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Unit 5 and 6 Review Packet
Unit 5 Revolutions c. 1750 - 1900
Topic 5.1 The Enlightenment
1.
Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic World
from 1750 to 1900.
Enlightenment philosophes applied new ways of understanding empiricist approaches to both the natural world
and human relationships; they also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.
Explain the new ideas and their impact on society
Empiricism
Social
Contract
Natural
Rights
Hobbes’ View
of People
Locke’s View
of People
Identify and Explain the new ideas of the philosophes and their impact on society
Baron
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Adam Smith
Laissez-faire
Capitalism
Deism
Thomas
Paine
The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against governments. Nationalism also became a major force shaping the historical development of states and empires.
Explain the new ideas and their impact on society
Conservatism
Socialism
Utopian
Socialism
Henri de Saint- Simon
Charles Fourier
Robert Owen
Fabian Society
Classical
Liberalism
Feminism and
Mary
Wollstonecraf
t
Zionism
Anti-Semitism
And the
Dreyfus Affair
2.
Explain how the Enlightenment affected societies over time.
Enlightenment ideals and religious ideals influenced various reform movements. These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.
Explain the new ideas and their impact on society
Abolitionism
End of
Serfdom
Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.
Explain the demands being made
What political and gender hierarchies were
being challenged?
Mary
Wollstonecraft’s
A Vindication of
the Rights of
Woman
Olympe de
Gouges’s
Declaration of
the Rights of
Woman and of
the Female
Citizen
Seneca Falls
Conference
(1848)
Organized by
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and
Lucretia Mott
Topic 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900
1.
Explain causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900.
People around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory. This was sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity.
Define
Nationalism
Explain how NATIONALISM contributed to the following
Causes
Effects
Italian
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Unification
German
Unification
Ottomanism The 18
th
century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.
Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of systems of government and various ideologies including democracy and 19
th
- century liberalism.
Colonial subjects in the Americas led a series of rebellions inspired by democratic ideals. The American Revolution, and its successful establishment of a republic, the United States of America, was a model and inspiration for a number of the revolutions that followed. The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and
the Latin American independence movements facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.
Revolution
Causes
Effects
American
Revolution
French
Revolution
Haitian
Revolution
Creole
Revolutions
The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents – including the American Declaration of Independence during the American Revolution, the French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” during the French Revolution, and Bolivar’s “Letter from Jamaica” on the eve of the Latin American revolutions – influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and
democratic ideals.
Summarize the Document
What influence did this document have on
starting the revolution
Declaration of
Independence
Declaration of the
Rights of Man and
Citizen
Letter from
Jamaica Toussaint L‘ouverture letter
Compare two revolutions.
Newly imagined national communities often linked this new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions.
Explain the call for unification or liberation in each of the following
Causes
Effects
Propaganda
Movement in
the
Philippines
Maori
Nationalism
and the New
Zealand Wars
in New
Zealand
Puerto Rico –
writings of
Lola
Rodriguez de
Tio
Balkan
Nationalism
Ottomanism
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Topic 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins
1.
Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900.
A variety of factors contributed to the growth of industrial production and eventually resulted in the Industrial Revolution.
Term
Explain how the following contributed to the Industrial Revolution
Proximity to
waterways;
access to rivers
and canals Geographical
distribution of
coal, iron, and
timber
Urbanization
Improved
agricultural
productivity
Legal
protection of
private property
Access to
foreign
resources
Accumulation
of Capital
The development of the factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.
Term
Definition
Cottage
Industry Factory System
Specialization
of Labor
Causes
Effects
Agricultura
l
Revolution
Industrial
Revolution
Term
Explain how the technology contributed to the Industrial Revolution
Spinning Jenny
Water Frame
Interchangeabl
e Parts
Specialization
of Labor
Assembly Line
Advantage
Explain how the following contributed to Britain’s Industrial Advantage
Mineral
Resources
Resources from
the Colonies
Abundant
Rivers
Strong Fleets
Protection of
Private
Property
Growing
Population and
Urbanization
Topic 5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900
1.
