Exam 2 CH

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Auburn University *

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exam 2 Name : Instructions: Using the provided exam as a template, type and save all of your answers in one (1) document (saved as a Word Doc) and submit it to Canvas. Make sure that you address all three parts of the exam. Keep in mind that you need to include as much relevant information from your lecture notes and textbook (cited properly) to fully address each part of the exam. Proper citation will look like: (Taylor, Lecture 8; Weisner-Hanks, page 145) Do not use any outside information (ex., internet sources). Also, please remember to include your name at the top of the test. Please note that you will earn a zero if you: a)use someone else's notes, b)use a source other than your lecture notes or the textbook, c)do not cite the lectures or the textbook properly, or d)use a paraphrasing program . Part I (30 points ( Identifications (In a couple of sentences describe 15 of the following people, places, or events. Keep in mind the time/place context of the ID. Be sure to cite each ID (. 1 . Luanda " - Transatlantic wind patterns partly determined exchange routes. Shippers naturally preferred the swiftest crossing — that is, from the African port nearest the latitude of the intended American destination. Thus Portuguese shippers carried their cargoes from Angola to Brazil, and British merchants sailed from the Bight of Benin to the Caribbean. The great majority of enslaved Africans were intended for the sugar and coffee plantations extending from the Caribbean islands to Brazil. Almost all Portuguese shipments went to satisfy the voracious Brazilian demand for slaves. Angola produced 26 percent of all African slaves and 70 percent of all Portuguese slaves. Trading networks extending deep into the interior culminated at two major ports on the Angolan coast, Luanda (loo-AHN-da) and Benguela. The Portuguese acquired a few slaves through warfare but secured the vast majority through trade with African dealers. Whites did not participate in the inland markets, which were run solely by Africans ". 2 . Sugarcane plantations

3 . William Wilberforce 4 . Divine Right Theory of Kingship 5 . Versailles " - With Versailles as the center of European politics, French culture grew in international prestige. French became the language of polite society and international diplomacy, and France inspired a cosmopolitan European culture in the late seventeenth century that looked to Versailles as its center. Moreover, Louis’s rival European monarchs built their own spectacular palaces, and palace building became a Europe-wide phenomenon ". 6 . English Civil War " - The English Civil War (1642–1649) pitted the power of the king against that of Parliament. After three years of fighting, Parliament’s army defeated the king’s forces at the Battles of Naseby and Langport in the summer of 1645. Charles refused to concede defeat, and both sides waited for a decisive event. This arrived in the form of the army under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, a member of the House of Commons and a devout Puritan. In 1647 Cromwell’s troops captured the king and dismissed the members of Parliament who opposed Cromwell’s actions. In 1649 the remaining representatives, known as the Rump Parliament, put Charles on trial for high treason. Charles was found guilty and beheaded on January 30, 1649." (Wiesner Hanks, p 454 ( 7 . Revolution (Classical ( 8 . Frederick the Great - " Frederick I1 (r. 1740-1786) of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, promoted religious tolerance and free speech and improved the educational system. Under his reign, Prussia's laws were simplified and torture of prisoners was abolished. In 1763, Prussia became the first country in the world to introduce compulsory public education at the elementary level. However, Frederick did not free the serfs of Prussia; instead he extended the privileges of the nobility over them." (Wiesner-Hanks, Page 488 ( 9 . Peter the Great - " Heir to Romanov efforts at state-building, Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) successfully created the Russian fiscal-military state. Peter built on the service obligations of Ivan the Terrible and his successors and continued their tradition of territorial expansion. His ambitions hinged on gaining access to the sea by extending Russia's borders to the Black Sea

