Crafton Spring 2023 Midterm Review (completed)

Crafton Spring 2023 Midterm Review Chapter 1 - EMS Systems (8) • Role & responsibility of medical director [pg.14] Physician who authorizes/delegates EMT the authority to provide medical care in the field. Also writes out Standing orders and protocols. Ongoing “working liaison” between the medical community, hospital and the EMT’s in service. Quality control • Difference between off-line medical control, on-line medical control, & protocols [pg.14] Offline medical control- indirect, consist of standing orders, training, and supervision authorized by medical director without needing to contact. On-line medical control- Direct, Physician directions given over phone or radio . Protocols-Describes appropriate care/Establish medical direction for providers. • Importance of continuous quality improvement [pg.16] Reviews and performs audits of EMS system to identify areas of improvement and/or assign remedial training. • Professional attributes of the EMT [pg.22 TABLE 1-6] Integrity, Empathy, Self-motivation, appearance and hygiene, self-confidence, time management, communications, teamwork and diplomacy, respect, patient advocacy, careful delivery of care. • Roles & responsibilities of the EMT [pg.21 TABLE 1-5] Keep vehicles and equipment ready, ensure safety, be familiar with emergency vehicle operation, provide on- scene leadership, perform scene evaluation, call for additional resources as needed, gain patient access, perform a patient assessment, give emergency medical care while awaiting additional medical resources, give emotional support, maintain continuity of care, resolve emergency incidents, uphold medical/legal standards, ensure and protect patient privacy, give administrative support, constantly continue professional development, cultivate and sustain community relation, give back to the profession • Difference between what the DOT, NREMT, & NHTSA did for EMS [pg.3,8,9] DOT-Department of Transportation; manages and regulates transportation vehicles. NREMT- National registry of EMT; certifies and designates those who are able to become EMT’s NHTSA-National Highway traffic Safety Administration; enforces vehicle performance standards • Define & purpose of continuing education [pg.19] Continuing education serves to maintain, update, and expand the EMT’s knowledge and skills. • What are the components of the EMS system? [pg.12 Table 1-3] 1) Comprehensive, quality, convenient care, 2) Evidence-based clinical care, 3) Efficient, well-rounded care 4)Preventive care 5)comprehensive and easily accessible patient records Chapter 2 - Workforce Safety and Wellness (13) • What is, the importance of, & when critical debriefing occurs [pg. 71] Critical debriefing sessions occur 24-72 hours of major incident. Developed to address acute stress situations and potentially decrease PTSD • Define the different type of stress reactions [pg.70] 1) Acute stress reactions -Occur during a stressful situation 2) Delayed stress reaction - manifest after stressful event 3) Cumulative stress reactions - prolonged or excessive stress • Know & be able to define the stages of the grief process [pg.68] 1) Denial - refusing to accept diagnosis or care 2) Anger/hostility- Projecting bad news onto environment and commonly in all direction 3) Bargaining - Attempting to negotiate a favorable outcome for good behavior or promise to change 4) Depression -Internalized anger, hopelessness, and desire to die, usually silent 5)Acceptance - accepting the impending death of patient or loved one • List the routes of disease transmission [pg.39-40] 1) Direct contact 2) Indirect contact 3) Airborne Transmission 4) Foodborne transmission 5) Vector-borne transmission

• Importance of standard precautions Protective measures that prevent health care workers from coming into contact with germs • Define & purpose of the Ryan White Care Act [Can’t find ☹ ] Law requires a designated officer must respond to requests from an emergency responder for an assessment of whether he or she may have been exposed to one of the listed infectious diseases. The designated officer then collects and evaluates the facts about the potential exposure and determines whether an exposure likely occurred. C.A.R.E (Comprehensive Aids Resources emergency) • Differentiate between infectious disease, communicable disease, pathogen, contamination, & exposure [pg 38] 1) Infectious disease -medical condition caused by growth and spread of harmful organisms within body. 2) communicable disease -disease that can be spread from person or species to another. 3) Infection - Abnormal invasion of a host by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasite. 