United States History 1- Notes

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Oct 30, 2023

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This thing there's history going on every day somewhere little things big things certainly there's a lot of history being made every day in this country in Washington DC the speed of government they're making history all the time good or bad they're making history whatever is going on but I want to go over some ideas with you about you know we don't need to be on your devices or phones or earbuds right now you can just look up front here and just dictate it's been like experience dealing with your age group that at this point maybe the one major historical event that you're aware of would be 911 heard of that one OK because I know that things before that are really in your world kind of ancient history that they aren't ancient history in my world I lived through a lot of them but stuff that you just don't know anything about it's not not in your your radar um we know who these two gentlemen are sitting up here in the PC in the picture instant Churchill Franklin Delano Roosevelt who was that World War Two good Jesse so you got Franklin Delano Roosevelt and you've got Winston Churchill the Prime Minister of Great Britain several times at different times the left at different times but was the Prime Minister pretty much throughout World War Two Umm very very I think you saw this quote before right this man made the history of this history makes the man Umm you may apply that to these two in many different ways before there was 9/11 there was a major event this isn't anything you have to record so you don't need to be on your devices right now or taking notes or whatever you're doing just just listen this is nothing that you're going to be responsible for a big event happened in Franklin Delano Roosevelt terminal office which was the prequel to 9/11 what was OK World War Two was the major war event that he was the head of the country for harbor Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor was about Santiago the Japanese surprised while being in Hawaii Yahoo the United states was attacked pan at Pearl Harbor which is in Hawaii Hawaii the Hawaiian islands you know and unprovoked attack December 7th 1941 Europe had been at war already for over two years the war broke out in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland under who fiddler and Hitler might figure he surprise attacks Poland and starts World War Two September 1st 1939 The United states has no reason they're not in New York they have allies over there but they're not in Europe and they've not been attacked and the Americans have been in World War One at this point weren't crazy about getting involved in World War Two or European affairs they wanted to play the game isolation at the time of neutrality isolationism that's what we're doing and Roosevelt was chomping at the bit to get into the war and he met he spoke often by following the Churchill they had not met until later that they had spoken about the threat of fascism the need to end it and and where the war needed to go to but Great Britain knew they could never survive the war would win the war without the help of the United so on December 7th when Japan attacks Pearl Harbor attacks the US naval fleet who's not close before the Congress announced today to ask for a declaration of war why did he do that well we wanted to get into the war but why do you have to ask the Congress very goodly a Congress is the only one that can clear war because they're the ones attached to allocate the funds to pay for it so president can't decide I want to go to war you know I think going to war there I'm declaring war got to go before the time so using now Roosevelt at that time third term in office nobody had ever done that and he was at the start of his third term and he had been dealing with the Great Depression from his first term when he got inaugurated in 1933 and that was his big problem was getting the economy back on track and he did all kinds of things to try and get us out of the Great Depression and none of them brought us out of it they helped but they didn't get us out of it but the war comes along and he's chomping to get into the war and he's helping out our good ally Great Britain with old war materials from London and now he's got a chance to get into the war and that will actually end the depression the war will bring prosperity because war is good for your economy initially it's bad down the road that continues to longer but so for certain speeches that he made and one was his inauguration in 1933 with the height of the depression

and he's the only thing we have to figure out is fear itself that was his big line from his inauguration now he goes before the Congress and he says that this unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor is a day which will live in infamy it was noted every year after that by our press by our country by our government and it's kind of disappeared because 9/11 you don't hear about Pearl Harbor day so much anymore because now it's 911 September 11th 20th anniversary 21 so he got his declaration of war and then he and Churchill strategized about how to bring about the end of the war how to crush fascism and bring them more into the world and the war so you're the two of them are in Casablanca where's Casablanca Rocco Morocco French Morocco in North Africa Umm interesting little little detail trivia about two of them they had net four then and they met on the high seas of off of Canada above the roof they met on a ship earlier to physically meet each other they spoken on the phone and to discuss strategies Churchill was a brilliant politician he was also an author who books he was a very colorful character but he was also an alcoholic who smoked cigars all day and drank but he was pretty effective alcoholic because he did a lot of things great for his country and and helped bring about the end of the war and he's known for number of his speeches but he had it took an immediate liking to Roosevelt Roosevelt and Churchill were of the elite class four in the money really didn't have to work in those days and nowadays you really had to have money behind you because they didn't really pay politicians boy back or didn't pay them much so they had to have had family money behind these businesses support them because they would have to give up their careers to be in politics roosevelt was a that wasn't immediately around him knew that the public never saw a picture of him walking or even standing on his own he was always in a wheelchair seat which is why in this picture the two of them are seated to hide roosevelts disability and if he did speak at a podium like the Atlanta his inauguration he had his sons his grown sons on either side of him holding him up because he had his big steel braces to sleep with the bruises that they let go of then you would have been done on the ground so they rarely kind of prop him up for public appearances but usually he was shoveled around wheelchair and only the immediate people around him knew that and kept a secret even the press they wouldn't do that today would then back then the press kept that a secret nobody in the country knew that the man was in a wheelchair so when he's in Casablanca before that because of his polio and the kinds of polio he always traveled by train or car it was most comfortable for him and most presidents never left the country presidents were expected to be in DC taking care of business here they could do with foreign policy but from DC so he was really the first president to board a plane to fly to Morocco different long train trip to Morocco from the United states OK so he couldn't he didn't have that option of taking a car or a train and it's gonna be too long on the ship and he liked the ship but he took a plane so he was one of the first that flew over there and met with Churchill they both had an affinity for the Navy Russell never served his military but in World War One he was secretary assistant secretary of the Navy under Woodrow Wilson and Churchill had been Lord of the Admiralty of the Seas in World War One so they both have an affinity towards the name identified with the name so that they liked the ship travel meeting on a ship and this was unusual because we had to get the test but there they had just won the first campaign that the war they were strategizing how to go about winning the war and crushing Hitler and Mussolini and fascism and they had an ally in this and Joseph Stalin was Stalin in the Soviet Union but the first theater of war was North Africa the Germans and the Italians had invaded North Africa at the start of the war what were they looking for what not really not sand and not camels either the Suez Canal no oil oil oil was and they everybody knew the winner in this sport was the one that was going to have the most oil keep them going japanese will run out of oil by the end of the war german strategized throughout the war. And Great Britain was grateful that Roosevelt finally got into the war, because they could not have defeated