(controlled by the Ottomans) and to the Baltic Sea (dominated by Sweden)." "Peter embarked on his first territorial goal by conquering the Ottoman fort of Azov in 1696 and quickly built Russia's first navy base nearby. In 1697 the tsar went on an eighteen-month tour of western European capitals. Peter was fascinated by foreign technology, and he hoped to forge an anti- Ottoman alliance to strengthen his hold on the Black Sea. Peter failed to secure a military alliance, but he did learn his lessons from the growing power of the Dutch and the English. He also engaged more than a hundred foreign experts to return with him to Russia to help build the navy and improve Russian infrastructure." (Wiesner-Hanks, Page 465 ( 10 . Enlightenment " - The political, intellectual, and religious developments of the early modern period that gave rise to the Scientific Revolution further contributed to a series of debates about key issues in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that came to be known as the Enlightenment. By shattering the unity of Western Christendom, the conflicts of the Reformation brought old religious certainties into question; the strong states that emerged to quell the disorder soon inspired questions abput political sovereignty and its limits. Increased movement of peoples, goods, and ideas within and among the states of Asia, Africa, Europe, and its colonies offered examples of shockingly different ways of life and values. Finally, the tremendous achievements of the Scientific Revolution inspired intellectuals to believe that true answers to all the questions being asked could be found through the use of rational and critical thinking. In a characteristically optimistic spirit, Enlightenment thinkers embraced the belief that fundamental progress was possible in human society as well as science. (Wiesner-Hanks, Page 480 ( 11 . Treaty of Paris 1763 " - Britain eventually became the dominant foreign presence in India, despite challenges from the French. From 1740 to 1763 Britain and France were engaged in a tremendous global struggle, and India, like North America in the Seven Years’ War (see Chapter 22), became a battlefield and a prize. The French won land battles, but English sea power proved decisive by preventing the landing of French reinforcements. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 recognized British control of much of India, marking the beginning of the British Empire in India." (Wiesner-Hanks, Page 429 ( 12 . Era of Salutary Neglect 13 . Boston Massacre - " In 1770 the so-called Boston Massacre, in which British troops occupying Boston fired on a rebellious crowd, inflamed anti-British feelings. In 1773 disputes over taxes and representation flared up again. Under the Tea Act of that year, the British East India Company secured a profitable monopoly on the tea trade, and colonial merchants were excluded. The price

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of tea was actually lowered for colonists, but the act generated a great deal of opposition because of its impact on local merchants. In protest, Boston men disguised as Native Americans held a raucous Tea Party in which they boarded East India Company ships and threw tea from them into the harbor. The British responded with the Coercive Acts of 1774, which closed the port of Boston, curtailed local elections, and expanded the royal governor's power. County conventions in Massachusetts urged that the acts be 'rejected as the attempts of a wicked administration to enslave America." (Wiesner-Hanks, Page 559 ( 14 . Articles of Confederation 15 . Treaty of Paris 1783 - " Britain eventually became the dominant foreign presence in India, despite challenges from the French. From 1740 to 1763 Britain and France were engaged in a tremendous global struggle, and India, like North America in the Seven Years’ War (see Chapter 22), became a battlefield and a prize. The French won land battles, but English sea power proved decisive by preventing the landing of French reinforcements. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 recognized British control of much of India, marking the beginning of the British Empire in India.” (Wiesner-Hanks, p. 430 ( 16 . Estates General " - Louis XVI ’s minister of finance convinced the king to call an assembly of notables in 1787 to gain support for major fiscal reforms. The assembled notables declared that sweeping tax changes required the approval of the Estates General, the representative body of all three estates, which had not met since 1614. Louis XVI’s efforts to reject their demands failed, and in July 1788 he reluctantly called the Estates General into session." (Wiesner Hanks, p. 564 ( 17 . Louis XVI (16 th ( - " When renewed efforts to reform the tax system similarly failed in 1776, the government was forced to finance its enormous expenditures during the American war with borrowed money. As a result, the national debt soared. In 1786 the finance minister informed King Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792) that the nation was on the verge of bankruptcy.” (Wiesner Hanks, p. 562 (

18 . Tennis Court Oath - " The issue came to a crisis in June 1789 when delegates of the third estate refused to meet until the king ordered the clergy and nobility to sit with them in a single body. On June 17 the third estate voted to call itself the National Assembly. A few days later, the delegates, excluded from their hall because of “repairs,” moved to an indoor tennis court where they swore the famous Tennis Court Oath, pledging not to disband until they had been recognized as a National Assembly.” (Wiesner-Hanks, p.564 ( 19 . Georges Jacques Danton " - The fall of the monarchy marked a rapid radicalization of the Revolution. In late September 1792 a new assembly, called the National Convention, was elected by universal manhood suffrage. The Convention proclaimed France a republic, a nation in which the people, instead of a monarch, held sovereign power. Under the leadership of the Mountain, the radical faction of the Jacobin club led by Maximilien Robespierre (ROHBZ-pyayr) and Georges Jacques Danton, the Convention tried and convicted the king for treason. On January 21, 1793, Louis was executed. His wife, Marie Antoinette, suffered the same fate later that year. (Wiesner Hanks, p. 564 ( 20 . Maroons 21 . Toussaint Louverture 22 . Spinning Jenny " - Hargreaves’s spinning jenny was simple, inexpensive, and powered by hand. In early models from six to twenty-four spindles were mounted on a sliding carriage, and each spindle spun a fine, slender thread. The machines were usually worked by women, who moved the carriage back and forth with one hand and turned a wheel to supply power with the other. Now it was the male weaver who could not keep up with the vastly more efficient female spinner." (Wiesner-Hanks, p.588 ( 23 . Steel

