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a.)
Maintaining consistency in historical narratives over
time
Asking questions about the future
Interpreting evidence from the past
Referencing strongly biased secondary sources
b.)
Maintaining consistency in historical narratives over
time
Asking questions about the future
Referencing strongly biased secondary sources
Stating personal opinions about the past
c.)
Asking questions of the past
Using historical lenses
Compiling facts about historical
events Interpreting evidence from the past
d.)
Maintaining consistency in historical narratives over
time
Asking questions of the past
Compiling facts about past events
Insisting on a single narrative for the past
Practice Milestone
U.S. History II — Practice Milestone 1
Taking this practice test is a stress-free way to find out if you are ready for the Milestone 1 assessment. You
can print it out and test yourself to discover your strengths and weaknesses. The answer key is at the end of
this Practice Milestone.
1.
Which list of activities best represents the basic practices of historians?
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a.)
His personal feelings toward industrialists
b.)
Ways the event has been
fictionalized
c.)
What his conclusion will
be
d.)
The selection of primary source
evidence
a.)
A 21st-century movie about the landings at Normandy in World War
II
b.)
A journal article about population changes in the United States in the
1940s
c.)
A U.S. Army map drawn before the planned invasion of Europe during World War
II
d.)
A biography of Dwight
Eisenhower
2.
Matt, a historian, makes a checklist as he begins his research into the Industrial Revolution in the United
States. Which factor should be allowed to influence his interpretation?
3.
Which of these is an example of a primary source of historical research on World War II?
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a.)
Where were most African Americans living at this time in
history?
b.)
How old was Douglass when he delivered the
speech?
c.)
When was the source
published?
d.)
Who was the
audience?
a.)
A debate over what it means to be
male/female
b.)
A way to detect personal
bias
c.)
A physical tool used to read old
manuscripts
d.)
An approach to analyzing historical
events
4.
Consider the excerpt from a speech given by the abolitionist Frederick Douglass to the Massachusetts Anti-
Slavery Society:
“I have had but one idea for the last three years to present to the American people, and the phraseology in
which I clothe it is the old abolition phraseology. I am for the ‘immediate, unconditional, and
universal’ enfranchisement of the black man, in every State in the Union. [Loud applause.] Without this, his
liberty is a mockery; without this, you might as well almost retain the old name of slavery for his condition; for
in fact, if he is not the slave of the individual master, he is the slave of society, and holds his liberty as a
privilege, not as a right. He is at the mercy of the mob, and has no means of protecting himself.”
Which question would be most relevant to analyzing this historical speech?
5.
What is the best definition of a historical lens?
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a.)
“Native Americans want to live in peace in their own lands and are willing to abandon their own traditions
in order to do so.”
b.)
“We want Native Americans to determine what is best for themselves as a
people.”
c.)
“Native Americans must conform to American society in order to grow and advance as a
people.”
d.)
“The federal government has an obligation to respect the freedom all of the country’s
inhabitants.”
a.)
The Southern economy rested exclusively on enslaved
labor.
b.)
Cotton was the South’s most valuable export and
commodity.
c.)
White Democrats worked steadily to erode the voting rights of Black
men.
d.)
Supreme Court decisions validated segregation and Jim Crow
laws.
6.
Choose the statement that best reflects an argument made by the proponents of Native
American assimilation in the late 1800s.
7.
Choose the statement that applies equally to the Old South and the New South.
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a.)
They supported groups that threatened, intimidated, and even killed African Americans who challenged
the social and economic order.
b.)
They worked to dismantle unions that had farmers and common laborers as
members.
c.)
They held rallies to highlight the challenges facing small business
owners.
d.)
They passed laws that prohibited Black ownership of land and required Black farmers to pay rent on the
land they farmed.
a.)
Establishing a farm was expensive and required
capital.
b.)
All one had to do to acquire land was pay a minimal fee and promise to “improve”
it.
c.)
