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Chapter 9:
1)
Document: "The Partisan Press at Work”
a.
What does Callender accuse Jefferson of? What evidence does he provide?
i.
Callender accused Jefferson of fathering children with one of his slaves, Sally
Hemings, through the course of a long-term affair. He provides so much
evidence throughout the first paragraph. In the first paragraph it explains, “It is
well known that the man, who it the lieth the people to honor, keeps, and for
many years past has kept, and concubine, one of his slaves. Her name is Sally”
(121). Has a son that looks just like him. And two daughters with her. Jefferson
and Sally were on a boat by themselves with no chaperone, he explains which
was improper at the time.
b.
What does Callender suggest about how the press, including his newspaper, usually
report on the sexual relations of important powerful men?
i.
Callender about how the press usually reports on the sexual relations of
important powerful men that “The establishment of this single fact would
have rendered his election impossible. We reason thus; that if the allegation
had been true, it was sure to have been ascertained and advertised by his
enemies, in every corner of the continent” (121). Although he says in his press
how he suggests about how the press usually reports on sexual relations of
important powerful men it does say in the introductory paragraph that after
Jefferson's election, he began to turn against Jefferson when he failed to make
him postmaster of Richmond VA. So, most of the writing that he said was all
revenge for Jefferson.
c.
What does this document suggest about the press and its role in the ideals of
republican virtue?
i.
2)
Vignette: "Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings"
a.
Why might Jefferson have chosen the companionship of a slave rather than a white
woman?
i.
Jefferson might have chosen the companionship of a slave rather than a white
woman because he was a slave master, and he could make his slave do
whatever he would like to. In the old days, slave masters would often rape
their female slaves, but Jefferson wanted a relationship with Sally. Jefferson
also kept his relationship discreet since it wasn't normal for slave masters to
be in a relationship with a slave or even black and whites having a relationship.
b.
What happened when a slave owner like Jefferson had sexual relations with a slave
that produced children?
i.
When a slave owner like Jefferson had sexual relations with a slave who
produced children, they became the slave property of the master. Sent
Jefferson was their master eventually when they got the DNA test, Jefferson
freed the remaining two of Sally's living children which was Madison and
Eston in his will before he passed away. All of the slaves could not leave until
the master told them that they were free. But with the sexual relation, it
wasn't uncommon in the southern plantation. But instead, the masters would
rape their slave children who were often the result of white masters and their
female slaves.
c.
How were three of the Hemings children able to live their free lives as whites? Why
might they choose that? Why might Madison not choose that?
i.
Jefferson freed the remaining two of Sally's living children which were
Madison and Easton and by his will, there were 2 more children that needed
to be free also. “The other two had been allowed to leave the plantation as
early as 1821 and moved to Washington DC where they passed into the white
society, likely changing their name, and disappeared to history” (126). After
Jefferson let the other two leave the plantation in 1821, I think they were able
to live their free lives as whites because they were able to get away from the
slave master. I think Madison didn't want to choose that because maybe she
was proud of who he was. He lived as an African American for the rest of his
life so being freed from the master helped him not be a slave.
Chapter 10:
3)
Document: "Jackson Letter to Georgia Governor William Rabun"
a.
What was Andrew Jackson’s complaint to the governor of Georgia?
i.
Throughout the letter that Andrew Jackson wrote, his complaint to the
governor of Georgia was that he was concerned that the governor of Georgia
was kicking the Cherokee tribe off of their land due to their discovery of gold.
He explained that this was a mistreatment of the Cherokee tribe. Also talked
about how “a governor of a state should assume the rights to make war
against an Indian tribe in perfect peace with and under the protection of the
United States; Is assuming a responsibility, that I trust you will be able to
excuse to the government of the United States, to which you will have to
answer, and though which I had so recently passed, promising the aged that
remained at home my protection in taking the warriers with me as the
campaign is as unaccountable as strange” (130).
b.
What response did he suggest?
i.
His response to the governor was very stern throughout his letter. He stated,
“You Sir as governor of a state within my military division have no right to give
a military order whilst I am in the field, and this being an open and violent
infringement of the treaty with the Creek Indian Captain Wright must be
prosecuted and punished for this outrageous murder, and I have ordered him
to be arrested and confined in irons until the pleasure of the president of the
United states is known upon the subject. I call upon you as governor of
Georgia to aid in carrying into effect my orders for his arrest and confinement,
which I will trust be afforded, and captain Wright brought to condign
punishment for his unprecedented murder” (130). He is very passionate that
the governor does what he suggests or there will be consequences.
c.