4) contamination -presence of infectious organisms on or in object such as dressings, water, food, needles, wound or body 5) Exposure - situation in which person has had contact with blood or other infectious materials that suggest disease transmission. • Differentiate between hepatitis A, B, C, & D [pg.617 TABLE 15-2] Type Route of infection Incubation time Chronic? Vaccine Treatment Hep A Fecal-oral, infected food 2-6 wk No Yes/life immunity no specific treatment Hep B Blood, sexual contact, body fluids 4-12 wk 10% of patients Yes minimally effective Hep C Blood, sexual contact 2-10 wk 90% of patients No costly but effective Hep D Blood, sexual contact 4-12 wk common No no specific treatment • Required immunizations [pg.52] Hepatitis B, Influenza, MMR, Varicella (chickenpox) Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis • Stages of the general adaptation syndrome & define each [pg.69] 1) Alarm response -Beginning to response of stress 2) Reaction and resistance - Reacting or resisting stressful situation 3) recovery/exhaustion- Aftermath of stressful situation • Differentiate between direct & indirect contact with examples for each [pg.39] Direct contact -Exposure of a disease from one person to another by physical contact (Bloodborne pathogens) Indirect contact- Exposure of disease from one person to another by contact w/contaminated object (needlesticks) • Know when to wear an N95 or P100 mask [pg.45] Suspect the patient has an airborne/droplet spread disease, place surgical mask on patient and wear respirator • Common causes of stress [pg.69-70] Dangerous situations, physical and psychological demands, critically ill or injured patients, dead or dying patients, overpowering sights, smells, and sounds. Chapter 4 – Communications & Documentations (6) • List general guidelines for effective radio communication [pg.153 TABLE 4-10] Far too much to list all, but KEY points would be, 1) Ensure clear frequency before speaking 2) Simplicity 3) Speak in clear calm voice 4) Hold mic 2-3 inches away 5) acknowledge transmission asap, 6) Don’t use names • Radio frequencies are assigned by? [pg. 150] The Federal communications commission (FCC) allocate specific radio frequencies for use by EMS providers • Acceptable forms of documentation [pg.139] Acceptable forms are Patient Care Report (PCR) or ePCR (electronic patient care report) • What dispatch obtains from the caller to relay to EMS [pg.152]

Chapter 6- The Human Body (4) • Differentiate between the planes of the body [pg.190-191] Sagittal Transverse Frontal/Coronal • List the main bones of the body & their locations 1) Axial Bone- forms the longitude axis of the body, from skull to tailbone 2) Thoracic cage- Rib cage 3)Appendicular skeleton- Upper and lower extremities and points they connect with axial skeleton • List the sections of the spine, include the number of vertebrae in each [pg.194 FIGURE 6-7] 1) Cervical vertebrae with seven 2) Thoracic vertebrae with twelve 3) Lumbar vertebrae with five 4) Sacral Vertebrae with five 5) coccygeal vertebrae with four crunchy breakfast at 7 am (7 cervical vertebrae), a tasty lunch at 12 noon (12 thoracic vertebrae), and a light dinner at 5 pm (5 lumbar vertebrae)…5-4 • Functions & Components of Main Systems [Basically whole chapter] System Function Components Skeletal Provide structural support, establish framework, & protect vital organs Bones, all of them musculosk eletal facilitates movement Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles respiratory breathing, and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Upper & lower airway circulatory Circulate blood throughout the body Arteries, Veins, capillaries, arterioles, venules, heart, and lungs nervous Control of breathing, heart rate, BP, and so much more!!! Brain, spinal cord, and nerves integument ary protect body from, maintain normal body temp, transmit sensory info Skin digestive Digestion (processing of food) All organs in abdomen lymphatic rid body of toxins and other harmful waste Spleen, lymph nodes, vessels, and thymus gland endocrine Integrates many body functions via hormones into blood streams. Endocrine Glands urinary Controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from blood Kidney, bladder, urethra, and genitals genital reproductive process Testicles, ovaries, Penis, Vagina

