ASAN320O Midterm 2
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320O
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History
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Dec 6, 2023
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ASAN320O Spring 2023
Midterm 2
name ____
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_____
Section 1
Select the best answer for each of the following based on readings, discussions, lectures,
and guest talks from the course
. (10 points)
1. What is
seibi
?
a) One of the outcomes of the
doken kokka
period in Japan that was perpetrated on Okinawa after
Reversion.
b) The reshaping of the environment, including rivers, shorelines, and forests for the purpose of
‘improvement’.
c) The command to utter the word referring to apiary creatures.
d) (a) and (b)
e) None of the above.
2. Writ large, the ongoing presence of bases on Okinawa reflects what?
a) Collusion between the Japanese government and the US military, given legal recognition by the
US-Japan Security Agreement.
b) The willingness of Tokyo to sling money at Okinawa to buy its tolerance of the bases.
c) The prefecture’s willingness to build on the success of the Okinawa Marine Expo of 1975 by
repurposing the Aquapolis as a base for strategic interventions in the East China Sea.
d) A possible source of future outbreaks of opposing voices, according to Medorama Shun.
e) (a), (b), and (d).
f) (b) and (c).
3. Which of the following continued to be a factor in the base issue, post-reversion? a) The fact
that American service members renting off-base accommodations has resulted in depressed
property values.
b) The beaching of a US nuclear submarine on Yaka Beach on the Pacific coast of Okinawa.
c) Multiple crashes of US fighter jets on the grounds of Shuri Castle,
d) Crimes perpetrated by US personnel that were almost never subject to adjudication in Japanese
courts.
e) None of the above.
4. Which of the following is true?
a) The world-wide Holiness movement had its epicenter in Okinawa.
b) Many diasporic Japanese and Okinawans turned to Christianity in response to economic factors
and discrimination.
c) The Japanese Holiness Church, as well as other Protestant churches, urged resistance to
recruitment efforts by the US military.
d) None of the above.
5. The banning of travel and emigration to Hawai‘i and the US mainland by Japanese/Okinawans
occurred when?
a) Immediately after the first group of 26 men from Okinawa arrived in Hawai‘i.
b) After 1906, when an additional cohort of 40 men from Okinawa arrived in Hawai‘i.
c) In the early years of the twentieth century, when the visionary peach enthusiast and grocery
innovator Shigehisa “Peach Boy” Higa succeeded in his attempt to corner the market on
drupes.
d) In the 1920s.
6. What was the “Hollows”?
a) Non-corporeal remnants of the deceased.
b) An area of makeshift, squatter-built, ramshackle housing on the outskirts of Tokyo.
c) An area in Osaka where many Okinawan migrants lived in less-than-ideal circumstances.
d) The unofficial policy of excluding Okinawans from residences and businesses.
7. The stigmatized “Okinawan accent” includes which of the following features?
a) Insertion of a glottal stop in compound words when the second element begins with a vowel.
b) Random insertion of Okinawan words in what would otherwise be perfect Kansai-ben Japanese.
c) A sing-song, fluctuating intonation, in contrast to the flatter intonation of the mainland language
varieties.
d) Lengthening of consonants in some words.
8. Which of the following is true about the Kansai Okinawa Prefectural Association?
a) They were active in political and labor issues.
b) Their leadership was imprisoned after they attacked the Osaka Municipal Headquarters with
Molotov cocktails.
c) Their publication
Dōhō
reflected Marxist sympathies.
d) (a) and (c).
9. True or False: A certain segment of the emigrants from Okinawa, in contrast to the popular image of
emigration by impoverished rural denizens, actually consisted of comparatively well-off people.
10. Japan started its imperial expansion when?
a) In the decade leading up to WWII.
b) In 1941, with the attack on Pearl Harbor; they intended to make Hawai‘i the 48th prefecture.
c) After their victory in the Sino-Japanese War.
d) When they seized Hainan in the early 1900s.
Section 2
Complete the following items based on information from readings, lectures, discussions, and
guest talks from the course
.
Answers may consist of one or more words
. (8 questions, 10 pukas =
10 points)
1. “Nan’yō” in the context of Japanese expansion into the Pacific refers to __Caroline, Mariana and
Marshall islands (southern islands)_______ .
2. One factor in US empire-building in the Pacific was Spain’s cession of ______free Cuba______ and
_____to cede Guam and Puerto Rico_________ to the US after the Spanish-American War.
3. Among other things, after 1972, in Okinawa the dollar was replaced by the _____yen_____, and
driving shifted from right to ____left_______ .
4. Some Okinawans were embittered by the fact that the Reversion agreement allowed the ongoing
presence of ______nuclear weapons_______ in the prefecture.
5. Prior to reversion, US bases contributed roughly ______56.8%________ of Okinawa’s
prefectural GDP.
6. The Okinawan Marine Expo of 1975 featured the _Aquapolis______ , a model for future floating cities.
7. Consequences of the
seibi
-motivated building of roads to access forested areas included, among other
things, ________fixing the water_______ . (
List any one of the several consequences mentioned in the reading.
)
8. Development in Okinawa focused on transforming it into a super-mega resort destination has led to
issues such as __water supply and management issues______________ . (
List any one of the several
issues mentioned in the reading.
)
Section 3
Reflecting on the content of readings, lectures, discussions, and talks presented as part of the
class, write a brief essay on Grant “Sandaa” Murata. You may touch upon his development as a
person identifying as Okinawan, his views on the role of Okinawan organizations in Hawai‘i, what
you imagine he might think about the issues raised by Dr. Kyle Kajihiro in his talk earlier in the
semester, and/or other things as you deem necessary.
(300–500 words, 10 points).
I would say that throughout all of the books and seminars I have read on Okinawa
culture, I have been fascinated by how people continue to be interested in their ancestor roots
and work to re-establish a connection with them. We can see right away that the islands were
greatly influenced by a wide variety of people and nations. The Okinawan people themselves
had migrated all over the world, but they eventually found their way home to reunite with
their ancestors. Okinawa had a bloody combat during World War 2. By the end of the bloody
combat, anything between one-third and one-fourth of all Okinawan civilians had perished.
Large Okinawan diasporas can be found in Brazil, Bolivia, Hawaii, the American west coast,
and Peru. A large portion of the people in these areas are descended from poor Okinawan
immigrants from the early 20th century. The readings have been focusing on the American
military bases on Okinawa for the past two weeks, and I believe the overall picture is
difficult. It is also true that a vast number of local companies, ranging in size from
mom-and-pop shops to many major corporations, rely on the income from American bases.
Okinawa is a small island that is primarily supported by tourism. Okinawa is home to over
50,000 American soldiers that are deployed to Japan. Many Okinawans assert that Okinawa's
sacrifice, both during the bloody 1945 combat and throughout the decades since, served as
the foundation for Tokyo's post-war defense posture under the Japan-US security alliance.
Okinawans believe that World War II is still not over and that their small island is carrying
too much of the load. Second, they believe that the governments of Tokyo and the Japanese
mainland as a whole disregard their needs and treat them like second-class citizens. Many
people feel enslaved. Hence, Okinawan opposition to the bases is focused equally on Tokyo's
government and the US military. The distant government is disobeying their requests. The
majority of mainland Japanese are aware of the protests in Okinawa (they frequently appear
on TV and in the press), but they oppose the bases being placed there, especially close to
them, thus Okinawa continues to bear the brunt and feels colonized.
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