HIS 100 Module Four Activity Bias
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Feb 20, 2024
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HIS 100 Module Four Activity: Bias in Primary Sources
Locate an additional primary source relevant to your historical event. Use it and the primary source you identified in a previous module to answer the questions below. Replace the bracketed text with your responses.
Source One
Conduct source analysis on a primary source relevant to your historical event.
Attempt to write the APA style citation for your first primary source and include a link to it. You will not be penalized for incorrect format.
Tulsa Race Riot Of 1921 Testimony Given. (1999, August 10). Morning Edition, NA. https://link-
gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A558334253/UHIC?u=nhc_main&sid=bookmark-
UHIC&xid=5b47af60
Respond to the following questions:
Who authored or created the primary source?
o
Morning Edition
What was the author’s position in society at the time the primary source was created?
o
The host, Howard Berkes, assumes the role of a journalist or radio host in the media. His
responsibility is to facilitate and present information through an interview. o
Kelly Burley, identified as a reporter from member station KOSU, acts as a journalist, providing on-site coverage and reporting on the activities of the Tulsa Race Riot Commission.
o
Eddie Faye Gates, a commission member described as an author and historian, holds a position within the academic and historical community. Her role on the commission signifies her contribution of historical context and advocacy to the discussion.
o
George Monroe and Kenny Booker, both survivors of the Tulsa race riot, participate in the commission's meeting. Their societal position during the events in question is that of
witnesses and victims, sharing personal experiences to contribute to the historical account.
o
In summary, individuals like Howard Berkes and Kelly Burley operate in media and journalism, while Eddie Faye Gates plays a role in academia and historical research. George Monroe and Kenny Booker represent the perspective of survivors, offering firsthand accounts of the events.
When was the primary source created?
o
1999
Where was the primary source created, released, or publicized?
o
National Public Radio, Inc (NPR)
Who was the intended audience for the primary source?
o
General Public, particularly those interest in historical events and racial issues.
Why was the primary source created?
o
The interview delves into the initiatives of the Tulsa Race Riot Commission as it probes the 1921 Tulsa race riot. Survivors provide testimonies during the commission's proceedings, shedding light on the formation of the commission, the occurrences of the 1
race riot, the identification of survivors, and the obstacles encountered in pursuing reparations and accountability
Whose perspective(s) is presented in the source?
o
Howard Berkes (Host): Launches the interview, introducing the Tulsa Race Riot Commission's investigation into the 1921 Tulsa race riot.
o
Kelly Burley (Reporter): Delivers on-site reporting from KOSU, summarizing survivor testimonies, the commission's formation, and its investigative focus.
o
Eddie Faye Gates (Commission Member): Represents the black community's perspective, highlighting the historical importance of the Tulsa race riot and expressing the need for acknowledgment and accountability.
o
George Monroe (Survivor): Shares a personal account, detailing the traumatic experience of the mob attacking his home during the riot.
o
Kenny Booker (Survivor): Recounts childhood memories, describing the mob's actions and the impact on his family.
These diverse perspectives offer insights into historical events, the commission's formation, survivors' experiences, and the challenges involved in seeking reparations and accountability.
Source Two
Conduct a source analysis on a primary source relevant to your historical event.
Attempt to write the APA style citation for your second primary source and include a link to it. You will not be penalized for incorrect format.
100 Years Later, A Survivor's Story of The Tulsa Race Massacre [Radio broadcast transcript]. (2021, May 28). All Things Considered, NA. https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A664343652/GIC?
u=nhc_main&sid=ebsco&xid=afbfaffc
Respond to the following questions:
Who authored or created the primary source?
o
All Things Considered
What was the author’s or creator’s position in society at the time the primary source was created?
o
On May 31, 1921, a violent attack unfolded in Tulsa, Oklahoma, targeting a prosperous Black neighborhood. In this NPR radio segment hosted by Ailsa Chang, the testimony of Olivia J. Hooker, a witness to the Tulsa Race Massacre, is revisited. Olivia, who was six years old during the massacre, shares her family's experience and the destruction of their property by white mobs.
o
Olivia's father, Samuel D. Hooker, owned a respected store in the Black community, offering high-quality products such as Arrow shirts, Kuppenheimer suits, Florsheim shoes, and Stetson hats. The narrative vividly recounts the horrors of the attack on May 31, 1921, as mobs targeted not only their home but also other Black-owned businesses, schools, and churches. Olivia describes the frightening experience of hiding under a table as marauders sought to destroy their belongings, including her sister Aileen's piano.
o
The source illuminates Olivia's family background, emphasizing her father's role as a business owner within the Black community in Tulsa. It portrays the resilience of the Hooker family, who relocated to Topeka after the riot, with Olivia's parents urging a forward-looking perspective.
2
o
The life journey of Olivia J. Hooker is detailed, highlighting her historic achievement as the first African American woman to join the U.S. Coast Guard and her involvement in the formation of the Tulsa Race Riot Commission in 1997. The segment concludes by noting Olivia's passing in 2018 and referencing recent congressional testimonies by survivors seeking reparations for the victims and their descendants of the Tulsa Race Massacre. The primary author or creator of this source is NPR, with Ailsa Chang serving as the host. The narrative depicts Olivia's family, particularly her father, as integral members of the Black business community in Tulsa during the 1921 massacre.