Chapter 8 - Lifting & Moving Patients (5) • Differentiate between emergency move, urgent move, and nonurgent move & give an example of each [pg.294,295,300] 1) Emergency move -move in which a patient is dragged or pulled from dangerous scene before assessment and care; Burning car 2) Urgent move - Moving patient with some level of precautions; weather storm 3) non- urgent move- when both scene and patient are stable; paper cut in classroom • Differentiate between extremity lift, direct carry, direct ground lift, draw sheet method power grip, and power lift & give an example when each would be used 1) Extremity lift- lifting technique that is used for patients with no suspected extremity or spinal injury (abdomen injury 2) Direct carry -Technique better used for transferring supine patient from bed to stretcher; extracting patient from bed with no sheets 3) direct ground lift -technique used for patients who are supine on ground with no spinal injury; witnessed broken leg injury on sidewalk 4 ) draw sheet method - when using the sheets of a patients bed to transfer patient; from nursing home to gurney 5) power lift- lifting technique to by inserting each hand under the handle with palm facing up and thumb extended; anytime using a backboard • Know different types of patients carrying devices (ex: stair chair, backboard, scoop stretcher, Pedi-Mate, etc.) [pg.309-313 1) Stair chair -Used on patients who are traveling up or down stairs 2) backboard - Long, flat board used to provide support to patients with suspected hip, pelvic, spinal, or lower extremity injury 3) scoop stretcher - Stretcher designed to split into sections that can be fitted around patient lying on ground 4) pedi-mate - provides a efficient way to secure patients to almost any cot without having to purchase additional equipment.5) Bariatric stretcher - Stretcher specifically designed for bariatric patients. 6) portable stretcher- Stretcher with strong, rectangular tubular metal frame and rigid fabric stretched across it 7) flexible stretcher - rigid when in use, but can fold and roll when not 8) KED - Extraction device for seated patients to extract with spinal immobilization 9)Basket stretcher- rigid stretcher used in technical and water rescues • How to measure & place a C-collar [pg 1065-1067] The measurement of a C-collar is manufacture specific, although general rule is by holding your open hand on the patient's shoulder. Record how many fingers in height to the chin and transfer the measurement to the front of the collar. Adjust lock tabs at top of collar to the transferred measurement and secure the collar in place by depressing lock tabs. Steps are, apply in-line stabilization, measure, place chin support first, wrap collar around neck and secure collar, and ensure everything is secured • List good body mechanics & considerations when lifting [pg.277-284] Legs should be spread about shoulder width, with your back held upright, bring your upper body down by bending the legs, lifting by extending the properly placed flexed legs is the safest and most powerful way to lift, do not lift a patient or heavy object with your arms outstretched, use a power grip to get the maximum force from your hands when you are lifting, palms up about 10 inches apart and thumbs extended outward. Chapter 9 – A Team Approach To Health Care (7) • Differentiate between BLS & ALS [pg.328] BLS is Basic Life support while ALS is advance life support • Differentiate between dependent, independent, & interdependent [pg.323] In dependent groups , each individual is told what to do, and often how to do it, by his or her supervisor or group leader. In independent groups , each individual is responsible for his or her own area. In interdependent groups , everyone works together with shared responsibilities, accountability, and a common goal. • Explain how the EMT assist with vascular access, CPAP, and airway management with a paramedic [pg.328-329] Assisting a paramedic with these skills would involve , p atient preparation & Equipment setup. • Know what clear roles & responsibilities are [pg.323] Each provider must know what needs to be done and what is expected of him or her. • Know what closed-loop communication is [pg.325] When a team member speaks, you should repeat the message back to them. This technique helps confirm. • Know what constructive intervention is [pg.325]

The Larynx marks where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begin. **I could have sworn it was a different answer, so maybe fact check it** • What is the epiglottis? [pg.420] Helps separate the digestive system from the respiratory system. Superior to larynx • Know how many lobes each lung has [not in book?] the left lung has two and the right lung has three • What is the purpose and function of CPAP? [p.469] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is noninvasive ventilatory support for patients experiencing respiratory distress. • Know where gas exchange occurs [pg.629] In the alveoli • Differentiate between the visceral pleura, parietal pleura, & pleura space [pg.421 & google] 1) Visceral pleura -covers the outer surface of the lung tissue 2) parietal pleura - lines the inside of the thoracic cavity 3) pleural space- The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity. • What is the primary muscle of breathing? [pg.424] Diaphragm & Intercostal muscles • Differentiate between inhalation & exhalation [pg.424-425] 1) Inhalation- The active, muscular part of breathing, Inspiration delivers oxygen to the alveoli. 