Causes of the Civil War: Interactive Gallery Walk Guide

Causes of the Civil War Gallery Walk How to use: 1) Hang the stations in various places around your classroom. 2) Group students into teams (2-4 students) depending on class size and grade level. 3) Remind students of your expectations (Horseplay, using time wisely, only staying at the designated station until it is time to rotate) 4) Students will read aloud text, analyze pictures, discuss questions, and record their answers on a separate sheet of paper. (I require each student to record their answers.) 5) Rotate to the next station after 2-3 minutes. I use an online timer so students can see how much time they have left. Here is a link to the online timer: http://www.online-stopwatch.com/countdown-timer/ 6) At the end of the activity, discuss as a class some of the questions. Station 1: Compromise of 1850

*Above is a map of the United States in 1850 Henry Clay wrote the Compromise of 1850. The compromise dealt with the newly acquired territory in the southwest after the Mexican-American War. Under the compromise, California was admitted as a free state, popular sovereignty would determine whether Utah and the New Mexican territories would allow slavery, the slave trade was banned in Washington D.C., and a new Fugitive Slave Act was passed to capture runaway slaves. The admitting of California as a free state upset that balance of power in Congress in favor of the North. The North and South agreed to the compromise, but both sides felt like the other got the best deal. 1) What part of the Compromise of 1850 allowed runaway slaves to be recaptured and returned to slavery? 2) How was California able to join the Union as a free state? 3) What event made it necessary for the Compromise of 1850? 4) Who was the “Great Compromiser” that worked out the deal between the Northern and Southern States? 5) Using prior knowledge, how was the Compromise of 1850 similar to the Missouri Compromise of 1820? How were they different? Station 2: Fugitive Slave Act “…authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or labor ... to the State or Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.” “Should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to serve such warrant, or other processes, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars.” “All good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may be required.”

“…when a person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States, has heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom such labor or service may be due ... may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a warrant from someone of the courts, judges or commissioners aforesaid, ... or by seizing and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without process, and to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence…” “And be it further enacted, That any person who shall knowingly and willingly prevent such claimant ... from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, or attempt to rescue, such fugitive from service or labor, or shall aid, or assist such person ... to escape from such claimant ...be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months” -Excerpts from the Fugitive Slave Act 1850 1) What law required escaped slaves to be returned to the South? 2) According to the excerpt, what is the penalty for a deputy or deputy marshal if they refuse to arrest an escaped slave? 3) According to the excerpt, what are two ways a slave owner can recapture an escaped slave? What will not be admitted as evidence? 4) According to the excerpt, what can happen to anyone who prevents or helps to rescue an escaped slave? Station 3: Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. The novel depicts the reality of slavery in the United States. There were 300,000 copies of the book sold in the United States the first year it was published, and one million copies sold in Great Britain. It was one of the best-selling books of that century. 1) Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? 2) How do you think Uncle Tom’s Cabin made people feel about slavery in the North? 3) How do you think southerners responded to Uncle Tom’s Cabin? 4) How you do think Uncle Tom’s Cabin impacted the abolitionist movement? Station 4: Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Free-Soiler By John L. Magee (c.1820–c.1870) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons The cartoon depicts a Free-Soiler being held down members of the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party supported allowing people to vote (popular sovereignty) to determine whether slavery would be permitted in the Western territories. The Free-Soil Party was against the expansion of slavery in the Western territories. President Pierce is shown holding the man’s beard, and Stephen Douglas is shoving the African American down the Free-Soiler’s throat. James Buchanan is standing on the Democratic Platform holding the hair of the Free-Soiler. 1) Do you think the cartoonist supports or opposes the expansion of slavery in Western territories? Explain your answer.

2) According to the picture, which political party supported popular sovereignty to determine if slavery would be allowed in the Western territories? 3) Why do you think Democratic platform is labeled “Kansas,” “Cuba,” and “Central America”? 4) Using prior knowledge, which region of the country do you think would be more likely to support the Free-Soil Party? Explain your answer. Station 5: Dred Scott v. Sandford *Above is a map of the United States after the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Dred Scott had been a slave in Missouri. After his owner died, Scott sued for his freedom because his owner had taken him to live in territories where slavery was illegal. The Supreme Court ruled that Scott was not a U.S. citizen, so he could not sue for his freedom. This ruling meant that both free and enslaved African Americans were not U.S. citizens. The Court also ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories because it would violate slaveholders’ property rights. The decision meant that slavery was not just limited to only slave states. 1) What did the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling deny to free African Americans? 2) How do you think Northerners felt about this decision? 3) How did the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling affect the Missouri Compromise?

