NIXON ADMINISTRATION'S MOST INNOVATIVE DOMESTIC PROPOSAL WAS USING BUSING FOR SCHOOL INTEGRATION

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TRUE: THE ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES USED ITS OIL RESERVES AS A POLITICAL ND ECONOMIC WEAPON AFTER THE YOM KIPPUR WAR OF 1973 FALSE: FORD'S FULL PARDON OF NIXON WAS A POPULAR ACT THAT ENDED THE NIGHTMARE OF WATERGATE FALSE: PRESIDENT NIXON VETOED BOTH THE ENDANGERED SPECIES PRESERVATION ACT AND THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT TRUE : DETENTE REFERS TO AN EASING OF TENSIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE COMMUNIST POWERS INITIATED BY RICHARD NIXON TRUE: THE WAR POWERS ACT REQUIRES A PRESIDENT TO WITHDRAW TROOPS SENT ABROAD AFTER 60 DAYS, UNLESS CONGRESS SPECIFICALLY AUTHORIZES A LONGER STAY

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