2) Exhalation- is a passive process, Air is pushed out through the trachea. • Differentiate between ventilation, respiration, & diffusion [pg.424-428,489] 1) Ventilation- The physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs, necessary for oxygenation and respiration 2) respiration- The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and in tissues of the body 3)Diffusion- Movement of gas from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration • Differentiate between the brain stem, medulla oblongata, & hypoxic drive [Glossary] 1) Brain stem- area of brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, controls life functions such as respiration2) medulla oblongata- Nerve tissue that serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts, coordinates breathing, swallowing, heart rate, etc. 3) hypoxic drive- Condition which chronically low levels of oxygen in blood stimulate respiratory drive. • Differentiate between tidal volume, residual volume, & minute volume [pg.425] 1) Tidal volume is a measure of the amount of air in milliliters that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath 2) residual volume- air that remains in lungs after maximal expiration 3) minute volume- Volume of air moved through lungs in one minute. Tidal volume x respiratory rate. • Know the minute volume equation [pg.425] Tidal volume x respiratory rate. • What are agonal gasps? [pg.433] Abnormal breathing patterns characterized by slow, gasping breaths • What are some signs of inadequate breathing? 1) Signs of abnormal breathing 2)Fewer than 12 breaths/min 3) More than 20 breaths/min in the presence of shortness of breath 4) Irregular rhythm 5)Diminished, absent, or noisy auscultated breath sounds 6) Reduced flow of expired air at nose and mouth 7)Unequal or inadequate chest expansion, resulting in reduced tidal volume 8)Increased effort of breathing 9) Shallow depth 10)Skin that is pale, cyanotic, cool, or moist 11) Skin pulling in around ribs or above clavicles during inspiration (retractions) • How to measure NPA and OPA [pg. 447, 450 SKILL DRILL 11-4 & 11-6] With an NPA, you measure from the tip of nose, to patient earlobe and for OPA size by measuring patients earlobe to corner of mouth. • Know the indications & contraindications for OPAs & NPAs [pg.446,449] Contraindications for OPA’s are consciousness patients, gag reflex. Contraindications for NPA are severe head injury with blood draining from mouth, history of nasal fracture • What are the suctioning times for adult, children, & infants occurring to your book? [ ☹ ]

I cannot find this section in the book for the life of me, but according to our skills sheets, 10 SECONDS • When to use head-tilt chin lift vs. jaw-thrust maneuver [pg.440-442] To open the airway, but jaw-thrust maneuver is for specified for trauma patients. • When should dentures be left in place & be removed? [pg.476] When dentures are loose, remove, otherwise leave in place. • Airway differences between adults and pediatrics? [Can’t find ☹ ] The pediatric airway is smaller in diameter and shorter in length than the adult's. The young child's tongue is relatively larger in the oropharynx than the adult's. The larynx in infants and young children is located more anteriorly compared with the adult's. • What is the purpose of the O ring? [pg.456] To optimize the airtight seal between the collar of the regulator and valve stem • At what PSIs should the EMT change out the O2 tank? [pg.456] At 500 psi • List oxygen devices & their oxygenation percentages [pg.457] Device Flow rate Oxygen delivered Nasal Cannula 1-6 L 24%-44% Non- rebreather 10-15 L up to 90% BVM 15L Nearly 100% Chapter 14 – BLS Resuscitation (15) • What are the two shockable rhythms? [pg.561] ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) • What are the compression ratios for a 1 rescuer and 2 rescuers for pediatric CPR? [pg.578 TABLE 14-2] 30:2 for one rescuer and 15:2 for two rescuer • What pulse rate would you start compressions on a child or infant that is not breathing normally? Less than 60 beats a minute [pg.579] • Rescue breathing for an adult, child, and infant [pg.574, 583 FIGURE 14-16] Administer 1 breath every 6 seconds for adults. For infants and children not breathing but has a pulse, open the airway and deliver one breath every 2 to 3 seconds (20 to 30 breaths/min). • What does ROSC and CPR stand for? [pg.557,559] ROSC stands for return of spontaneous circulations & CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. • What are the 6 links in the chain of survival? [pg.559 FIGURE 14-4] 1) Recognition/activation of EMS 2) Immediate high-quality CPR. 3) Rapid defibrillation 4) Basic and advanced EMS 5) ALS and post arrest care 6) Recovery • Care for choking adult and pediatric with pulses and pulseless [pg.588-593] 1) For adults , abdominal thrust maneuver when they have a pulse, then when becoming pulseless, normal CPR but when opening airway to give breaths, look for foreign object and grab if visible. Otherwise continue until ALS. 2) For a child , same process, except slight change in position for abdominal thrust. 