Rugged, independent Americans could easily tame the wild
West.
d.)
Many houses on the Plains were made of mud and sod because there was little
timber.
8.
White Democrats, or “Redeemers,” were central to the development of the Jim Crow system in the South
during the late 19th century. Which statement most represents their efforts?
9.
The reality of Western life was often very different from the dreams of homesteaders. Which of the statements best expresses one of the common myths of the West?
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a.)
Turner’s thesis failed to consider the value of the West as a “safety valve” for those frustrated by their
socioeconomic position in the East.
b.)
Turner’s research missed the connection between frontier expansion and parallel economic organizations
in the Eastern United States.
c.)
What Turner celebrated about Western settlement ignored the simultaneous subjugation of Native
Americans.
d.)
Turner misidentified adaptability and self-reliance as major features of the American
character.
a.)
A trust
b.)
A corporation
c.)
A pool
d.)
A holding
company
10.
In 1893, a young historian, Frederick Jackson Turner, presented a paper that explained his views on the
significance of the frontier in American history.
Since then, Turner’s argument that Western expansion was integral to the development of American
democracy and the features of the American character has been challenged by other historians.
Which of the following best expresses a criticism of Turner’s work?
11.
When the Ohio Supreme Court ordered Standard Oil to relinquish its control over the industry, John D.
Rockefeller created a new entity that enabled him to continue controlling multiple companies by owning the
majority of stock in each of them. What is the term for this kind of entity?
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a.)
Irma doesn’t trust Sears, Roebuck & Company as much as she trusts her local
shopkeeper.
b.)
Carl ordered new farm equipment at a much lower cost than the local dealer
offered.
c.)
General stores still provide most of Martin’s farm
needs.
d.)
Hazel had to travel to a large city to open an account and purchase items on
credit.
a.)
Lewis Hine
b.)
Andrew Carnegie
c.)
Herbert
Spencer
d.)
Horatio Alger
12.
The consolidation of manufacturing in large cities along with an ever-increasing railroad system changed the
nature of consumerism in rural America.
Choose the most accurate statement about the changes in rural consumption practices in the late 19th
century.
13.
Several ideologies—Social Darwinism, the self-made man, and the Gospel of Wealth—emerged in the Gilded
Age.
Match the statement describing an ideology of the Gilded Age to the person who popularized it: “Human
societies evolve much like natural organisms evolve.”
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a.)
They sought to unite workers of all backgrounds in one big
union.
b.)
They encouraged using strikes to accomplish their
goals.
c.)
They navigated racial, ethnic, and gender divisions in the
workforce.
d.)
They fought to implement equal pay for women
workers.
a.)
Labor unions
b.)
Monopolists
c.)
African Americans
d.)
Immigrants
14.
Choose the statement that is true of both the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.
15.
After the conviction of the alleged Haymarket bombers in 1886, Albert Parsons wrote the following in a letter:
“Our verdict this morning cheers the hearts of tyrants throughout the world, and the result will be celebrated
by King Capital in its drunken feast of flowing wine from Chicago to St. Petersburg.”
Who are the “tyrants” to whom he refers?
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a.)
The social
gospel
b.)
The muckrakers
c.)
The social justice movement
d.)
The settlement house
movement
a.)
The creation of railroads in the United
States
b.)
The implementation of high tariffs in the United
States
c.)
The growth of cities through
immigration
d.)
The shift to and growth of factory production in the United
States
16.
“We must listen to Jane Addams and assist working-class laborers, especially women.”
Select the term that best describes the late-19th-century social reform movement associated with this
statement.
17.
What does the term “industrialization” mean?
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a.)
Kickbacks
b.)
Bribery
c.)
Patronage
d.)
Machine politics a.)
Immigrants had to remain guarded in new
surroundings.
b.)
Immigrants were fearful of how they would be perceived by
natives.
c.)
Immigrants had a sense of dislocation in a new
country.
d.)
