Chapaters 10-12 US History Notes Kareem Basha

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Kareem Basha Mr. Barraco US History to 1877 10/28/2023 Chapters 10-12 ● The early 1820s saw an age of deference give way to universal white manhood suffrage and a new type of political organization based on loyalty to the party. (pg 242) ● The 1824 presidential election was a fight among Democratic-Republicans that ended up pitting southerner Andrew Jackson against northerner John Quincy Adams. (pg 242) ● When Adams won through political negotiations in the House, Jackson's supporters called it a "corrupt bargain." (pg 242) ● Martin Van Buren helped create a political machine in New York that cultivated loyalty to the will of the majority, not to an elite family or figure. This system rewarded party loyalists with government jobs and contracts. (pg 243) ● In the 1828 campaign, Jackson promoted himself as a champion of the common man against the elite backing Adams. His supporters highlighted the "corrupt bargain" of 1824. (pg 243) ● The Nullification Crisis illustrated growing tensions between North and South over slavery. (pg 246) ● South Carolina threatened to nullify the federal tariff law of 1828, arguing it disproportionately harmed the South. (pg 246)

● Vice President Calhoun advanced the idea that states could void federal laws that went against their interests. This showed slaveholders' willingness to unite against federal power. (pg 246) ● Henry Clay's advocacy for the tariff and internal improvements like roads and canals led to the creation of the Whig Party in the 1830s. Whigs favored an active federal role in the economy. (pg 247) ● Democrats portrayed themselves as defenders of limited government and the common man against elite Whig policies favoring economic development. (pg 247) ● The Indian Removal Act of 1830 called for the relocation of Five Civilized Tribes from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi. It reflected the majority view that Native Americans could not coexist with White civilization. (pg 251) ● The act led to forced marches like the Trail of Tears, causing thousands of deaths and massive loss of tribal ancestral lands. (pg 251) ● Tocqueville saw the tyrannical power of the majority as the downside of democracy. He warned that the majority could silence all dissenting voices and dominate politics. (pg 260) ● The Louisiana Purchase doubled U.S. territory. Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore, map the land, find a Northwest Passage to the Pacific, and pave the way for American trade among western tribes. (pg 270) ● After the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, Americans disputed whether Texas was included in the Louisiana Purchase. Some launched filibuster expeditions to take Texas by force. (pg 270)

● The Missouri Crisis of 1819-1821 revealed sectional divisions over slavery expansion. Congress argued over allowing Missouri to join as a slave state. (pg 277) ● The Missouri Compromise allowed Maine in as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, with slavery prohibited north of the 36°30 ́ line in the Louisiana Territory. (pg 277) ● Americans migrated to Mexican Texas in large numbers in the 1820s-1830s, hoping to expand slavery west. Conflict grew between American settlers and Mexican authorities. (pg 280) ● In 1836, the Texas Republic broke from Mexico after the war for independence. The republic legalized slavery, but the U.S. declined to annex Texas as a slave state. (pg 280) ● In the 1840s, expansionist calls grew to annex Texas as a slave state. This was accomplished in 1845 after President John Tyler opened annexation negotiations. (pg 283) ● War broke out with Mexico after annexation and a dispute over the border. U.S. victory in 1848 led to the Mexican Cession, adding vast new territories. (pg 283) ● The status of slavery in the Mexican Cession territories reopened sectional tensions. Some wanted to prohibit slavery there. (pg 289) ● The Wilmot Proviso tried to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico. The debate led to the new Free-Soil Party. (pg 289) ● The Compromise of 1850 settled the issue, with New Mexico and Utah allowed to decide slavery by popular sovereignty. (pg 289) ● Cotton dominated the antebellum southern economy. The cotton boom was fueled by slavery and the domestic slave trade as production soared. (pg 298)

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● The South grew dependent on the North and foreign markets for food, goods, and loans. Southern cotton also fueled northern textile mills and British industry. (pg 298) ● Slavery generated great wealth but subjected the enslaved to daily traumas and horrors. They resisted through work slowdowns, breaking tools, learning to read, and finding solace in community, family, and Christianity. (pg 303) ● Although few southern whites owned slaves, slavery shaped all of southern society. Whites of all classes were bound together through racism and fear of slave revolt. (pg 311) ● A code of honor among privileged white men emphasized mastery over dependents and protection of white womanhood as supremely important. (pg 311) ● Elite southern intellectuals developed strong defenses of slavery, critiquing free labor in the North and arguing slaveholders provided for enslaved in ways northern factory owners did not care for workers. (pg 317) ● Racist ideas like polygenism were promoted to argue Black people were inherently inferior. (pg 317) ● In the 1850s, some southerners pursued schemes like the Ostend Manifesto to expand slavery through acquiring new slave states such as Cuba. (pg. 319) ● Filibuster expeditions tried to conquer territories like Nicaragua to expand American slavery. However, northern opposition stymied efforts at expansion.(pg. 319)