Station 6: Lincoln-Douglas Debates Below is an excerpt from Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech. Lincoln was running for Stephen Douglas’ Illinois Senate Seat in the 1858 midterm election. Douglas favored popular sovereignty to determine if a new territory would be free or slave state. Popular sovereignty is allowing the people to vote whether or not slavery would be allowed. Lincoln opposed this idea, and he stated that the Union would become all slave or free states. “A house divided against itself, cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become lawful in all the States, old as well as new — North as well as South.” -Excerpt from Abraham Lincoln’s House Divided Speech, 1858 1) What is the main topic of debate between Lincoln and Douglas during the 1858 midterm election? 2) What is the “house” referring to in Lincoln’s speech? 3) What does Lincoln mean when he says, “a house divided against itself, cannot stand”? 4) Using prior knowledge, how accurate was Lincoln’s speech? Station 7: Trial of John Brown John Brown was an abolitionist. He was on trial for seizing the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to initiate an armed slave revolt in the South. Brown was convicted of treason and hanged on December 2, 1859. The excerpt below is from Brown’s speech to the court at his trial. “I deny everything but what I have all along admitted, the design on my part to free the slaves. I intended certainly to

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have made a clean thing of that matter, as I did last winter, when I went into Missouri and there took slaves without the snapping of a gun on either side, moved them through the country, and finally left them in Canada. I designed to have done the same thing again, on a larger scale. That was all I intended. I never did intend murder, or treason, or the destruction of property, or to excite or incite slaves to rebellion, or to make insurrection. I have another objection, and that is, it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either father, mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would have been all right; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment. Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit; so let it be done!” -Excerpt from John Brown’s last speech “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land can never be purged away but with blood.” -John Brown’s last words before his hanging. 1) Why was John Brown on trial? 2) According to John Brown, what was his plan at Harper’s Ferry? 3) How did John Brown say people would have viewed him if he had interfered for the rich and powerful? 4) According to John Brown, why is he willing to forfeit his life? 5) What does John Brown predict in his last words? Station 8: The Last Moments of John Brown

John Brown was an abolitionist. He was on trial for seizing the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to initiate an armed slave revolt in the South. Brown was convicted of treason and hanged on December 2, 1859. 1) Why do you think the African American woman is allowing John Brown to kiss her baby? 2) Using prior knowledge, what do you think is about to happen to John Brown? 3) Do you think the artist is portraying John Brown as a hero or villain? Explain your answer. 4) Do you think John Brown’s actions increased tensions between the North and South? Explain your answer. Station 9: Secession from the Union

By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons 1) According to Governor Pickens (on the left) from South Carolina, what is he planning to do? Who is trying to stop him (on the right)? 2) Do you think the cartoonist supports or opposes South Carolina seceding from the Union? Explain your answer. 3) Using prior knowledge, what caused South Carolina to secede from the Union? Station 9: Election of 1860 Map

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4) According to the map, which region supported Lincoln in the Election of 1860? Which region supported Breckinridge? 5) According to the map, which region had more electoral votes? 6) Using prior knowledge, what divided the North and South during the Election of 1860? Causes of the Civil War Gallery Walk Answer Key Station 1: Compromise of 1850

*Above is a map of the United States in 1850 Henry Clay wrote the Compromise of 1850. The compromise dealt with the newly acquired territory in the southwest after the Mexican-American War. Under the compromise, California was admitted as a free state, popular sovereignty would determine whether Utah and the New Mexican territories would allow slavery, the slave trade was banned in Washington D.C., and a new Fugitive Slave Act was passed to capture runaway slaves. The admitting of California as a free state upset that balance of power in Congress in favor of the North. The North and South agreed to the compromise, but both sides felt like the other got the best deal. 1) What part of the Compromise of 1850 allowed runaway slaves to be recaptured and returned to slavery? Fugitive Slave law 2) How was California able to join the Union as a free state? Slavery could be allowed in the Utah and New Mexican territories. 3) What event made it necessary for the Compromise of 1850? The United States defeated Mexico during the Mexican-American War. 4) Who was the “Great Compromiser” that worked out the deal between the Northern and Southern States? Henry Clay 5) Using prior knowledge, how was the Compromise of 1850 similar to the Missouri Compromise of 1820? How were they different? Both compromises dealt with the issue of slavery; the Compromise of 1850 upset the balance of power in the Senate in favor of the North.