Hitler on their own. They didn't have the ability to do that. And the United States, which. In World War One, the statement was made by then President Woodrow Wilson. When we entered World War One very late, he said. We have to make the world safe for the arms. Because of. The empires, the old empires that were still existing in Europe, that had authoritarian regimes, where as in World War 2, Roosevelt says, we got our arsenal for democracy. So the United States came out of the Great Depression by building up a defense industry, by building weapons by building. The war machine, the tanks or planes or ships, everything that they that they did, they they profited from that team to the top of the ladder. So did those two make the history or did the history make them? You. They they kind of made the history, didn't it? But at Pearl Harbor hasn't happened. Would there have been the his? That they made. Sometimes an event will force someone to make history. But some men will go out and make the event. Hitler invading Poland. He made the event start World War Two, his quest to take over. The world. That's his plan. That was his goal. He was going to be the new Napoleon, the new Alexander the Great. The new Roman Empire he was going to take over the world. Leaders role. You want more living space for his Arian race? That he was created so sometimes men. Are making the history and sometimes and the historical event kind of puts them into it, kind of makes it happen. Who's about it already made some of his. But it's it's kind of a mixed bag. OK, On this date today, the 24th, anybody ever heard of the? Kind of guy. I don't know if I'd say it was colorful. He was demented. Let's put it that he was, he was kind of twisted. So his people finally turned on him and killed him. So he was kind of an odd duck. But, and there were some very difficult emperors, but sometimes they're never really get out of line. He got killed by his people around. We'll see this later in our history. In 1848, the gold rush in California after the Mexican American War, which we'll look at the West is opened up to the American settlers and pioneers in the West was a wild place, very open, and they will push West in search for gold and line towards farms. But we'll find out about that once we get to that point. This guy right into Robert Baden Powell organized the first Boy Scout troop in England, 1908. Anybody here was a Boy Scout? No. OK, you want had nobody in the last class either. Like, I was a Boy Scout. I was a Cub Scout. Like what is it not popular anymore? And a Girl Scout. The Girl Scouts and Girl Scouts. Scouts is there. But used to be a big thing that everybody wants to be in. Interesting. On the same date is when Winston Churchill died. He was really old. In those days people did not live like they do today. People were 199598 a 150. Unbelievable. But back then? Old was 80 people died like ladies. So 90 was incredible. I guess it was all the Brandy and cigars and kept it going. I don't know, it just didn't bring him down. Roosevelt died. Yeah, he dropped out of a cerebral hemorrhage. Right before the end of the war in 45. But he smoked and drank all his life too, but I guess it didn't help. 1972. Japanese soldier. It's bound livid. On an island in Guam. Which is. In the Pacific and he was still fighting World War Two. He didn't know it was over. He was on this island by himself. Thinking that the war was still going down. So when they found them, they had to assure that. The war was over in Japan. Lost. Sorry about that. 1972, that's, you know, 25 years after the war. Um. OK, we got another big historical event here. In 1993, the first African American to sit on the Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall, died. First black man on the Supreme Court. OK, he's appointed flooring the civil rights era in the 1960s. And the same time that Martin Luther King Junior's assassinated. OK, so he makes history. Being on the Supreme Court, but who really made the historical event that put him on the Supreme Court? Well, the civil rights movement had been going on. We had the Civil Rights Act passed at that time, but there was still a course, a great deal of discrimination which is not ended. All those civil rights acts that it should be in the 60s, it hasn't. Who really made that history when Johnson, Lyndon Johnson, the president that appointed to Supreme Court and Congress. So they're good. Marshall was the first black man. Now this should become the first black. But you're not the first woman. The first woman

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came out in 1981, first female, and there's several females on the court now, but she's the first black woman. OK. So there are things going on every day. There's things going on in the past On this date. And there's things going on right now that are that are making all kinds of history. Umm. One of the key things that I want to kind of get across to you today is. Whether you have your book or not, and I hope you get that soon because. The reading Jack dictation like that double segments in there poster for Friday. We'll see about that. Works out for those of you that don't have the book. The 18th century. The United States didn't just appear all the sudden one day as the United States. And what I talked about, which is sort of a capsulation in the first five chapters, the peopling of the Americas and the and the European. Interest in expanding empire to other parts of the world and not contiguous empire that they're very successful at. They brought in lots of different types of people that lived in the Americas, and there were conflicts, racial conflicts, ethnic conflicts, social class conflicts, religious conflicts, cultural conflicts, with all kinds of conflicts that came with all these different groups of people coming and settling into. An area like the Americas and even the Caribbean. And we know that the Native Americans were victimized by a lot of this. And then you know that later in the 17th century is going to be the importation of slaves from Africa, which is going to change the picture again, economically, big time, but also racially. And it's going to cause. Continuing problems. 18th century the. North American colonies. Are having their own conflicts between the European powers. And it has a lot to do with domination and conquest. But the British are gonna be the last ones that really jump on the bandwagon of colonizing standing their empire. They had really been rather quiet about it to this point. They were more concerned with building up their might at home and defending their. But they do eventually build a large fleet which you which is to defend the island. Usually I'm the nation's half a good maybe because that's the first one. But the British won't come over here and establish the first British colony until 1609 in Virginia, and not successfully at first. And soon after that will be the first importation of slaves from Africa that we brought to the Caribbean and then to America. The British, when they decide to come over here and start establishing colonies, are going to be bullies and they're going to bully the other powers that are here and established already. The first one to go will be the Dutch. They will take over new Amsterdam and create New York without really firing shot. They just do it through threatening them. With their fleet in their army and they are successful and the Dutch handed over to them, but they are still archrivals with European powers like France, Spain and they're at war with them in Europe but now they are looking to take over their territories in the Americas to say no problem their benefited from it. New France? Got involved big time. They came over for food, fish, maybe some farming and establishing the France clear across what is today Canada down to Mississippi, down to New Orleans. But they get a very, very beneficial relationship with the Native Americans and engage in the fur trade. In the furs are popular back in Europe and make a lot of money off of it. So they give the needed some trinkets and they get lots of fur hides in exchange for it. So they have a good relationship with the Native Americans. They have a trade relationship, they give them trinkets, they give them alcohol, which is not good for Americans, and eventually they will get some weapons. Like. So the friends head, the French have a really good thing going economically. And the British become aware of that and are probably somewhat jealous of it. The Americans. In North America, the colonists had been told not to go West of the Appalachian Mountains, and the French had four small on the Mississippi, and the British wanted to take over that territory. So. They will go to war against French to gain that territory and controlled. The war will be called by the Collins, the French and Indian War because the Native American Indians will align with the French to fight the British. British. The war in Europe by the British and the French will be called the Seven Years War. It will begin in 1754. It will end in 1763 with the Paris Treaty down. At that