3) For infants , same process, however replace abdominal thrust with 5 back blows, and 5 chest thrust. But same process for performing CPR and checking for foreign object when infant becomes unresponsive. • Know the steps in using an AED & the special considerations [pg.562, 711 SKILL DRILL 17-3] While CPR is in process, the steps are 1) Turn on the AED 2) Apply pads to correct spots 3) Push analyze button, if there is one 4) If shock is advised, clear the patient and push shock button, then immediately resume compression. 5) After 2 minutes/ 5 cycles, analyze patient again. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS would be

Influence - A virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and kills thousands annually 4) Meningitis - Inflammation of the meningeal covering of the brain and spinal cord, caused by virus or bacterium 5) Whooping cough - Also called pertussis, airborne diseases caused by bacteria that mostly affects children younger than six 6) Ebola -Disease that started in west Africa with a near 70% fatality rate 7) Tuberculosis - Chronic bacterial diseases that usually affects the lungs but can affect other organs. Spread by cough 8) MRSA - AKA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacterium that causes infection in different parts of body and resistant to antibiotics. Type Route of infection Incubation time Chronic? Vaccine Treatment Hep A Fecal-oral, infected food 2-6 wk No Yes/life immunity no specific treatment Hep B Blood, sexual contact, body fluids 4-12 wk 10% of patients Yes minimally effective Hep C Blood, sexual contact 2-10 wk 90% of patients No costly but effective Hep D Blood, sexual contact 4-12 wk common No no specific treatment Chapter 16 - Respiratory Emergencies (5) • List everything on the Albuterol medication sheet (MOA, Indication, Dose, etc.) Refer to picture above in this study guide on CH 12 Pharma. • Define upper & lower airway sounds & when each would be heard (conditions) [pg.650,651 TABLE 16-5] Breath sounds Disease Wheezing (upper)-High- pitched exhalation, almost musical sound Asthma, COPD, Congestive heart failure/pulmonary edema, Pneumonia, bronchitis, Anaphylaxis Rhonchi (upper) – Low pitched rattling sounds caused by secretions and mucus COPD, Pneumonia, Bronchitis Crackles (lower)-Sounds of air trying to pass through fluid in alveoli, bubbly Congestive heart failure/pulmonary edema, pneumonia Stridor (upper)-High pitched sound hears on inspiration as air tried to pass through obstruction Croup Epiglottitis Decreased or absent breath sounds Asthma, COPD, Pneumonia, hemothorax, pneumothorax, atelectasis • Differentiate between airway conditions & conditions more common in pediatrics [pg. 634-636] Conditions more common for kids are Croup, epiglottitis, RSV, Bronchiolitis, and Pertussis • Know the structures air passes through as it enters the nose and/or mouth [pg.628-630] When you inhale through your nose or mouth , air travels down your pharynx (back of your throat), passes through your larynx (voice box) and into your trachea (windpipe). Your trachea is divided into two air passages

called bronchial tubes. One bronchial tube leads to your left lung , the other to your right lung , where it finally reaches the alveoli • Differentiate between acidosis, alkalosis, hypoxia, hypoxic drive, etc. [pg.633,646] 1) Acidosis- The buildup of excess acid in the blood or body tissues that can result from a primary illness 2) Alkalosis- Buildup of excess base in the body fluid 3) hypoxia- A dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen 4) hypoxic drive- A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive 5) Hyperventilation- Rapid, usually deep, breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal 6) Carbon dioxide retention- Condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of carbon dioxide in which respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon dioxide Chapter 17 – Cardiovascular Emergencies (14) • Write the blood flow through the heart (including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, & veins) Superior/inferior vena cava  Right atrium  tricuspid valve  Right ventricle  pulmonary arteries  Lungs(OXYGENATED)  pulmonary veins  left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle  aorta  arteries  arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins  Superior/inferior vena cava • Cause of Cardiogenic Shock (poor vessel function, low fluid volume, or pump failure) [pg.688] Causes of cardiogenic shock is usually a heart attack. Sometimes can be ruptured heart valve, overdose, etc. • Differentiate between SA node, AV node, & Bundle of his [pg.678] 1) SA Node - (sinoatrial node) Beginning of normal electrical impulses, natural pacemaker of heart 2) AV Node- (Atrioventricular) bridge of special electrical tissues that that impulses cross over 3) Bundle of His- structure that allows impulse to spread from AV which allows heart to then contract • Differentiate between sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems [pg.678] 1) Sympathetic nervous system- The part of autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear 2) parasympathetic nervous system - Part of autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation. • Know the equation for cardiac output [pg.682] Heart rate x stroke volume = Cardiac output • Differentiate between preload, afterload, & contractility [pg.536] 1) Preload- The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up 2) Afterload- The force or resistance against which the heart pumps 3) contractility- refers to how forcefully the myocardium contracts • Differentiate between arteriosclerosis & atherosclerosis [pg.684,1354] 1) Arteriosclerosis -A disease that causes the arteries to thicken, harden, and calcify 2) atherosclerosis- A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of blood vessels, eventually leading to partial or complete blockage of blood flow • Differentiate between thrombus, emboli, aortic aneurysm, & dissecting aneurysm [pg.685,691] 1) Thrombus- Blood clot that forms in veins 2) Emboli- anything that moves through the blood vessels unti it reaches a vessel that is too small to let it pass 3) aortic aneurysm -A weakness in the wall of the aorta that makes it susceptible to rupture 4) Dissecting aneurysm- Condition in which the inner layers of an artery, such as the aorta, becomes separated , allowing blood (at high pressures) to flow between the layers • Differentiate between stable & unstable angina [pg.686]

• What is a significant amount of blood loss for an average adult and a child? [pg.938+ class notes] Significant blood loss for an adult would be 20% of total blood volume, or about 2 pints (1 Liter) For a child,10% For an infant 100-200 ml • What are various causes of internal bleeding and signs/symptoms? [pg.940,941] Causes of internal bleeding would be high-energy MOI such as blunt or penetrating force. Signs/symptoms would be pain, hematemesis (vomit blood) melena, (blood in stool) , bruising, guarding, swelling, tenderness. • What is a hemostatic agent? [pg.946] Usually paired with hemostatic dressing, it is a chemical compound that slows or stops bleeding by promoting clot formation • Where would a tourniquet be applied in reference to an injury? [pg.949] Proximal to the injury • What does the halo test indicate? [pg.1028] If cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is present within blood from injury (usually blood comes from ear). • Differentiate between arterial, venous, and capillary bleeding [pg.939 FIGURE 26-7A] 1) Arterial bleeding is usually bright red and spurts with pulse 2) Venous bleeds darker and flows steadily 3) capillary bleeding is dark red and oozes form wound slowly but steadily Chapter 27 – Soft Tissue Injuries (9) • What are the three main layers of the skin? [pg.963 FIGURE 27-1] Epidermis, Dermis, and subcutaneous tissue • What are the signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome? [pg.1192] Signs and Symptoms of compartment syndrome would be pain out of proportion to injury, pain on passive stretch of muscles within compartment, altered sensation, pallor skin, and decreased power. • Differentiate between closed and open injuries (abrasion, laceration, amputation, etc.) [pg.964-969] Open injuries is where there is a break in the surface of the skin or mucous membrane, exposing deeper tissues to potential contamination Closed injuries are soft-tissue damage beneath ski but surface remains intact Injury Description Contusion Bruise Abrasion Superficial injury caused by friction Laceration Jagged cut in skin, tears tissues Avulsion Injury that separates various layers of soft tissue amputation Body part is severed Penetration Pierced object • How do you treat an evisceration? [pg.978 FIGURE 27-13A] Cover exposed organ with sterile gauze compresses moistened with sterile saline solution, then place an o occlusive dressing over the compresses and secure it in place with tape • What are the two exceptions when you can remove an impaled object? [pg.978] If the object is either in the check/mouth due to breathing obstruction, or object is in chest blocking CPR • How should you treat a neck wound? What are the risks of neck injuries? [pg.980 FIGURE 27-15] Cover neck wound with airtight dressing and apply manual pressure. Be sure to not compress carotid arteries. • Know your burn percentages of child and adult & be able to calculate them [pg.985 FIGURE 27-19]