What does this letter suggest about US-Indian relations in the wake of the War of
1812?
i.
In the second paragraph he explains to the governor how he should know the
rights and the peace they have with the Indians. In The War of 1812, the
aftermath was that they had made peace with them and simply taking away
their land and rights would just ruin the perfect peace that they have with
each other. He explains, “A governor of a state should assume the rights to
make war against an Indian tribe in perfect peace with and under the
protection of the United States; Is assuming a responsibility, that I trust you
will be able to excuse to the government of the United States, to which you
will have to answer, and though which I had so recently passed, promising the
aged that remained at home my protection in taking the warriers with me as
the campaign is as unaccountable as strange” (130).
4)
Vignette: "Henry Clay and the Tariff of 1824"
a.
For clay, what was the purpose of tariffs? What arguments did he make in favor of the
tariff of 1824?
i.
Throughout the passage Claire has proposed many different arguments that
did him in favor of the terror in 1824. “The tariff was one of the proposed
economic policies which he called the American system. To promote economic
growth, Clay wanted the federal government to support the building of
infrastructure that would include turnpikes which would be well-made roads
as well as canals and later roads. A network of well-made roads, and other
means of transportation, would fertility rate the growth of a national
economy” (137). Clay wanted the tariffs to build a better economy and for the
growth of the economy too. He also wanted to maintain greater economic
stability and that as a source of funding entrepreneurial activity. He argued
that “the sole object of the tariff is to tax the produce of foreign industry with
the view of promoting American industry. The tax is exclusively leveled at
foreign industry. If it's subjected any part of American industry to burthens,
that is an effect not intended” (137).
b.
What were the reasons Clay could secure passages of the tariff in 1824?
i.
He was a very strong advocate of the American System as they would,
“promote economic growth, Clay wanted the federal government to support
the building of infrastructure that would include turnpikes which would be
well-made roads as well as canals and later roads. A network of well-made
roads, and other means of transportation, would fertility rate the growth of a
national economy” (137). But some conflicts came up, so he made a
compromise with the Congress. Making adjustments to the tariff rates would
accommodate various interests.
c.
What broader implications did the tariff of 1812 have for the future of the United
States?
i.
“But Claim managed to create an alliance between northern and western
congressmen and senators. He convinced many in that reason that failure to
protect American industries from foreign competition would leave the nation
“doomed to behold our industry languish and decay” and would leave the
American economy “overwhelming under the influence of foreigners”. We're
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certainly playing on a sense of nationalism that emerged in the wake of the
War of 1812.
Chapter 11:
5)
Document: "Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 1831"
a.
What led many whites to believe that they had a right to Native American land?
i.
“The ideology of white supremacy and the notion that valuable land that
could be exploited for commercial uses being wasted in the hands of
supposedly “savage” Indians led whites to believe they had an inherent right
to territory held by Native Americans” (143). Originally they were on the
Cherrokee’s land, but they were gun-pointed to where they were forced off
their lands. Which had whites believe that they had a right to the Native
American’s land. Many whites also believed that they had a right to Native
American land because of the purchase of Louisiana, which was sold to the
Indians.
b.
Why did Chief Justice John Marshall declare his sympathies for the Cherokee Nation?
i.
“If courts were permitted to indulge their sympathies, a case better calculated
to excite them can scarcely be imagined. A people once numerous, powerful,
and truly independent, found by our ancestor in the quiet and uncontrolled
possession of an ample domain, gradually sinking beneath our superior policy,
…” (144). The executive branch throughout President Jackson’s term did not
enforce the Supreme Court decisions when they came to favor of the
Cherokee tribe. There were certain rights and protection that they had which
no one followed. So, he argued to solve the problem that shouldn’t have
occurred because the Cherokee Nation had lived in this land a long time
before Americans.
c.
What legal issues did the Supreme Court try to resolve in the Cherokee Nation versus
the state of Georgia case and on what key ground was the case decided?
i.
There was a huge debate if the Georgia state was able to just boss the
Cherokee nation or whether the Cherokee people were their own sovereign
thing. Marshall just decided that it wasn’t “jurisdiction to decide" claiming that
they weren’t a foreign state. The decision later on made Native American
rights, but it was more about legal technicalities than giving a straight answer
on who could call the shots over Cherokee land.
6)
Vignette: "Jump Jim Crow"
a.
What relationship did the rise of minstrelsy have to industrialization and class politics?
i.