time. The colonists in northern North America, like New England, they're British subjects. They're loyal British subjects, but they're not really fighting in this war because Great Britain sends over their army and their fleet. One of the officers, though that does volunteer to go into the seven Years War, will be a very young George Wash. So he is a British officer in that war, which is where his military background came from later when he heads up the Revolutionary Army. But that war will be very costly to the British and very costly to the French, because they will lose new friends. Sign over New France, which will become British Canada. Still French speaking territories out there of course, but it will become British Dominion, British owned and the Native Americans will be devastated by the loss because of their relationship and trade with the French. The been treated well by them to British do not treat. Now they have all this territory going down the Mississippi, and so the American colonists want to expand West. They want to get West of Appalachian, and they want want territory. So the seven Years War will add to the debt that Great Britain already has. And Great Britain has other wars if they're still fighting France back in Europe. So how do you finance a war? Taxing people gotta tax somebody. Or tariffs, whatever kinds of revenues you can bring in. So the British start imposing taxes on the American colonies, and that is part of their problem, and that's what will be explained better in Chapter 6. The colonists took the approach. Although they were loyal subjects to the king and the Crown and the Great Britain, they are going to take the attitude that. You didn't ask for that, or you didn't go into that world. Why should we pay for your war? Was that we were? Giving you security, protecting you from the French and the Indians, and you are our subject, therefore you are subject to taxation. So that's going to be in about 1765. That's going to start the unrest between the colonists and the relationship with the crown. And bear in mind King George the third. Is not an authoritarian is a constitutional monarchy. That power has been taken away from the. In 1688, in the Glorious Revolution, where the king was reduced to a constitutional monarch, meaning a figurehead that does not have political power. Queen Elizabeth. OK, she was just a figurehead. She had no political power. She could not express a political opinion that was established several hundred years ago in their constitution, that you can have a monarch as a figurehead, but they cannot have interfere in politics or even express a political opinion. So the colonists are taking the stance we don't want to be taxed without representation. None of them are represented in the Parliament, London. But. Parliament sent over individuals from Great Britain to government colonies and to run the colonies and be over the legislature, and there are also locals. Some colonists were in the local legislation. But the taxation became a big problem, and the colonists realized that they were, in more ways than one, supporting Great Britain. They were giving them the raw materials they got shipped over, turned into manufactured goods in Great Britain, and then set back at a higher price for them to buy and to pay tariffs. And they had to ship exclusively through Great Britain. So there's all these issues that are starting to bother these, these men of the colonies that are, if you will, these intellectuals and the elites, those that have money and are looked up to. Wherever they are, because they own the bigger farms with the bigger plantations have more slaves than anybody else. This is who was looked up to to make decisions, government decisions, because you still had a fairly large population of Yeoman farmers. You know the small farmer was not your most literal guy. Educated. So they're going to look to these men to guide them. Now you have them. Just like we had partisan politics today. You hear about they had back then, they did not have a political party because they were all subjects of the king. However, you had different thinking. You had people that were loyal to the king, like being a virgin subject, like what they got for being part of the empire. And we had this new group thinking, do we really need? Do we really need the king, his army and his feet? They're gonna sort of separate ideologically into the Patriots and the Loyalists that's going to come out of the Revolutionary War. OK. And then you would have third?

That. That don't want to take the side, don't want to get involved, don't take a side. So if you got demographics of that population, you've got 100% of population. How much do you, how much that population do you think was patriots and loyalists? 5050. That. How many patriots versus loyalists? Vice versa? Remember, you got a third group that were. I don't have an opinion, I'm just here. How much? 5050 no. 18. Say it again. 20% patriot. 70% loyalists, yeah. And then 10% on the fence. OK. It's probably more like. About, probably just under a third repatriate. About a third of the population is that. Um, and probably. No more than 1/3 of loyalists and then the rest. Were neutral. So actually when the war began, which was after all these issues with taxation, that went on for 10 years and said 65 to 1775 when the first shot was fired. You had only about 30% of the population that was interested in going to war and fighting the crowd. And they will be the ones that will that will do the war and be in the war. And it was a ragtag army, of course. About 30% of the population were the Patriots the Loyalists tried to stay out of. And in the end, they pay a high price. Most of them are are forced to leave. When the war over. Who was the person with players and to build out his? None. None. So you have to. Waffles between rolls over self legislation and having control of their own political destiny? Not looking to date. but the King did not want to hear anything about their disgruntlement towards parliament. And its policies and its legislation, especially this taxes that. So it is going to lead to the break the Revolutionary War which will. Go in their favor later, mostly because of the intervention of an ally that bails them out. At the end of the war with loans and with their Navy. France. France. Britain's old nemesis will come back to help the colonists because they want to see Great Britain. Ruined by losing this war, losing their. That. And trying. Well, initially the French like will help out these these young colonists here because we just make great birthday. Kind of works. Alright, so we'll take a look at the War Two later. But. Up until that break they had everybody had been a subject of the king and was pretty much happy being under Great Britain until they realized that they were being exploited by Great Britain and that they probably could stand on their own within. What they had available to them in the Americas and poor slavery. So they had all the labor force that needed to process cash crops. And this. After this is when slavery will will become illegal to the enforce the trade and slave will end. It will still happen in illegally, but the trade enslave will be abolished as far as trade and illegal shipping. So the colonies and the new United States, especially in the South where slavery was, was so popular, they will rely on repopulation of the slave. To keep their their workforce going because they can't purchase. so he took a lot more than that, but centuries before it, you had all of this history going on of. Europeans and powers and empires looking to expand and then people looking to get out of your from many reasons. You know, a lot of it was economics and certainly a lot of it was religion, because that's why we had pilgrims and Puritans over here who were looking to establish their own practice of religion. And they were living for farmland and just looking for other opportunities. And if you were in Europe at that time and like you were you guys your age, you, you had to be in the military, you were conscripted. And it wasn't always a popular thing to be in because a lot of guys lost their lives being part of those big arms. The officers were always going to be elite with the guys that were born to the money became officers. They held their positions. But if you were a poor guy without a farm and no ways to make money, you were in the army, you were conscripted or you join. It became a career move that coming to the American colonies. There was no conscription, there was no joining an army. So it was another one that. There were many reasons why. This experiment in the Americas all of a sudden. Started coming to. And it ends in a bad way, in that colonists started realizing that they could break away from their European. Powers their empires. And the same will happen in Spain. And Spain loses its territory. Not that much labor to revolution within all those colleagues and central and South America break away, you know, and they look and that has a lot to do with. Which