Explain how different modes and locations of production have developed and changed over time.
The rapid development of steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the US contributed to the increase in the regions’ share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution. While Middle
Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions’ share in global manufacturing declined.
Region
Explain How Industrialization affected the manufacturing in these regions Ship Building
in India and
Southeast Asia
Iron Works in
India
Textile
Production in
India and Egypt
As new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan
Region
Explain How Industrialization Spread to this Region and Describe What
Industrialization “looked like”
France
Germany
United States
Russia
Japan
Topic 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age
1.
Explain how technology shaped economic production over time.
The development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine, made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.
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Technology
Explain how the technology shaped Economic Production
Steam Engine
Water
Transportation
Coaling Stations:
Iron
The “
second industrial revolution
” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the nineteenth century.
Technology
Explain how the technology shaped Economic Production
Steel Production
Oil
Electricity
Chemicals
Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.
Technology
Explain how the technology contributed to communication, trade, and migration
Telegraph
(Transcontinental)
Railroad
Steam Ships Topic 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900
1.
Explain the causes and effects of economic strategies of different states and empires.
As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.
States
Identify the Reforms and Explain how these governments promoted industrialization
Egypt
Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry Ottoman Empire
Russia
Qing China
The expansion of US and European influence in Asia led to internal reform in Japan that supported industrialization and led the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era.
Reform
Identify the Reforms and Explain how they promoted industrialization
Japan and the
Meiji Restoration
Topic 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age
1.
Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900.
Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies, partly in response to the growing acceptance of Adam Smith’s theories of laissez-faire capitalism and free markets.
What
economic
system did
Capitalism
replace?
Why?
Term
Definition
Classical
Liberalism
Laissez-faire
Capitalism
Free Market
The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance.
Explain the Industrial Revolution’s Effects on Business organization
Stockholders
Stock Market
Monopoly
Limited
Liability
Corporation
Explain the significance of the following transnational companies:
Cecil Rhodes
and De Beers
Diamonds
Hong Kong
and Shanghai
Banking
Corporation
Unilever
Corporation
Explain the significance of the following and how they contribute to the Industrial
Revolution
Corporations
Banking and
Finance
The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
Explain the Industrial Revolution’s Effects on Mass Culture
Consumerism
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Leisure Activities
Athletics
Commercializatio
n of public culture
Topic 5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900
1.
Explain the causes and effects of calls for changes in industrial societies from 1750 to 1900.
In response to the social and economic changes brought about by industrial capitalism, some governments, organizations, and individuals promoted various types of political, social, educational, and urban reforms.
Identify and explain reform efforts in relation to industrialism in each of the following
areas:
Political
Social
Educational
Urban
In Industrial states, many workers organized themselves, often in labor unions, to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages. Worker’s movements and political parties emerged in different areas, promoting alternative visions of society.
Explain the significance of the following to the lives of workers
Labor Unions
Collective
Bargaining
Voting Rights
Child Labor
Discontent with established power structures encouraged the development of various ideologies, including those espoused by Karl Marx, and the ideas of socialism and communism.
Term
Definition
Reaction to Capitalism John Stewart
Mill
Utilitarianism
Communism
Socialism
Welfare State
In response to the expansion of industrializing states, some governments in Asia and Africa, including the Ottoman Empire and Qing Dynasty, sought to reform and modernize their economies and militaries. Reform efforts were often resisted by some members of government or established elite groups.
States
Reforms
Response to Reforms
Ottoman Empire
Tanzimat
Russia
Witte Reforms
Qing China
Self-
Strengthening
Movement
100 Days
Reforms
Resistance to
reform in
Japan
What were
the limits to
reform?
Topic 5.9 Society and the Industrial Age
1.
Explain how industrialization caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.
New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class developed.
While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families’ income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were limited to
roles in the household or roles focused on child development.
The rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.
Explain the Industrial Revolution’s Effects on the following:
Conditions in
the cities and
Tenements Class
Structure
Working Class
White-Collar
Farm Work
Factory Work
Effects on
Children
Effects on
Women’s
Lives
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Effects on the
Environment
Mass
Production
Topic 5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age
1.