Station 2: Fugitive Slave Act “…authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or labor ... to the State or Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.” “Should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to serve such warrant, or other processes, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one thousand dollars.” “All good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may be required.” “…when a person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States, has heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom such labor or service may be due ... may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges or commissioners aforesaid, ... or by seizing and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without process, and to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted in evidence…” “And be it further enacted, That any person who shall knowingly and willingly prevent such claimant ... from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, or attempt to rescue, such fugitive from service or labor, or shall aid, or assist such person ... to escape from such claimant ...be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months” -Excerpts from the Fugitive Slave Act 1850 1) What law required escaped slaves to be returned to the South? Fugitive Slave Act 2) According to the excerpt, what is the penalty for a deputy or deputy marshal if they refuse to arrest an escaped slave? They can be fined one thousand dollars. 3) According to the excerpt, what are two ways a slave owner can recapture an escaped slave? What will not be admitted as evidence? They can get a warrant or capture the escaped slave themselves; the testimony of the escaped slave will not be admitted as evidence. 4) According to the excerpt, what can happen to anyone who prevents or helps to rescue an escaped slave? They can be fined one thousand dollars and faced a prison sentence of up to six months. Station 3: Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. The novel depicts the reality of slavery in the United States. There were 300,000 copies of the book sold in the United States the first year it was published, and one million copies sold in Great Britain. It was one of the best-selling books of that century. 1) Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Harriet Beecher Stowe 2) How do you think Uncle Tom’s Cabin made people feel about slavery in the North? It made more people realize how terrible slavery was in the South. 3) How do you think southerners responded to Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Southerners criticized the novel; the novel was banned in the South. 4) How you do think Uncle Tom’s Cabin impacted the abolitionist movement? The novel helps promote the abolitionist movement.

Station 4: Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Free-Soiler By John L. Magee (c.1820–c.1870) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons The cartoon depicts a Free-Soiler being held down members of the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party supported allowing people to vote (popular sovereignty) to determine whether slavery would be permitted in the Western territories. The Free-Soil Party was against the expansion of slavery in the Western territories. President Pierce is shown holding the man’s beard, and Stephen Douglas is shoving the African American down the Free-Soiler’s throat. James Buchanan is standing on the Democratic Platform holding the hair of the Free-Soiler. 1) Do you think the cartoonist supports or opposes the expansion of slavery in Western territories? Explain your answer. The cartoonist opposes the expansion of slavery in the Western territories because the cartoon depicts a Free-Soiler having slavery forced down his throat. 2) According to the picture, which political party supported popular sovereignty to determine if slavery would be allowed in the Western territories? Democratic Party 3) Why do you think Democratic platform is labeled “Kansas,” “Cuba,” and “Central America”? The Democratic Party supported the expansion of slavery in those areas.

4) Using prior knowledge, which region of the country do you think would be more likely to support the Free-Soil Party? Explain your answer. The North; the economy did not depend on slave labor. Station 5: Dred Scott v. Sandford

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*Above is a map of the United States after the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Dred Scott had been a slave in Missouri. After his owner died, Scott sued for his freedom because his owner had taken him to live in territories where slavery was illegal. The Supreme Court ruled that Scott was not a U.S. citizen, so he could not sue for his freedom. This ruling meant that both free and enslaved African Americans were not U.S. citizens. The Court also ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories because it would violate slaveholders’ property rights. The decision meant that slavery was not just limited to only slave states. 1) What did the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling deny to free African Americans? It denied free African Americans citizenship. 2) How do you think Northerners felt about this decision? They were outraged because the ruling meant slavery was not limited to only slave states. 3) How did the Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling affect the Missouri Compromise? Slavery could not be allowed in the territories above the 36’ 30’ line. Station 6: Lincoln-Douglas Debates Below is an excerpt from Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech. Lincoln was running for Stephen Douglas’ Illinois Senate Seat in the 1858 midterm election. Douglas favored popular sovereignty to determine if a new territory would be free or slave state. Popular sovereignty is allowing the people to vote whether or not slavery would be allowed. Lincoln opposed this idea, and he stated that the Union would become all slave or free states. “A house divided against itself, cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the