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we'll talk about another time you've ever heard of enlightenment. Got a lot to do with being lightened. Coming about there in, just in prior to that time frame in Europe, the whole, the whole process, the whole news thinking about governing and governing oneself and people governing themselves. Like what we call a Republican or Democrat. OK. Questions. hopefully i'll know something more 30th of January 26 th 2023 This is not going to sit well with the colonists and they're going to be aggravated by it. And because of that, eventually they are going to have a revolution and go to war and break away from the British and. That is being built around the globe by the British and they are the dominant trade force at that time and they have the largest Navy. They also probably have the most merchant. Merchant ships at sea. They're big business. In fact, they will be the number one global power until the United States really becomes the number one global power in the 20th century. But the British will be it for a long time because of the size of their empire and and their their global presence. So. When the colonist who are British subjects, they are subject to the kingdoms objects of Great Britain and they get the benefits from Great Britain. But now they're getting disgruntled over the fact that not only the British are looking to tax them, but they're interrupting their trade practices because they are. Forced. And that's going to be an issue even after they win or get through the Revolutionary War. So everything they do in the colonies, like they can't go and deal directly with France and Germany or the Dutch or whoever. They gotta go through Great Britain. Everything goes back and forth between them and Great Britain. So that that, that they're becoming more economically savvy, the colonists, and so they're becoming more disenchanted. Great Britain because of that. So at the time that they start rebelling against Great Britain, they are still, they are still looking to remain subjects of Great Britain, but they just want to be treated a different way because they are a big benefit too Great Britain financially. They are important to the whole. Financial picture for Great Britain. So they may know that who the king was, they may read the chapter. But like. no can you hear me this was way back he dies in 1547 he's long out of the picture OK. And he was George the third now made a quick story on British lineage. Empires always had somebody at the top, usually a king, OK, and they usually were despotic. That meant that they had total power where they were authoritarian or they were autocratic monarch. They had control of the empire and everybody you know was responsible directly to that monarch. And that's that's true of empires in general, wherever they were the last monarchies. Collapsed in the 20th century in World War One. And the last autocrat 10, Russia went in World War One. So they existed all through time. OK, China collapse right before World War One, so George the third. He is a different kind of Amanda. Because Henry the eighth. Who was a tutor? The tutor? Family. They had been in control for over 100 years and the monarchs generally we're always male and they practice primogeniture, which was their first male offspring became hereditary right, the male. Inherits. Women don't camp, OK? Women are just there to be women and produce airs, but they're not in authority, any kind of political authority. Very rare instances where a woman came in control of the government. And it did happen and it didn't happen because when Henry the eighth died, so you have the tutor. will die And if you did remain Catholic, you had to pay tax as Catholic. So a lot of them didn't like that, so some of them converted just to avoid the tax. But Catholicism was not popular at all, which is why you had a lot of Catholics that emigrated and obtained to the colonies later. To practice their religion, but that they were not welcome here for a while either. So James will have sons. OK, so there will be a continuation of that dynasty pretty much throughout the 17th century. It's Charles the first, who will also be very Catholic, will lose his head over it even though

his civil war in England and he'll be beheaded. His son will become the king and he will be King Charles 2nd, and he will rule without an air, and then his brother James will become James's second, and he wants to take England back to Catholicism. So there becomes a real problem between he and the Parliament. And then there is a revolt that is known as the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He's only taken over the monarchy in 1685. He's having sunborn to him and he wants to restore the Catholicism. So they exiled him from Great Britain. They get rid of him. And they change through the Parliament, they change the rules of the monarchy and create what is called a constitutional monarchy. Which means they are king. They are a figurehead. They have no authority and no political power. they cannot do anything As they are. But you know, the verbiage can really change the picture. So what really happened was in Boston, Cold Winter Day there are there is tension between the colonists and the Crown or Parliament or London. And because of that, because of the problems over taxation and the disgruntled nature of the colonist, the Parliament has sent over military troops to occupy the colonies to maintain order. And with that they put in the Quartering Act, which said that the colonists had to put those people up in their house. That didn't go over real well either. And they were forced to do that. Now you had all these soldiers coming over that were being forced to leave home, sent to the colonies. They're strangers there. They're out of their home. They're their elements. They're not happy and they're young. Probably they were, a lot of them were younger than any of you in here. So there they are, patrolling Boston and this these young soldiers are being taunted by these local Boston police. Things in a little out of me and the colonists are taunting them verbally. They're throwing snowballs at them. They played with some rocks and some of the snowballs. The soldiers are don't know what to do. They're walking around with their muskets and they don't know what to do and no one knows to this day, but suddenly. One of those young soldiers fired a shot. That killed one of the columns and the others opened fire in five people, three dead. One of which was a black man named Crispus Attics. He was one of the first ones killed. He was not a slave. He was a free black man in Boston. So you got five citizens dead, you got 678 soldiers that did it, and they get arrested. OK, so in the end, they're put on trial and their defense attorney, 1770 John Adams, the president of the United States, he gets them acquitted. So they don't get, they don't get convicted of manslaughter or whatever it was that they were charged with. So but the colonies saw the Boston massacre as like. Thousands of people were killed. You know that it was this major event. It wasn't, but it was blown up. It was blown out of proportion, but it help fester more anger amongst the colonists towards the British, especially towards the troops which were not particularly favored to begin with. OK. 1775 shot, heard round the world. The British troops are marching out from Boston. They're marching West to Lexington and Concord, two small towns next to each other about 10 miles outside of Boston. They hear that they are storing weapons and they want to go seize those weapons. And that's the famous ride of Paul review. Who runs ahead of the British troops? He lives in the North End of Boston. Great Italian restaurants, by the way. If you've ever been to Boston, that's where the Italians have lots of good restaurants there, and his house is still there. It's a tourist site, but he's riding ahead and telling everybody the British are coming, the British are coming, so the farmers were aware of it. And they themselves hid themselves behind trees and rocks, which they will do stuff the Revolutionary War. And when the troops get there in their nice red uniforms, marching along, they start picking them off And they retreat back to Boston. That's the first shot of the Revolutionary War, like April of 1775. So the war is on, OK. And. The colonists will then. Come together more to create more of a of an army which they never really get a good standard army, but they're definitely on the road to overthrowing and breaking away from London. That's their goal now, is independence. OK? So eventually when the war is over and they don't really have a clear victory, this wasn't one of those wars. Clear victory, but the world