Explain the extent to which industrialization brought change from 1750 to 1900.
The development of industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some, and to continued improvement in manufacturing methods that increased the availability, affordability, and variety of consumer goods.
Identify
Explain the reasons for:
Continuities in
the Period
Changes in the
period
Unit 6 Consequences of
Industrialization
Topic 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism 1.
Explain how ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism from 1750 and 1900.
A range of cultural, religious, and racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism including Social Darwinism, nationalism, the concept of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations.
Explain the influence of NATIONALISM in motivating Imperialism in each of the
following
Europe
Japan
Explain the influence of the following in motivating Imperialism Racial
Ideologies Social
Darwinism
Cultural
Ideologies
Religious
Motives
Explain the influence of the following in motivating Imperialism Industrial
Revolution
British East
India
Company
Dutch East
India
Company Define
“New”
Imperialism
Topic 6.2 State Expansion from 1750 to 1900
1.
Compare processes by which state power shifted in various parts of the world from 1750 to 1900.
Some states with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies and in some cases assumed
direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.
Who was
King Leopold
and why was
he
significant? Describe the
shift from the
private
ownership of
the Congo by
King Leopold
II to the
Belgium
government
Describe the
shift from the
Dutch East
India
Company to
Dutch
Government
Control in
Indonesia and
Southeast
Asia
European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.
Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to expand their empires in Africa.
The United States, Russia, and Japan expanded their land holdings by conquering and settling neighboring territories. Describe the
relationship
European
countries had
with Africa. Why was this
such a
desirable
continent?
Describe British Control of Egypt
Suez Canal
And
Corvee
Laborers
Describe British Control of West Africa and the Resources exploited
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Sierra Leon
Gold Coast
Nigeria
Describe French Control in Africa and the Resources exploited
Algeria
What was the
Scramble for
Africa?
What
happened at
the Berlin
Conference?
Causes
Effects
Boer War
Describe
Belgian
Control of the
Congo and
the treatment
and
exploitation
of resources
Explain the
significance
of Abyssinia
and Liberia as
they relate to
the “new”
Imperialism
Describe
Imperialism in
South Asia
Who
controlled
what?
Describe
Imperialism in
East Asia
(China)
Who
controlled
what?
What were
the
responses to
Imperialism?
What
resources
were
exploited?
Spheres of Influence:
Taiping Rebellion
Empress Cixi
Boxer Rebellion
Describe
Imperialism in
East Asia
(Japan
)
Who
controlled
what?
What were the responses to Imperialism?
What
resources
were
exploited?
Colonization Society
Describe
Imperialism in
Southeast
Asia Who
controlled
what?
What
resources
were
Dutch East India Company
French Indochina
British
exploited?
Describe
Imperialism in
Australia and
New Zealand Describe US
Imperialism in
Latin America
and the
Pacific How did the
listed
contribute to
US
Expansion?
Indian Territory
Monroe Doctrine
Expansion on Land – Manifest Destiny
Expansion Overseas
Spanish American War
Describe
Russian
Expansion
Topic 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900
1.
Explain how and why internal and external factors have influenced the process of state building from 1750 to 1900.
Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements.
Direct Resistance
Groups Involved
Causes
Effects on Natives/Outcome
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Tupac Amaru II
Rebellion in
Peru
Samory Toure’s
military battles
in West Africa
Yaa Asante War
in West Africa
1857 Rebellion
in India
Vietnamese
Resistance
Philippine
Revolution
Aboriginal
Resistance in
Australia
Maori Wars
Anti-imperial resistance took various forms, including direct resistance within empires and the creation of new states on the peripheries.
Creation of New States
Groups Involved
Causes
Effects on Natives/Outcome
Independent
states in the
Balkans
Sokoto
Caliphate in
modern-day
Nigeria Cherokee
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Nation in the
US
Zulu Kingdom
Increasing discontent with imperial rule led to rebellions, some of which were influenced by religious ideas.