Part II (30 points ( Short answers (at least one paragraph and keep in mind the time/place context. Be sure to cite each answer.) Choose 3 out of the 5 : 1 . Describe the infamous “ Triangle Trade . ” - The Triangle trade was named as such because of the route and because of the tree countries involved. Simply just a three-way transportation of goods. European salesmen would sail to Africa for the first part of their expedition. They would give European made goods to Africans for slaves. Then they would head to The Middle passage. The Europeans would go to the Middle Passage to sell the slaves. With the compensation that received from the slaves they would buy materials like indigo, cotton, and sugar. These were called raw material. After this they would sale back to Europe to complete their voyage. (Wiesner-Hanks, p.493 & p.517 ( 2 . Examine the role Christianity played in the abolition of the slave trade . - Both slaveowners and abolitionist in the nineteenth century, in America, shared the same belief in Christianity. Abolitionist had to come up with ways to use the bible and Christian Tradition, as well as American patriotic and domestic virtues, to make their argument for emancipation. (Taylor, Lecture 21 ( 3 . Discuss the success of 17 th Century English monarchs as they pursued Absolutism . 4 . Discuss the impact that the French government’s instability, during the Revolution, had on the development of the Haitian Revolution . - Ideas used from the French Revolution were then being used from the maroons. The Maroons were from Haiti so this was something that there were using form the French. The Maroons got these ideas mainly from the Treaty of Paris (1763). They had many disagreements with the white landowners so these disagreements would usually lead to civil wars and stuff like that. The instability of the French Government played a big role on the Haitian revolution because the Haitian Revolution mimicked the French Revolution. ( Taylor, Lector, 19 ( 5 . Explain the significance of Agriculture to Industrial Revolution .

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Part III (40 points ( Essay: In a traditional five (5) paragraph essay, address the following (be sure to cite each paragraph :( Discuss the influence of the Enlightenment on the three of the Atlantic Revolutions we discussed in class . The Enlightenment had a significant impact on the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Haitian Revolution. Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Baron de Montesquieu influenced the ideals of individualism, natural rights, and separation of powers that were central to the Atlantic Revolutions. Locke's theory of natural rights and social contract were evident in the Declaration of Independence. Montesquieu's idea of separation of powers influenced the creation of the three branches of government in the United States Constitution and the French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen . The Enlightenment greatly influenced the ideas and principles that led to the American Revolution. Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau provided the intellectual framework for the American Revolution by promoting the concepts of natural rights, social contract, and popular sovereignty. These ideas challenged the traditional authority of monarchs and promoted the idea that power should reside in the hands of the people, which was a major factor that inspired the American colonists to rebel against British rule and seek independence. Furthermore, the Enlightenment also played a crucial role in shaping the political institution. (Wiesner Hanks, p 555 ( The Enlightenment had a significant influence on the French Revolution. Enlightenment ideas such as liberty, equality, and the importance of reason were embraced by many French revolutionaries and served as guiding principles for their efforts to create a more just and democratic society in France. The French Revolution, in turn, helped to spread these Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe and the rest of the world. During the French Revolution, many new political and social concepts were introduced that reflected Enlightenment ideas such as the notion of popular sovereignty, the separation of powers, and individual rights. (Taylor, Lecture 17 ( The Enlightenment was a significant intellectual movement that swept across Europe in the 18th century, and its influence extended to other parts of the world as well, including the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which is now known as Haiti. This movement was a catalyst for the Haitian Revolution, as it challenged traditional notions of power and authority and encouraged ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. As a result, many enslaved people in Haiti began to view themselves as equal to their white oppressors and were inspired to fight for their

freedom. In addition, Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau promoted the idea of natural rights for all individuals, which further fueled the desire for freedom. (Taylor, Lecture 19 ( The Enlightenment had a significant impact on the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Haitian Revolution. Enlightenment is an intellectual and cultural movement in late-seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference. (Wiesner Hanks, p480 (

Exam 2 CH

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