on from 1775 to 1783, when it's done, then they got to form a new government and what they do is they form. A Republic. What's the Republic? The people form the government and it's through the consent of the people that the government functions, and voting has to do with democracy. OK, the people voting, but a Republic is a government headed by UCO president or Prime Minister and they they function at the consent of the governed, the people. greece and its ancient empire had republic but they had small principalities small make and that being said. We're gonna look closely at the end of the war. The founding of the new government, which is going to fail in in the early 1780s after the war, and then they're going to remake the government within the form of a constitutional government, which is still in effect from 1787, but we're going to look at when they win this war. And they've got to put a government together. Who's going to make up to go? What is the population at that time of the United States? Who makes up most of the population? To who? Well, there they were. They were all British subjects, but they were all mixed groups from all of your living over here in North America. But who made-up the majority that? They are European, but not if they're your peers. But there's also second and third generation people born here. Slaves were a big part of the southern population, and that's a factor that comes into making in the constitution where they don't. They're not citizens that are already rights, but they do get including the Constitution, as 3/5 of a person to the South had more representatives in the Congress. But today we know there is talk in the news of the 1% of the population. Economically, they own what? The 1% they own what they own property, how much property? Like they do they own like 2/3 of the wealth in this country, 1% of the population. OK. Closed at 60 some odd percent and then the next 9%. With them, definitely have 2/3 of the wealth in this country, and then everybody else lives off of what's left. The other third is 1. OK, so go back to the 1780s, who made-up the 1%? Who? The elites and who were the elites? They were men. What, white men only? They own property and they pay taxes. Paper slave owners, property owners, slave owners, but they also for the most part. Ridge, meaning they were literate, they could read and write. 99% of the population were peasant farmers who didn't all necessarily own their farm, they just worked the land. OK, now the elite class, which in a sense is what the revolution was overthrowing in London. Getting away from the Parliament, which is made-up, their House Lords and their House of Commons and the elites are all the blue bloods that have hereditary titles and properties. OK, the guys that helped found this new country like Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, James Madison, they were white. Educated male property owning taxpaying people. OK, that's who they wanted both. You buddy else was gonna hold, OK? So we all know what the word suffrage means. Who's, who's entitled to vote? Who? Who is? Who makes up yourself? OK, so. At that time it was very limited as to who in the new government was gonna be allowed to participate in the political process to be part of the government now. Who is totally excluded for like 200 years? No women. OK, so women, you're gonna you'll see later in 1849. Start the suffrage movement for women and they don't get the vote, they don't get the constitutionalized vote. Until when? 192070 years they bought for the boat. Black males freed slaves, got to vote long before them. They, they they amended the Constitution after the Civil War, giving black males citizens rights and voting rights. OK, so they had it long before women ever got it, but back in the 1780s, the guys that founded this country who were. Basically. Most of them were slave owners. Most of them had large plantations or farms. They had slaves. They definitely were racist. It was part of the culture. Unless systemic racism, it's just the way it was because they came from Great Britain, which was the most racist country the globe that time, you know, who were managing the slave. So these are the guys that were given the right to vote and be part of this representative democracy. These things will change slowly over time because they realized about probably within about 10 years after the new government was

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founded, that you know what? Can we really exclude that dumb farmer that can't read and write, that does own property or maybe is paying taxes when we exclude him? So what they did was their next thing was to include them if they pay taxes, not if they own property. That's a lot of them didn't own the farms they. Worked on the some of them did. But if they they taxes and they were white, we'll let them vote. And then later they expanded it further. But it was always kept to a population that they wanted to do the voting. And of course slaves weren't citizens and had their rights. So it wasn't that civil war that the Constitution was amended to include them in the voting process. And it has citizens rights. But in the beginning of this country, for a long time, it was the elite class, it was the 1% that really ran the ran the government and Thomas Jefferson, who was the one who helped author the Declaration of Independence and said all men are created equal. Except. The following aren't OK. He was a student of the Enlightenment. Anybody heard of that? At the other was the most literary and they brought the idea so time. 18th century philosophers like Voltaire and others who so they wrote about the fact that why can't man govern himself? Why does he have to have this despot at the top, or this autocrat, this monarch? Who's telling them what to do in ruling their lives? Why can't people govern themselves? Jefferson read that and was a disciple of it. However, when they translated it, because of the times, because of his 18th century, because everybody was under some kind of monarchy, it was very radical to think that we could include everybody in that. Governing thing, you know, I mean, they were more fearful of that dumb farmer, you know, putting Elsie the cow up for office because they like their cow, you know, and they were so afraid that they would put anybody up there, some really, literally some dumb. Person that could run for office. We still have that today. We have some dumb people like on this, there's no doubt about that. But back then they were really concerned because there was such an illiterate population and they were like if they can't read, write, how can they understand the political process or what's going on or what needs to be addressed? So that was one of their big concerns. Plus they wanted. Control. They were the class that wanted to maintain control of French over through that class. The French and their revolution killed the nobles, the aristocrats, the monarchs and the clergy. The clergy had a lot of control of the populace because they were They created this wonderful experiment in democracy, but at the time they limited it to who was going to be able to participate. so your chapter gets into that pretty well about who was involved in your your voices that i assigned you abigail adams is going to be a woman well before her time that is really sounds like a fancy With Richard. Which they did in 1972, which established open diplomatic relations between the United States and China. Now would be dead in four years. Douche Ping would take over China's Deng Xiaoping. Deng will be the man that will open China to the rest of the world for. Marketing purposes or industrialization? But it will be Kissinger who is intricate in making that happen with China. Today, Kissinger is considered an expert on China. He has written books on China. And every president after Nixon would consist still consults with Kissinger when they want to talk about China and what's going on, especially with today's potential crisis with the island of Taiwan that they threaten to take back. Nixon, who also has a personality and a president. Was. Doing very well in his presidency and very strong on Foreign Relations until he got caught up in the corrupt political scandal called Watergate. For which he was going to be impeached and chose to resign the Presidency before they could impeach him. But before he was in resigned in 1973, Henry Kissinger brokered with the Vietnamese the Paris peace treaty that ended the Vietnam War in 1973. so he has he's considered one of the world's great diplomats and his background his history background his studies is really global politics and global governments so he