Immigrants faced hostility and aggression if they didn’t
assimilate.
18.
During the Gilded Age, the practice of local politicians meeting the needs of constituents who promised their
votes in exchange for services was widespread. Which term describes this form of political corruption?
19.
Read this excerpt from Mary Antin’s autobiography, The Promised Land
, published in 1912:
“Happening when it did, the emigration [from Russia] became of the most vital importance to me personally.
All of the processes of uprooting, transportation, replanting, acclimatization, and development took place in
my own soul. I felt the pang, the fear, the wonder, and the joy of it. I can never forget, for I bear the scars. But I
want to forget—sometimes I long to forget. I think I have thoroughly assimilated my past—I have done its
bidding—want now to be of to-day. It is painful to be consciously of two worlds . . .”
What aspect of the immigrant experience is most reflected in Antin’s excerpt?
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a.)
Farmers were caught in a cycle of debt from which they couldn’t break
out.
b.)
Merchants and store owners extended credit to poor farmers at low interest
rates.
c.)
Industrialization led to the development of steel plows and other tools that increased both the supply of
wheat and its market price.
d.)
Sharecroppers often worked a plot of land for several years and were then able to purchase
it.
a.)
Populism
b.)
Conservatism
c.)
Unionism
d.)
Progressivism
20.
Choose the statement that most accurately describes the rural economy of the late 19th century.
21.
“Our country is nearly ruined. Corruption tarnishes our elections. People are poor and struggling, while a few
get rich off their labor.” This statement best reflects the concerns of which political movement from the 1890s?
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a.)
“We want to join with industrial workers to form a new political coalition called the Populist
Party.”
b.)
“We demand protections from losing our jobs or having our wages
cut.”
c.)
“Eventually, our goal is to overthrow the capitalist system and replace it with a more socialist-centered
approach.”
d.)
“Our interests lie in protecting business and patronage, and we are unprepared to offer aid to Americans
in need.”
a.)
Almost 80% of eligible voters went to the polls, the largest voter turnout in history to that
date.
b.)
Voters settled the question of how many immigrants would be admitted to the country on an annual
basis.
c.)
The election revolved around immigration policy and getting Americans back to
work.
d.)
The Democratic, Republican, and Populist Parties all gained strength as independent political
entities.
22.
Choose the statement that best reflects the opinion of the majority in Congress in the 1890s.
23.
Identify a reason the election of 1896 was significant in American politics.
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a.)
“The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few, unprecedented in
the history of mankind.”
b.)
“We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible, issued by the general government only, a full
legal tender for all debts, public and private.”
c.)
“We seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of ‘the plain people’, with which class it
originated.”
d.)
“The newspapers are largely subsidized or muzzled, public opinion silenced, business prostrated, homes
covered with mortgages, labor impoverished.”
24.
The Omaha Platform was the political agenda of the Populist Party. Which statement from this document best reflects historian Lawrence Goodwyn’s interpretation of
populism?
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Answer Key
Question
Question
Answer
Answer
1
c
Concept: The Historian’s Practice
Rationale:
These four tasks represent the basic practices of historians. Historians generally do not ask questions about the future (although what they learn
about the past can help us understand what may happen in the future). They also do
not seek to maintain consistency in historical narratives over time or insist on a single
narrative for the past. In fact, they recognize the complexity of the past and, by asking
new questions and applying new historical lenses, are open to the idea that our
understanding of history may change over time. They avoid stating personal opinions
about the past, instead striving for objectivity and research-based understanding.
Finally, they also avoid referencing strongly biased secondary sources in their research
and writing.
2
d
Concept: The Historian’s Practice
Rationale:
There are numerous factors that should influence how historians view historical topics
or events. The primary sources that Matt is able to consult will definitely influence his
interpretation, because they provide real-time perspectives and information about the
topic or event. A responsible historian will consult as many primary sources as possible.
However, it is important to note that many stories from the past are not recorded or
preserved over time.