course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become lawful in all the States, old as well as new — North as well as South.” -Excerpt from Abraham Lincoln’s House Divided Speech, 1858 1) What is the main topic of debate between Lincoln and Douglas during the 1858 midterm election? The main topic of debate is whether or not slavery should expand in the new territories. 2) What is the “house” referring to in Lincoln’s speech? The Union 3) What does Lincoln mean when he says, “a house divided against itself, cannot stand”? The Union will be either be all free or all slave states; freedom and slavery cannot coexist. 4) Using prior knowledge, how accurate was Lincoln’s speech? He was correct because the South seceded from the Union and caused the Civil War. Station 7: Trial of John Brown John Brown was an abolitionist. He was on trial for seizing the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to initiate an armed slave revolt in the South. Brown was convicted of treason and hanged on December 2, 1859. The excerpt below is from Brown’s speech to the court at his trial. “I deny everything but what I have all along admitted, the design on my part to free the slaves. I intended certainly to have made a clean thing of that matter, as I did last winter, when I went into Missouri and there took slaves without the snapping of a gun on either side, moved them through the country, and finally left them in Canada. I designed to have done the same thing again, on a larger scale. That was all I intended. I never did intend murder, or treason, or the destruction of property, or to excite or incite slaves to rebellion, or to make insurrection. I have another objection, and that is, it is unjust that I should suffer such a penalty. Had I interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either father, mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would have been all right; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment. Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit; so let it be done!” -Excerpt from John Brown’s last speech “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land can never be purged away but with blood.” -John Brown’s last words before his hanging. 1) Why was John Brown on trial? He had planned to initiate an armed slave rebellion in the South. 2) According to John Brown, what was his plan at Harper’s Ferry? John Brown planned free the slaves. 3) How did John Brown say people would have viewed him if he had interfered for the rich and powerful? He said they would have viewed his actions as worthy of reward rather than punishment. 4) According to John Brown, why is he willing to forfeit his life? John Brown is willing to forfeit his life for the millions of slaves whose rights have been disregarded.

5) What does John Brown predict in his last words? He predicts the Civil War. Station 8: The Last Moments of John Brown John Brown was an abolitionist. He was on trial for seizing the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry to initiate an armed slave revolt in the South. Brown was convicted of treason and hanged on December 2, 1859. 1) Why do you think the African American woman is allowing John Brown to kiss her baby? John Brown was a hero in the eyes of African Americans; he was willing to die to end slavery. 2) Using prior knowledge, what do you think is about to happen to John Brown? He is about to be hanged. 3) Do you think the artist is portraying John Brown as a hero or villain? Explain your answer. The artist is portraying Brown as a hero because he is kissing the African American woman’s baby. 4) Do you think John Brown’s actions increased tensions between the North and South? Explain your answer. Yes, Brown’s actions increased tensions between the North and South. Southerners now saw that Northerners would stop at nothing to end slavery. Station 9: Secession from the Union

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By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons 1) According to Governor Pickens (on the left) from South Carolina, what is he planning to do? Who is trying to stop him (on the right)? Governor Pickens is planning to secede from the Union. President Buchanan is trying to stop the governor from seceding. 2) Do you think the cartoonist supports or opposes South Carolina seceding from the Union? Explain your answer. The cartoonist opposes secession; the cow is labeled “I have a good Constitution, and can stand a pretty strong pull.” 3) Using prior knowledge, what caused South Carolina to secede from the Union? The fear that Northerners would abolish slavery after Lincoln was elected in 1860. Station 9: Election of 1860 Map

4) According to the map, which region supported Lincoln in the Election of 1860? Which region supported Breckinridge? North; South 5) According to the map, which region had more electoral votes? The North had more electoral votes. 6) Using prior knowledge, what divided the North and South during the Election of 1860? The North opposed the expansion of slavery, and the South supported the expansion of slavery in the new territories of the west.

CausesoftheCivilWarGalleryWalk-1

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