has always been consulted by administrations about any situation that comes up whether it's a lot of times it is. You know. Best to the worst. OK, there's 46 of them now that they rank. Um and Kissinger worked with a lot of them, you know, in his time since the 1960s. Right now, former President Carter is dying in Plains, Georgia. He's 98, with the oldest ever living next president, but he has been taken into Hospice for his final days to die. Guessing there's older than him. 99 much longer. But he is still in and consulted his senses, so our presidents made. But the ones that we've looked at so far? Have been really the early founding fathers of our country. And a lot of them had personalities that made changes. To the country, to the government. OK, so we're in. We started the other day Chapter 10, and I told you about John Quincy Adams. So we had had the first five presidents, four were from Virginia. Very, very powerful men's elite men who saw the future of the country being run by them. Elites white men educate. Both likely well that there shouldn't be. The common people in politics, they shouldn't be in government and certainly not women. There should be no women in it. So that was very much their thinking, OK. And at the same time, you had a president who authored the Declaration of Independence and his neighbor who became the father of the Constitution. And wrote all these wonderful things about liberty and equality and we the people. But they weren't including everybody. You know they were referring to. And at least few. So. The atoms were similar, although they were from Massachusetts and they were not the wealthy thing. They had similar thinking about the country as far as who should be running. John Quincy Adams, whose son of John was a brilliant man, academic. And as I told you when he became president. In 1824, he had his own vision for where this country should be going, and he very much saw it as as federalist, like Outlander Hamilton did, that we were going to industrialize, that we needed to become a powerful country economically to deal with other countries. So John Quincy Adams was a very difficult thing. Very rigid spot was too. But he was brilliant white. He was quite the academic. He's one of the only presidents that when he left office, got elected to the House for Congress and served out the rest of his life as a representative of Massachus. Um. But he won the Presidency and welcomed the corrupt bargain. He did not win the popular vote. Then we played. Jackson Jackson was hero of the Battle of New Orleans at begin 1815. At the end of the War of 1812, General Jackson. Tough guy had a big reputation militarily. People on the popular vote, but the Electoral College didn't have enough clear votes for any one of them to win. So Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams interposed corrupt bargain, Henry Clay said, I will throw my support, my people, to you, so you. To be president so that commoner Jackson doesn't get in. They thought he was savage. They thought he was white trash. They didn't like Andrew Jackson. And they thought he wasn't the brightest thing either. So Jonathan will become president. And Henry Clay will be his Secretary of State. Jackson Woolfall, revenge very much that kind of got very vindictive. Not the kind of guy you screwing. Because more times than not in those days, if somebody really ****** him off, he took them out for a duel and shot him dead. People. Big red bullet in his arm stayed there for the rest of his life and probably help bring about his death later. Lead and mercury poison. They couldn't promote. But. Jackson vows his revenge for the next election that he will win, which he does in a landslide of popular vote and Electoral College. So John Quincy Adams has gone after one term John Quincy will have supported. Infrastructure, he will believe that the country needs to move forward with more than the farming, unlike what Jefferson and Madison thought. Not even Monroe so. He supported the idea of connecting. At least connecting waterways. The Great Lakes in the Cross, New York to connect with the other waterways to move goods by barge across the country. And of course they have coaches, stagecoaches and animals. But not soon, not long after, there will be the locomotive which will be the big thing that that connects the country. Um, so Quincy Adams had foresight to the direction of the country, probably needed to go in to build up economically, and they had the advantage of not being

harassed by Europe. James Monroe had put out his Monroe Doctrine. You people stay out of the Western Hemisphere. We won't have any problems, so we were left alone throughout the 19th century. And even though we had this little civil war that upset things for a while, the country didn't continue to grow economically and became a powerhouse by the end of the 19th century. So back to Jackson. He's now. Winning the 1828 election, Jackson was born poor. Jackson's parents emigrated from Scotland area. They settled in South Carolina, North Carolina farm country. The father died young. While Andrew was young, he had an older brother. He was born in the 1760, so he was a young boy. On the Revolutionary War story is that his older brother went to fight in the war, got arrested by the British who was in a British war camp POW camp and died. And his mother went to go get him from the camp and she died. Going into his left and more. But he hadn't had uncle that lived nearby. That raised him. But he always had a temper. Story is that a British officer told him to shine his boots. And injection spit on him and the guy slashed him with the sword. So you gotta scarf the light from the sword. That's one of his legends. OK, so he goes on to study law eventually. Cells in Tennessee. And he becomes a wealthy plantation of the slaves. He meets woman Rachel that runs the boarding house you then. They get married. Have no children. About three years. They're married. She was divorced. Her ex-husband showed up. The divorce wasn't legal. The paperwork can go through. We're still married. So when Jackson ran for President, 1828 being social political scandal, that she's a big amist, he was a bigamist, she was a prostitute. All this stuff happened. People were talking about them behind their back. She's come from Tennessee to get ready for the inauguration. She's doing some dress shopping downtown. Rumors and that talk about or she goes home and drops dead on the living room sofa. So Jackson vows revenge on all of his political enemies for having killed rage. And he's the kind of guy that doesn't let that go. They've been people like that. Still have some around today. But definitely he was going to go after his political enemies, and he always did. He was very dedicated, but now he is president. So. He has some very definite ideas about being present. And he is known for having changed the face of the executive branch. So in Chapter 10, Jacksonian Democracy, the age of Jackson he's collected in 1828, he goes to terms. His big thing that he pushed for was the common man being in the political process. So he really is the first Democrat, the first Democrat with the Big D because he says that democracy includes everybody. Now that did not include women. It did not include play. But it's supposed to include everybody else, whether they own property or they pay taxes or their literate or anything. Everybody should be in the voting, the political process. So he brings a lot of people into voting. He is the one that expands. The whole representative democracy, OK? He wants the common man to be in charge. His inauguration was a nightmare. Of. Trashing people that came to cheer him on as their hero and then proceeded to he let them come in the White House and they trash. They just stole furniture, broke furniture, picked up the walls, whatever. But he said it's the People's House. Let them do what they want. He was projecting an image that he was just little General Jackson, not the elite, that he was not the lawyer that he was, not the plantation owner that he was, but he was just one of the good old boys. One of the commenters OK, so this era is going to be called Jacksonian Democracy, where more people are going to be given suffrage and brought into the political process. That was kind of vote. There's gonna be more people voting. The common farmer will be included. So. In his time, we're not looking at this chapter, the Market Revolution, Chapter 9. It talks about how the economy grows and how they go about doing it this time era, because they're not being harassed by your that war is behind. They're being left alone, and they can focus on building the country, which is also expanding territorially. Going West. OK and Jackson