The other options are not factors that should influence how historians view historical
topics or events.
3
c
Concept: Analyzing Primary Sources
Rationale:
Primary sources are firsthand accounts or evidence from the time period that a
historian is writing about or studying. A U.S. Army map drawn before the planned
invasion of Europe during World War II would provide real-time information and
evidence about the time period and topic being studied. The other options are
considered secondary sources.
4
d
Concept: Analyzing Primary Sources
Rationale:
When considering primary sources, historians must think about their context,
perspective (bias), audience, and purpose. Asking about and identifying who the
audience for a source was is important because it provides context for understanding
the source. The other options could be helpful to know, but they are less relevant to
analyzing the speech than asking “Who was the audience?”
5
d
Concept: The Lenses of History
Rationale:
A historical lens is an analytical approach that a historian takes when interpreting and
creating narratives about the past. There are many different lenses through which a
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historian can interpret past events. Your interpretation of the past will shift depending
on the lens you use, but all lenses are connected and part of the same pattern—history.
6
c
Concept: Western Conquest and Native American Assimilation
Rationale:
This statement reflects the viewpoint of the proponents of assimilation, who aimed to
strip Native Americans of their traditional ways of life and assimilate them into American
culture. The proponents of assimilation primarily pursued it in two ways: the education
of native children at Carlisle and other boarding schools and the division of reservation
lands into individual allotments owned by Native families.
7
b
Concept: Race in the New South
Rationale:
Cotton was the South’s most valuable export and commodity in both the Old South and
the New South.
8
a
Concept: Race in the New South
Rationale:
The Redeemers were White Democrats who sought to “redeem” the Southern states
from the control of Republican governments during and after Reconstruction. In doing
so, they worked steadily to destroy Black political coalitions and to disenfranchise
African American voters using a number of strategies, including supporting (or
participating in) groups such as the Ku Klux Klan that used terror and violence to
maintain White supremacy.
9
c
Concept: Homesteading
Rationale:
The notion that the “wild” West could easily be tamed by rugged, independent
Americans compelled settlers to move westward during the late 19th century. Once
there, though, many Americans quickly experienced the reality of a challenging
economy and geography.
10
c
Concept: The Frontier in American History
Rationale:
This statement represents a criticism of Turner’s work, suggesting that his view of the
significance of the frontier to American history was overly simplified and did not fully
capture the complex and diverse experiences and impacts of Western expansion on
various groups of people. Other historians have since examined the ways in which
individual settlers, families, Native American tribes, Hispanics, African Americans, and
other groups all interacted with each other to create unique societies on the frontier.
11
d
Concept: Corporations and Industry in the Late 19th Century
Rationale:
Rockefeller moved his businesses to another legal entity called a holding company: a
central corporate entity that controls multiple companies by holding the majority of
stock for each enterprise.
12
b
Concept: Industrialization and Consumer Culture
Rationale:
In the late 19th century, there was a significant change in rural consumption practices in
the United States. Before this time, rural consumers typically purchased their goods
from local general stores. However, with the advent of the mail-order catalog, rural
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customers gained access to a wider variety of goods, often at lower prices than those
charged by local merchants.
13
c
Concept: The Gilded Age
Rationale:
Herbert Spencer was a British political philosopher who coined the phrase “survival of
the fittest” and popularized the term “social Darwinism.” Social Darwinism applied
Charles Darwin’s theories about evolution to social and economic phenomena.
Spencer and other advocates of social Darwinism argued that certain attributes,
including intelligence and the ability to adapt, determined whether an individual
succeeded or failed.
14
c
Concept: Working Class Life and Labor Unions in the Gilded Age
Rationale:
The late-19th-century workforce was diverse; however, jobs and professions
were divided along racial, ethnic, and gender lines. In the industrial economy, for
example, women, children, immigrants, and African Americans tended to perform
unskilled labor, while White American men were more likely to perform higher-
paying skilled jobs. Industrial workers were subject to a range of work environments
and experiences, determined by the nature of their work (e.g., skilled laborer versus
factory operative) and social category (e.g., gender). These factors then influenced how
unions like the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor organized
workers during the Gilded Age.