• What are the different signs and symptoms of 1 st degree, 2 nd degree, and 3 rd burns? [pg.984 [FIGURE 27-18] 1) First degree burn is superficial, only involving the epidermis. Skin turns red and does not blister 2) 2 nd degree burn involves some of dermis, intense pain with blisters and moist 3) 3 rd degree burn all skin layers, charred, and usually non-painful due to nerve damage • What is the rule of palm? [pg.985] Patients palm is equal to about 1% Chapter 32 – Orthopedic Injuries (9) • What are the differences between ligaments, tendons, joints, muscles, strain, sprain, and cartilage? [pg.1197] Ligament s Tissues that connect bone to bone Tendons Extension of Fascia (fibrous tissues, attach skeletal muscle directly to bone Joints Place where two bones come into contact, helps with bending Muscles 3 types of muscles, smooth, skeletal, and cardiac Strain Stretching or tearing of muscle or Tendon Sprain Sprain occurs when a join is twisted or stretched beyond normal range Cartilage Pearly white substance that allows ends of bone to glide easily • Examples of irregular bones, flat bones, long bones, and short bones [Google] Irregular bones mandible, vertebrae, coccyx Flat bones Scapula, rib bones, parts of skull Long Bones Fibula, Femur, Humerus Short Bones Tarsals, carpal bones

1) Cold zone - A safe area at a hazardous materials incident for the agencies involved in the operations 2) Warm Zone- The warm zone is where personnel and equipment transition into and out of the hot zone. 3) Hot Zone - The hot zone is the area immediately surrounding the release, which is also the most contaminated area. • What is the purpose of triage? [pg.1497] The goal of doing the greatest good for the greatest number means that the triage assessment is brief, and the patient condition categories are basic. • What does the acronym START stand for? [pg.1499] Simple Triage And Rapid Treatment • What are the branches of the ICS organizational structure? (IC, operations, logistics, etc.) [pg.1488-1490] The general staff includes command, finance, logistics, operations, and planning. • Differentiate between START triage & JUMPSTART triage [pg.1500-1501] JUMPSTART triage is targeted for pediatrics under 100 lbs. and 8 years. There are several differences within the respiratory status assessment compared with that in START. For example, If you find that a pediatric patient is not breathing, immediately check the pulse, If there is no pulse, label the patient as expectant (black). If the patient is not breathing but has a pulse, open the airway with a manual maneuver. If the patient does not begin to breathe, give five rescue breaths and check respirations again. A child who does not begin to breathe should be labeled expectant. The most common cause of cardiac arrest in children is respiratory arrest. • What does RPM stand for in reference of triage? [google] RPM stands for respiration, Perfusion, and mental status , which is measured by respiratory rate (less than 30), cap refills immediate, and able to follow commands • What are the four triage categories & give examples of each? [pg.1498] Immediate (red), Delayed (yellow), Minor or minimal (green; hold), Expectant (black; likely to die or dead) • Be able to triage a patient? [pg.1497] Yes (I don’t understand what this question is asking, maybe what conditions must be met to triage a patient, in that case it usually is the initial moments of an MCI) TECC (6) (Unable to find most of this information in the book, probably just the note taking from last week, too bad I can’t read my own writing ☹ . With that being said, since I can’t fact check via book, double check yourself) • What does the acronym MARCH stand for? Massive hemorrhage, airway, respiration, circulation, and Hypothermia/head injury • What does TCCC stand for? Tactical combat casualty care • Where can tourniquets be applied? Proximal to bleeding site but not on joint • Once a tourniquet is applied what do you need to document? Time and initial • What is the Neutral Zone? The Zone where the Media and family are located at. • What does RTF stand for? Rescue Task Force Table for how many question there are. Use as reference Chapter # of questions Chapters # of questions CH.1 8 CH.14 15

CH.2 13 CH.15 4 CH.4 6 CH.16 5 CH.5 5 CH.17 14 CH.6 4 CH.26 10 CH.8 5 CH.27 9 CH.9 7 CH.32 9 CH.10 18 CH.40 11 CH.11 25 TECC 6 TOTAL 174