The “Jump Jim Crow” was more popular around the nineteenth and the early
twentieth century. As industrialization has become more popular
entertainment, it was mainly diverting citizens from the actual problems that
were occurring in the world. Such as the main problems, racial stereotypes,
and class division. This was causing a major conflict because it was more of the
misunderstanding of the racial stereotypes that industrialization was causing.
b.
How did the minstrel show reinforce white racism?
i.
“Black minstrels advertised their racial identities to sell themselves as more
“authentic” than white minstrel performers. Black minstrel performers
introduced white audiences to African-American gospel music, but these
programs mostly reinforced racism.
c.
What impact did minstrel shows have on the history of American popular culture?
i.
It impacts minstrel shows that have a history in American popular culture by
how they were trying to normalize harmful racism stereotypes. Having it
normalized would often cause misunderstanding throughout the economy.
Also, society has made this “popular culture” shape how they would view the
world’s societal perceptions.
Chapter 12:
7)
Document: "Frances Trollope on the Erie Canal"
a.
Although this passage has the Erie Canal in its title, Trollope and her companions did
not just travel by canal. How many times did she switch modes of transportation and
why? What does this switching between canals and steamships and carriage say about
the nature of travel in the United States?
i.
She changed her transportation five times. She first starts with the steamboat,
canals, carriage, and trains, and then lastly runs on that road. She changed it
because that was the only way to travel, you would have to change your
transportation each time to get to your destination. Switching up
transportation shows the state of the infrastructure during that period. The
U.S. was still developing at that time.
b.
How did Trollope portray the manners of the Americans she traveled with on the early
canal? What did they do that bothered her?
i.
Trollope portrayed the manners of the Americans as she traveled with them
on the early Canal. She perceived that Americans had a lack of formality.
“stated her view of the American population, ‘town and country…, rich and
poor, in the slave states and the dree, without subtly: I do not like them, I do
not like their principles, I do not like their manners, I do not like their
opinion.’”
c.
How did Trollope describe the town of Lockport? What does that description say about
her assessment of improvement and progress in the United States?
i.
“Lockport is, beyond all comparison, the strangest looking place I ever beheld.
As fast as half a dozen trees were cut down, a factory was raised; stumps still
contest the ground with pillars, and porticoes are seen to struggle with racks.
It looks as if the demon of machinery, having invaded the peaceful realms of
nature, had fixed on Lockport as the battleground on which they should strive
for mastery” (158-159). Trollope talks negatively about how, yes the U.S. was
still developing a the time, everything was destroyed and didn’t look like
anything anyone could ever imagine. That just shows that the United States is
trying to improve not only the state but for the country trying to have better
transportation for the future United States.
8)
Vignette: "Southern Universities and the Defense of Slavery"
a.
Who began to develop the pro-slavery argument and what even triggered that work?
i.
When it comes to who began to develop the pro-slavery argument, it was the
“Academic defenses of slavery that had their origins in the work of Thomas R.
Drew, a professor of political economy at Virginia's William and Mary
University” (167). There were many debates and conventions for the Southern
literary messenger throughout time. “They argued that enslavement created
conditions for white equality (a necessary foundation for the republican
government), empathized racial traits that they believe rendered blacks unfit
for freedom, and predicted that emancipation would bring economic ruin”
(167). What triggered the argument is that when the faculty extended Drew’s
arguments professors all over schools like Washington College were trying to
speak their views for the pro-slavery. Eventually, they knew that they made
the wrong choice in the 1850s.
b.
Did southern college students accept the pro-slavery argument? How do we know
whether they did or not?
i.
Yes the southern college student accepted the press slavery argument because
it is stated that “Surviving evidence indicated that southern college students
accepted these ideas. They invited speakers, often political leaders, to campus
that delivered orations in defense of slavery” (167). Put the passion they
seemed like they were more on the side that they accepted the pro-slavery
argument. The book also said, “More often than not, students voted that the
races were not equal, that South Carolina was justified in resorting to
nullification, and that slavery was not evil” (167).
c.
What was the outcome of the growing influence of these ideas? Do you believe that
these ideas were responsible for secession or were there other factors at play?
i.
The outcome of the growing influence of these ideas was that “pro-slavery
writers had developed full-fledged argument that portrayed slavery as more
than just a labor system it was a social system and one upon which the
survival of southern civilization depended” (167). I believe that both the ideas
were responsible and other factors were in play of the growing influence of
these ideas. The reason why it could be both is because many other factors
could have been the reason why pro-slavery got worse in the 1850s. But with
the southern college students agreeing with pro-slavery, it influenced that to
become more popular.
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