15
b
Concept: Labor Conflict in the Gilded Age
Rationale:
Recall that Albert Parsons was one of the labor organizers who were accused,
convicted, and sentenced to death for crimes related to the Haymarket
Square bombing. Knowing that Parsons’s perspective is that of a convicted labor
organizer, it is reasonable to conclude that the “tyrants” of which he speaks are his
perceived enemies: monopolists, business owners, and industrialists. 16
d
Concept: Growth of the City
Rationale:
This statement is suggestive of the work of the settlement house movement. A social
reform movement, settlement houses were largely spearheaded by women such as
Jane Addams and sought to offer services such as childcare and free health care to
help the urban working poor in the late 19th century.
17
d
Concept: Growth of the City
Rationale:
Industrialization refers to the process of an economy moving from farming
and handmade production to one dominated by mechanization, manufacturing, and
mass production in factories. It typically leads to significant economic and social
changes, and it is associated with the growth of cities, the creation of railroads, and the
implementation of protective tariffs.
Concept: Gilded Age Politics
Rationale:
During the Gilded Age, political machines controlled many aspects of local
government. In machine politics, powerful party bosses and their organizations, often
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18
d
based in urban areas, used a variety of tactics to maintain their control and power.
These political machines would offer favors, jobs, and services to their supporters in
exchange for loyalty and votes. While machine politics provided certain benefits to
constituents in terms of access to resources, it also perpetuated an antidemocratic
system.
19
c
Concept: Late 19th Century Immigrant Experience
Rationale:
This excerpt from Antin’s autobiography reflects the dislocation that immigrants
experienced when arriving in a new country. Antin describes the emotional impact of
emigrating from Russia to the United States. As Antin explains, the process of
assimilation that followed was often difficult and involved breaking from traditions and
customs, but it was also necessary for immigrants to succeed in their new home.
20
a
Concept: Rural America in the Late 19th Century
Rationale:
During the late 19th century, many farmers in rural areas of the United States struggled
with debt because of falling crop prices, high transportation costs, and high interest
rates. Many were forced to work as tenant farmers, leasing land from wealthy
landowners and operating within a crop-lien system. These farmers were caught in a
cycle of debt from which they couldn’t break out.
21
a
Concept: Rural America in the Late 19th Century
Rationale:
Recall that the People’s Party, otherwise known as the Populist Party, emerged as a
national political party in 1891. The Party’s Omaha Platform included a number of policy
positions designed to root out corruption at the national level, shore up democratic
processes, and advance the interests of American farmers and industrial workers, many
of whom were struggling economically in the late 19th century. 22
d
Concept: Economic Depression and Labor Unrest in the 1890s
Rationale:
The 1890s were marked by an economic downturn (the “Panic of 1893”), high
unemployment, a rural debt crisis, and significant labor unrest. However, Congress (as
well as the other branches of the federal government) largely defended the interests of
business and industry leaders despite the social and labor unrest during the decade.
23
a
Concept: The Election of 1896
Rationale:
The election of 1896 was significant for several reasons. One reason was voter turnout.
The voter turnout was quite high, with almost 80% of eligible voters participating,
indicating a high level of interest in the political debates of the day.
24
b
Concept: How Historians View Populism
Rationale:
Lawrence Goodwyn viewed populism as a political movement rooted in a specific time
with a distinct political ideology. Because this statement reflects a specific proposal
about monetary policy, which was a significant matter of debate in the 1890s, it is
representative of Goodwyn’s interpretation. The other statements reflect a general
populist-style language. Therefore, they better reflect Michael Kazin’s interpretation of
populism as a political style that transcends time and that involves an anti-elitist
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rhetoric.
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