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wanted them. Everybody going West? So we take care of the common man. The market revolution is happening. There is a huge placer movement West of the Mississippi because of Louisiana purchase. But there's one problem for Jackson. There's these Indians. That are on their sovereign territories in the east. Anyone has gone across the Mississippi and can put on reservations. So he's going to address that there is the expansion of slavery along with the Western movement. In. The previous administration with Monroe. There was the Missouri Compromise. Divided the country in half 3630 latitude, no slavery north of that slavery, only South of it. So all the southern farmers wanted to be able to move to new farmland West of the Mississippi and bring their slaves, and it will create a situation that's going to explode. Into the Civil War later, OK, but it will be a continuing problem because slavery exist and the slave owners want to expand it. They want it to go with them wherever they go West. So we got the growth of democracy. We got more people voting and we've got a guy that's the head of the government. It doesn't take no for an answer. And he. One thing is. He will make changes to the executive Office that will become President, you know, saying something, but they will become President. Now, this guy is really a states rights kind of guy. He doesn't like federal power. So the first thing he wants to do, he's bashing the Bank of the United States that Alexander Hamilton set up. Which was on a charter a lease basis. Had to be renewed every 16 years. Well, Jackson felt that that bank was elitist. It was just wealthy white males that owned that bank that supported the federal government. And he felt the fight. And so he did it. But he also crushed the economy, and doing it he went into a depression. We don't have that situation now because we have an established Federal Reserve System, but back then the bank represented to the common Elise, OK. So right before these office it crushes the that closes. To the white man, and we want our farms here and the white man further West, and you need to get further W somewhere where you're out of our way. It went to the court system. So they were. The Cherokees in Georgia and other groups and they went to the courts and the court said yes, that's your territory, your sovereign nation, you can stay there. Jackson didn't agree. He said. They're in our way and I want them gone. So our good old friend John Marshall, the Supreme Court Justice who ruled on judicial review, tells Jackson. Through the case before the court was traversed. Georgia, you cannot move those people off their software. They're allowed to stay. They've been there. That's what they're saying. They're saying you can't. Andrew Jackson didn't like that. Team one of them. So here you have our government 3 branches. Checks and balances. One of the branches is now checking the other one, so court has the final say and is checking the executive. And what do you think the executive said to John Marshall? You can see that I don't care if you should. He's told that the Preme Court Justice. You want to stop me from moving them? Show me your army. That's gonna stop. The Supreme Court have an army? No, no, he said. Even the one that you'd like, move away. He's the commander. The commander in GP as an army. John Marshall doesn't have it. So he says show me your army. So John Marshall's like but you can't do anything. But he has said you can't do this, but how do you get them to enforce that? So they gathered up the Cherokees, and then that it's on the Trail of Tears. Late 1830s people are forced in the winter to move by foot. Western Mississippi. Thousands die on the way. Like Jackson wants him out of the way so we can sell one for white men. That's one of his big things. Then he has another run in with his former vice president. His first vice president was man named John Calhoun from South Carolina, and they didn't get along. They didn't see eye to eye Jackson and. Does not seek to be Vice president in Jackson's second term. It will become a man named Martin Van Buren, who will then be the next president. But John Calhoun and his crowd in the South are starting to agitate about slavery. That they want to move slavery, they want to keep it in the South, they want to spread it further. W they also don't like federal power, which is going to be the big issue. We'll see if it's going to explode into civil war. So there is a