Rebellions
Groups Involved
Causes
Effects on Natives/Outcome
Ghost Dance in
the US
Xhosa Cattle
Killing
Movement in
South Africa
Mahdist wars in
Sudan
Mau Mau in
German West
Africa
Taiping
Rebellion
Maroon
Societies in the
Americas
French in
Mexico
Topic 6.4 Global Economic Development from 1750 to 1900
1.
Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.
The need for raw materials for factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in commercial extraction of
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natural resources and the production of food and industrial crops. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
Describe the contributions and effects of the following on industrialization:
Railroads
Steamships
Telegraph
Identify and explain the significance of the cash crops
produced in each of the
following areas:
Latin and
South
America
(Identify the
country too)
India
Australia
Egypt
Central
Africa
Southeast
Asia
West Africa
Dutch East
India
South Africa
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Topic 6.5 Economic Imperialism from 1750 to 1900
1.
Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of the global economy from 1750 to 1900.
Industrialized states and businesses within those states practiced economic imperialism primarily in Asia and Latin America.
Define and Explain the Significance of the following
Economic
Imperialism
English (British) East
India Company
Dutch East India
Company
Sphere of Influence
Monroe Doctrine
Opium Wars
Explain how the following are examples of economic imperialism
Britain and France
expanding their
influence in China
through the Opium
Wars
The construction of
the Port of Buenos
Aires with the
support of British
firms
Trade in some commodities was organized in a way that gave merchants and companies based in Europe and
the US a distinct economic advantage.
Explain how the following commodities contributed to European and
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American economic advantage Opium produced in
the Middle East or
South Asia and
exported to China
Cotton grown in
South Asia and Egypt
and exported to Great
Britain and other
European countries
Palm oil produced in
sub-Saharan Africa
and exported to
European countries
Copper extracted in
Chile
Describe economic imperialism in each of the following regions Asia
Africa
Latin America
Hawaii
Topic 6.6 Causes of Migration in an Interconnected World
1.
Explain how various environmental factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.
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Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
Factors influencing Migration
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Because of the nature of new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19
th
century. The new modes of transportation also allowed for many migrants to return, periodically or permanently, to their home societies.
Return of Migrants – Explain what work they did abroad and why they returned
Japanese Agricultural
Workers in the Pacific
Lebanese Merchants in
the Americas
Italian Industrial
Workers in Argentina
2.
Explain how various economic factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900.
Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.
Explain why the following groups migrated and the work they did when they got there
Indians
Chinese
Irish to the United
States
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British
British Engineers and geologists to South Asia and Africa
Japanese
The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semi coerced labor migration, including slavery, Chinese and Indian indentured servitude, and convict labor.
Define and explain the increased use of the following labor system:
Indentured
Servitude
Where did the following laborers go and what type of work did they do?
Slavery
Chinese
Indentured
Servants/Contrac
t Laborers
Indian Indentured
Servants/
Contract
Laborers
Convict Labor
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Identify the regions from where migrants left and went to:
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Topic 6.7 Effects of Migration
1.
Explain how and why new patterns of migration affected society from 1750 to 1900.
Migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.
What new roles did women in the following regions take on
East Asia South Asia
West Africa
Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world that helped transplant their culture into new environments.
Define Ethnic
Enclave
Chinese Enclaves
Describe the work that the Chinese did and their contributions to culture
Southeast
Asia
North
America
South
America
Indian Enclaves
Describe the work that the Indians did and their contributions to culture
Africa
Southeast
Asia
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Caribbean
Irish Enclaves
Describe the work that the Irish did and their contributions to culture
North
America
Italians Enclaves
Describe the work that the Irish did and their contributions to culture
Argentina
Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders. Identify the country that issued the regulation and Explain the what was being regulated. Chinese
Exclusion Act
White
Australia
Policy
Positive Effects of Migration
Negative Effects of Migration
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Topic 6.8 Causation in the Imperial Age
1.
Explain the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900.
Identify and Explain the Effects of Imperialism on the following categories.
Include Essay Specific Examples
Social
Economic
Political
Technological
Interaction
Culture
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