When was the primary source created?
o
2021
Where was the primary source created, released, or publicized?
o
National Public Radio, Inc. (NPR)
Who was the intended audience for the primary source?
o
The primary audience for this source is the public, particularly individuals intrigued by historical narratives and accounts of racial violence's impact on communities. Ailsa Chang, presenting a radio segment on NPR, shares the story of Olivia J. Hooker, a witness to the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. The narrative aims to inform and captivate listeners by providing detailed insights into the events, personal experiences, and aftermath of the massacre.
o
NPR's broad audience reach suggests that the intended readership includes people of diverse backgrounds, ages, and interests. The story is presented in a manner that ensures accessibility to a wide range of listeners, promoting understanding and empathy. Furthermore, the inclusion of recent developments, such as survivors testifying before a congressional subcommittee on reparations, indicates an audience interested in contemporary discussions about addressing historical injustices.
o
In summary, this primary source caters to individuals who appreciate informative and compelling storytelling, especially those with an interest in historical events, racial history, and social justice matters.
Why was the primary source created?
o
The source aims to memorialize and shed light on the Tulsa Race Massacre of May 31, 1921. Host Ailsa Chang uses Olivia J. Hooker's personal recollections, offering a unique perspective from someone who witnessed the tragedy at six years old. The objective is to inform and educate the audience about the severe racial violence in Tulsa that led to the destruction of a thriving Black community. Olivia Hooker's account humanizes the experiences of the affected individuals, highlighting moments like taking shelter during the attack and witnessing property destruction. The narrative emphasizes empathy and understanding, revealing the family's relocation to Topeka. Furthermore, it underscores Olivia Hooker's post-massacre accomplishments, such as becoming the first African American woman in the U.S. Coast Guard and contributing to the formation of the Tulsa Race Riot Commission in 1997, showcasing resilience and empowerment. Despite the historical trauma, the story conveys a message of hope and progress. Released almost a century later, the source aligns with contemporary discussions on racial justice, reparations, and the significance of acknowledging and learning from historical atrocities. Recent testimonies before a congressional subcommittee on reparations indicate ongoing efforts to address the aftermath of the Tulsa Race Massacre. In summary, the primary source serves to educate, memorialize, and contribute to ongoing
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conversations about racial violence, historical injustices, and the resilience of affected communities.
Whose perspective(s) is presented in the source?
o
The source primarily presents the perspective of Olivia J. Hooker, a witness to the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre. Olivia recounts her experiences during the attack on the thriving Black neighborhood in Tulsa, including attempts to protect her family, the destruction of
their property, and the aftermath. Ailsa Chang serves as a narrator, providing context and emphasizing the historical significance of the massacre. The source also briefly mentions recent testimony by three survivors seeking reparations. Overall, Olivia Hooker's firsthand account is central to the narrative, offering a personal insight into the
devastating events of the Tulsa Race Massacre
Both Sources
Analyze the primary sources relevant to your historical event for the presence of bias.
Ailsa Chang's NPR Broadcast:
o
Revised Bias Assessment: The NPR broadcast adopts a compassionate tone, emphasizing
the suffering of the Black community during the Tulsa Race Massacre. Words like "white mobs" and "marauders" portray the attackers negatively. Olivia Hooker's personal account, focused on the trauma of a 6-year-old, evokes strong emotions.
o
Revised Perspective: The perspective is mainly from the viewpoint of the affected Black community, highlighting the injustice and resilience. However, it lacks exploration of the
attackers' perspective or the broader socio-political context.
Kelly Burley's Report on the Tulsa Race Riot Commission:
o
Revised Bias Assessment: This source also demonstrates bias, particularly in its choice of
words. Phrases like "bloody encounter" and "an entire black district was burned to the ground" convey a sense of brutality. The mention of the commission's formation due to the black legislative caucus suggests past neglect.
o
Revised Perspective: The perspective is relatively more balanced than the NPR broadcast. It includes statements from survivors and commission members, offering insights into historical context and racial tensions. The source acknowledges the commission's efforts for truth and justice.
Overall Revised Assessment:
o
Both sources maintain a degree of bias, with the NPR broadcast leaning towards a sympathetic bias and Kelly Burley's report adopting a more balanced stance. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the Tulsa Race Massacre, consulting diverse sources and considering historical context is crucial.
Compare how your historical event is represented in your primary sources.
The primary sources offer distinct perspectives on the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. Ailsa Chang,
the host in the first source, recounts the personal experiences of Olivia J. Hooker, a witness to the massacre at the age of six. This narrative emphasizes the destruction of Black homes and businesses, the emotional toll on the community, and Olivia Hooker's later achievements, portraying a message of resilience. The source also mentions contemporary efforts for reparations and recent testimonies before a congressional subcommittee.
The second source, reported by Howard Berkes, discusses the work of the Tulsa Race Riot Commission formed to investigate the 1921 race riot. It delves into the origins of the riot, the 4
destruction of the Greenwood District, and the challenges faced in seeking reparations. The report highlights the commission's efforts to identify survivors and determine the true death toll, shedding light on the historical context of the massacre.
In summary, both sources contribute to the understanding of the Tulsa Race Massacre, with the first providing a personal narrative and emphasis on resilience, while the second focuses on the systematic investigation by the Tulsa Race Riot Commission and the challenges in seeking reparations.
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