tariff, a tax that is placed on the states. And South Carolina says, well, we're not gonna pay that. It's called the nullification crisis in your textbook. And John Calhoun makes a statement that we don't believe in this tariff coming from the federal government. So we're not going to pay it. You can't make us. But it was something that again, was a federal law that everybody in the states was to follow. So what does Andrew Jackson tell John Calhoun? Jackson is the state frightened kind of guy who lives in Tennessee and he doesn't like federal power and he's crushed the National Bank. He dislikes federal power. So he just told. The Supreme Court Chief Justice to go take a long walk off a short pier. Over his issue about moving the Indians. So now he tells John Calhoun, who is challenging federal power, who is saying the state of South Carolina does not have to pay this tariff if we choose not to. Jackson says yes you do, and I will make sure you do because my army and I will invade your state and take over until you pay the tariff. Jackson swung the other way. Suddenly he was a federalist. I have more power than you would the state, and you will do as I say, because it's federal power. So Jackson did things, many, many different things while President that reflect his personality. And a lot of our presidents, their presidencies, good or bad, had been about personality. Jackson's the first one known to make real changes to the executive branch by those types of things. Teddy Roosevelt later will be very similar to that. We'll do things his way. If a President does something and it doesn't get stopped for checked, it becomes what? So that the next guy can do it. It may be challenged down the road, it may not. But if it's already been done and nobody stopped the guy. Nothing to keep the next guy. OK, so Jackson is known for having changed the face of the presidents. Unfortunately for his successor, when he leaves office with a closed bank and a ruined economy and says good luck Martin on that one, he has a disastrous presidency because he's in a depression. The whole four years Martin Van Buren was known for, it was called the Little. Insert. Great for using propaganda and and marketing politicians, getting them elected to office. But he will have a disastrous presidency which will turn on the Democrats. They will not get reelected. Right after that. Another the other parties will will ride over them because of the disaster that was Jackson and put them together. But Jackson will be a stand out as a president because of the changes he made and the way he handled the presidency. You know, we have, we have a ranking of presidents. That's worse. And some of the rankings can be surprising. But. He's not in the top ten, but he definitely is someone that is looked at as he brought still changes to the executive branch, you know, and the things that he did. He dies not long after he leaves office. Oh, by the way, he you know, you know, he didn't apparently think he didn't like Indians. He treated terribly and move them. He did adopt an orphan Indian boy. He and his wife had no children, so don't know whether that was to assuage his own guilt, but how he treated. Or what? But he did raise a native Indian. So in Chapter 10, which is what we're picking up when we come back from spring break. You know, the beginning of the chapter has a lot about John Quincy's presidency and where the country's at and the Jackson, and it's going to move on to that. We're going to see. How the country is growing economically and then it's all about a collapse with civil war, which is going to be in part this. Big part, but also economics that there's going to be a divide between North and South economically and that and states rights is those things are going to all clash in the 1850s and and culminate in civil war. OK. Um, so. You will see. Over some of the next presidents up to the civil War, especially going to Lincoln, how personality can make a difference. The in-house situations play out sometimes. And I gave you the Harry Truman one when we talked about the thesis statement last week on the atomic bomb. There was a guy, common man. Who? Was not educated. Common kind of guy who suddenly has to make the world's

worst decision. The end makes a decision and sticks with a decision, so I had those sign on his desk. The buck stops here. Whatever decision he made, he stopped with. OK. And whether it was good, bad or different decision that he made? Um. He made it and he stuck with it. So I gave you an example last week and I posted on Canvas right thesis. OK, so you've got notes. I've given you highlight notes from the chapters that we've talked about that are gonna be for your midterm. They mostly are what I've talked about what comes from your key terms at the end of the chapter. I gave you a sample essay to the atomic bomb dropping thesis. OK. The thesis is important as far as the opening of your essay. You thesis is not just restating the prompt, it is answering the prompt in a way, in the first paragraph that the reader knows where you're going to go with this essay. How are you going to write this essay? So I gave you the example of. You know, taking a position on the dropping of the bomb was you as justified. And so your first paragraph. Has to address that because it's asking you to take a position and you state that position in the opening paragraph, and then you give the content the background, which I gave you a sample essay. In your case here, with what we've been talking about or what I've been talking about lecturing and what you what you should know, you know, I'm not expecting you to try an essay with lots of dates or people. That kind of thing. The idea of writing an essay, history essay, like what we've been working on, is to make connections. OK, take the question and give the content, which is bringing it all together, how they connect and how one thing led to another thing. OK, it's not so much. Oh, on July 4th, 1776, the author Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, declaring that all people are created equal. Then in 1783, when I'm not looking for that type of thing, what I'm looking for is that you will have a a broad prompt. Which gives you a large area of. History to talk about, right about. And have your your thesis, which is worth 10 points in the opening paragraph and had it be a few sentences that reflects. How you're going to go about answering this prompt, so depending on what the prompt is. And I'm going to give you 2 prompts. You're gonna pick one and give your choice of two, and you pick one. But for instance, if you were to get a prompt like. The inherent weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Alarmed the founding fathers because they feared that they would collapse into anarchy. OK. So now evaluate that statement. So you would have to make a thesis that would say yes. It was obvious that there were inherent weaknesses, such as the inability of the legislature to tax would be one thing that you would put in your thesis, which would give you a thesis and then your content would put another example, other problems with the articles, what they were creating. And why it led to a whole new framework of government called the Constitution. OK, but whatever the prompt asks for, you need to put something in your thesis that addresses the problem but doesn't just restate the prompt. It would be like if you if I did say to you was you as justified in dropping the atomic bomb. Hiroshima, you just you gotta come up with, you don't. Your thesis is. And yes, they were justified. Period. Now I'll go on and write about that's not thesis, OK, so you need to write it. It takes should be anywhere from three sentences to five sentences to establish your thesis based on the prompt and and and how you're going about. Internet writing. So I'm going to give you 2. Promps. And you choose one. And I'm gonna have paper here. You're gonna have a writing utensil. And you got the period right. That you don't need any devices. We're not doing that. It's all going to come from up here. You don't need notes, because if you have, if you have made notes, you just review your notes tonight before you'll be fine. Looking for specific, you know dates and and that kind of thing that that you would need those for. You wouldn't remember the dates unless you had them in front of you. It's more concepts, broad concept, how this came together. OK. Articles Confederation really led to a new constitution and what really triggered it. What event? That's something you would want to have in your essay. What event? These rebellion, those guys. And they got worried fast when that happened that, you know, we're we're going to lose it

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here. We could wind up back under the British or we could wind up without. That's the kind of thing you would mention in your in your in your context. This is chapter chapter 678. I lectured on the first five chapter about the peopling of the Americas, but it's 678. I've got, I've, I've, I've posted notes for you that are just highlights of what I've talked about, and they're really the key terms at the end of each chapter. You had some assignments, some primary documents that you had something there you wanted to bring in. Uh. What else? You'll be very confident. You see the prompts, you'll know what. How you're going to write the essay? It's the thesis that I'm interested to see that you do come, so you won't come up with a thesis at all 0. Start piece of thesis and not really get get it all together. That happens a lot. You got the pieces in one but not a whole piece. Let's see what you do on this first one, OK? So yeah, I would just if you have notes, don't look at your key terms and your chapter. Refresh your your line if you get. Uh. And I didn't get any assignments this week, right? No, Simon came this week. I know you had midterms. Next week is spring break. I'm not signing anything. I've heard maybe some other people are. I'm taking a break. I'm not assigning anything or correcting it. We'll hit it again after spring break. Next week, Monday, Monday through Friday. OK so thursday we're knock out the midterm we're going to spring break and the grades have to be on friday so Final exam notes/review: